Self-consistency Research Articles

Differences in Cognitive Relativity Between Americans’ and Koreans’ Assessments of Self

Earlier studies on identity have reported that North Americans and East Asians have very distinct views of self. While North Americans related consistency, stability, and clarity of self to high self-esteem, good social adjustment, and strong true self, East Asians, who tended to contextualize their identity and demonstrate high inconsistency and lack of clarity, did not relate these tendencies to lack of self-esteem or true self. Markus and Kitayama (1991, 1998) explained this difference with independent and interdependent self-construals. This study extends these earlier studies by proposing and testing an alternative theoretical framework, the theory of cognitive relativity. The theory stipulates that Koreans, who hold a holistic worldview, maintain higher cognitive relativity in their self-concept than Americans, who hold an analytic worldview. The results supported the theory. Koreans showed higher relativity in all three attributes of self-concept: physical, psychological, and social. Particularly, the social attribute yielded a striking difference and the psychological attribute also showed robust differences between the two cultures. Physical attribute did not show as strong a difference, but the difference was still statistically significant. Americans and Koreans did not show statistically significant differences in independent and interdependent self-construals, while the effect of culture on cognitive relativity was significant after controlling for the effect of self-construal.

Mean First-Passage Time of an Asymmetric Kinetic Model Driven by Two Different Kinds of Colored Noises

The mean first-passage time (MFPT) of an asymmetric bistable system between multiplicative non-Gaussian noise and additive Gaussian white noise with nonzero cross-correlation time is investigated. Firstly, the non-Markov process is reduced to the Markov process through a path-integral approach; Secondly, the approximate Fokker–Planck equation is obtained by applying the unified colored noise approximation and the Novikov Theorem. The steady-state probability distribution (SPD) is also obtained. The basal functional analysis and simplification are employed to obtain the approximate expressions of MFPT T±. The effects of the asymmetry parameter β, the non-Gaussian parameter (measures deviation from Gaussian character) r, the noise correlation times τ and τ2, the coupling coefficient λ, the intensities D and α of noise on the MFPT are discussed. It is found that the asymmetry parameter β, the non-Gaussian parameter r and the coupling coefficient λ can induce phase transition. Moreover, the main findings are that the effect of self-existent parameters (D, α, and τ) of noise and cross-correlation parameters (λ,τ2) between noises on MFPT T± is different.

Effect of colored cross-correlated noise on the gene transcriptional regulatory system

The transient properties (e.g., the mean first passage time T) of the gene transcriptional regulatory system driven by colored cross-correlated noise are investigated. The approximate Fokker-Planck equation is obtained based on the Novikov theorem and the Fox approach and the explicit expression of the mean first passage time is derived. The numerical computation results show that for the case of strong correlation intensity and short correlation time，a successive switch process (i.e.，“on”→“off”→“on”) occurs; for tha case of weak correlation intensity and long correlation time，only one switch process occurs (i.e.，“on”→“off”). The reentrance phenomena appear in the gene transcriptional regulatory system.

Transient properties of a tumor cell growth system driven by color Gaussian noises: Mean first-passage time

The transient properties (mean first passage time T)of the tumor cell growth system driven by color Gaussian noise are investigated. The approximate Fokker-Planck Equation is obtained based on the Novikov theorem and the Fox approach and the explicit expression of the mean first passage time is derived. The numerical computation results show that T behaves with different characters in the cases of 0λλλλT exhibits complex behavior, namely T has one maximum with the multiplicative noise intensity D and its self-correlation time τ1 increasing.

Associated relaxation time and the correlation function for a tumor cell growth system subjected to color noises

The associated relaxation time T c and the normalized correlation function C ( s ) for a tumor cell growth system subjected to color noises are investigated. Using the Novikov theorem and Fox approach, the steady probability distribution is obtained. Based on them, the expressions of T c and C ( s ) are derived by means of projection operator method, in which the effects of the memory kernels of the correlation function are taken into account. Performing the numerical computations, it is found: (1) With the cross-correlation intensity | λ | , the additive noise intensity α and the multiplicative noise self-correlation time τ 1 increasing, the tumor cell numbers can be restrained; And the cross-correlation time τ 3 , the multiplicative noise intensity D can induce the tumor cell numbers increasing; However, the additive noise self-correlation time τ 2 cannot affect the tumor cell numbers; The relaxation time T c is a stochastic resonant phenomenon, and the distribution curves exhibit a single-maximum structure with D increasing. (2) The cross-correlation strength λ weakens the related activity between two states of the tumor cell numbers at different time, and enhances the stability of the tumor cell growth system in the steady state; On the contrast, τ 1 and τ 3 enhance the related activity between two states at different time; However, τ 2 has no effect on the related activity between two states at different time.

Self-consistent modelling of the mechanical behaviour of viscoplastic polycrystals incorporating intragranular field fluctuations

We present a detailed description of the numerical implementation, within the widely used viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) code, of a rigorous second-order (SO) homogenization procedure for non-linear polycrystals. The method is based on a linearization scheme, making explicit use of the covariance of the fluctuations of the local fields in a certain linear comparison material, whose properties are, in turn, determined by means of a suitably designed variational principle. We discuss the differences between this second-order approach and several first-order self-consistent (SC) formulations (secant, tangent and affine approximations) by comparing their predictions with exact full-field solutions. We do so for crystals with different symmetries, as a function of anisotropy, number of independent slip systems and degree of non-linearity. In this comparison, the second-order estimates show the best overall agreement with the full-field solutions. Finally, the different SC approaches are applied to simulate texture evolution in two strongly heterogeneous systems and, in both cases, the SO formulation yields results in better agreement with experimental evidence than the first-order approximations. In the case of cold-rolling of low-SFE fcc polycrystals, the SO formulation predicts the formation of a texture with most of the characteristic features of a brass-type texture. In the case of polycrystalline ice, deforming in uniaxial compression to large strain, the SO predicts a substantial and persistent accommodation of deformation by basal slip, even when the basal poles become strongly aligned with the compression direction.

Effects of life stress on self consistency congruence in university students

目的 揭示大学生生活应激对自我和谐的影响.方法 采用自我和谐量表、学生生活应激问卷对安徽省三所高校366名本科生进行调查,对所得数据用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计处理;结果 不同性别大学生在自我刻板性上[(18.00±3.51)分,(17.02±3.13)分]有显著差异,文理科大学生在自我与经验的不和谐[(45.88±4.65)分,(44.71±6.17)分]、自我的灵活性上[(44.63±7.76)分,(44.61±7.34)分]存在显著差异;不同生活应激水平大学生在自我和谐总分[(82.57±12.59)分,(89.53±9.54)分,(97.42±11.94)分]上差异显著(P ＜0.01);生理反应、挫折、认知反应、行为反应和压力进入自我和谐的回归方程 (P ＜0.01).结论 大学生生活应激的5个变量在一定程度上能预测自我和谐状况。

Influence of Coloured Correlated Noises on ProbabilityDistribution and Mean of Tumour Cell Number in the Logistic Growth Model

An approximate Fokker–Planck equation for the logistic growthmodel which is driven by coloured correlated noises is derived byapplying the Novikov theorem and the Fox approximation. The steady-stateprobability distribution (SPD) and the mean of the tumour cell number areanalysed. It is found that the SPD is the single extremum configurationwhen the degree of correlation between the multiplicative and additivenoises, λ, is in −1<λ⩽0 and can be the double extrema in0<λ<1. A configuration transition occurs because of the variation ofnoise parameters. A minimum appears in the curve of the mean ofthe steady-state tumour cell number, ⟨x⟩, versus λ.The position and the value of the minimum are controlled by thenoise-correlated times.

Associated relaxation time and intensity correlation function of a bistable system driven by cross-correlation additive and multiplicative coloured noise sources

The associated relaxation time and the intensity correlation function of a bistable system driven by an additive and a multiplicative coloured noise with coloured cross-correlation are investigated. Using the Novikov theorem and the projection operator method, the analytic expressions of the stationary probability distribution Pst(x), the relaxation time Tc, and the normalized correlation function C(s) of the system are obtained. The effects of the noise intensity, the cross-correlation strength λ and the cross-correlation time τ are discussed. By numerical computation, it is found that the cross-correlation strength |λ| and the quantum noise intensity D decrease the relaxation of the system from unstable points. The cross-correlation time τ delays relaxation of the system from unstable points. The cross-correlation strength λ and the cross-correlation time τ can alter the effects of the pump noise intensity Q. Thus, the relaxation time Tc is a stochastic resonant phenomenon, and distribution curves exhibit a single-maximum structure.

Intensity correlation function and associated relaxation time of a saturation laser model with cross-correlated noises for the case of nonzero correlation time

Considering a saturation laser model with cross-correlated additive and multiplicative noises, we derive the stationary probability distribution function Pst(I), the stationary intensity correlation function C(s) and the associated relaxation time Tc by virtute of the Novikov theorem and Stratonovich's decoupling ansatz. Based on numerical computation, we discuss the effects of the correlation strength λ, the cross-correlation time τ, and the noises intensity. The correlation strength λ attenuates the probability distribution and increases the intensity fluctuation of the laser system. The correlation strength λ and the noise intensity D and Q speed up the relaxation of the system from an arbitrary state to the steady state and enhance the stability of the laser intensity output. For the case of negative correlation (λ < 0), the cross-correlation τ enhances the probability distribution, decreases the intensity fluctuation, slows down the relaxation of the system from an arbitrary state to the steady state, and decreases the stability of the laser intensity output; by contrast, the effects of the cross-correlation time τ on Pst(x), C(s), and Tc are entirely opposite for (λ > 0).

A multi-scale analysis of composite structures: Application to the design of accelerated hygrothermal cycles

Hygrothermal cycles are known to cause degradation of fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials due to moisture uptake and thermal expansion. The knowledge of internal stresses due to cyclic environmental conditions is necessary to forecast a possible damage occurrence in the material during its service life. The accelerated cycles are studied so as to define the material geometry and environmental conditions to reproduce the in-service material state in a shorter time. In the present work, a self-consistent (SC) model is used in order to predict the stress state at the microscopic scale (fiber and matrix) induced by the real and accelerated cycles. The main aim is to compare the local states induced by the real and accelerated cycles in particular near to the edges where hold periodic conditions.

Reputation as a moderator of political behavior-work outcomes relationships: A two-study investigation with convergent results.

Personal reputation has been acknowledged to have an important influence on work outcomes. However, substantive research has been relatively scarce to date. The 2-study research plan reported here supports reputation's role as a moderator of the relationships between political behavior and the work outcomes of uncertainty, emotional exhaustion, and job performance ratings (i.e., self- and supervisor report). The 1st investigation contained both a pilot study, which was undertaken to demonstrate the consistency of self- and others' perceptions of reputation, and a test of the substantive relationships. The 2nd study served as a constructive replication of the hypothesized relationships. Supporting prior research, Study 1 demonstrated that self-reports of personal reputation were significantly related to peer report. In each study, political behavior was associated with decreased uncertainty and emotional exhaustion and increased job performance ratings for individuals with a favorable reputation. Conversely, political behavior predicted increased uncertainty and emotional exhaustion and decreased job performance ratings for individuals with an unfavorable reputation. Implications of these results, strengths and limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.

Correction of X-Band Radar Observation for Propagation Effects Based on the Self-Consistency Principle

Abstract New algorithms for rain attenuation correction of reflectivity factor and differential reflectivity are presented. Following the methodology suggested for the first time by Gorgucci et al., the new algorithms are developed based on the self-consistency principle, describing the interrelation between polarimetric measurements along the rain medium. There is an increasing interest in X-band radar systems, owing to the early success of the attenuation-correction procedures as well as the initiative of the Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere to deploy X-band radars in a networked fashion. In this paper, self-consistent algorithms for correcting attenuation and differential attenuation are developed. The performance of the algorithms for application to X-band dual-polarization radars is evaluated extensively. The evaluation is conducted based on X-band dual-polarization observations generated from S-band radar measurements. Evaluation of the new self-consistency algorithms shows significant improvement in performance compared to the current class of algorithms. In the case that reflectivity and differential reflectivity are calibrated between ±1 and ±0.2 dB, respectively, the new algorithms can estimate both attenuation and differential attenuation with less than 10% bias and 15% random error. In addition, the attenuation-corrected reflectivity and differential reflectivity are within 1–0.2 dB 96% and 99% of the time, respectively, demonstrating the good performance.

What Is the Shape of a Raindrop? An Answer from Radar Measurements

Abstract In a previous study, Gorgucci et al. showed the potential advantage of using together polarimetric radar measurements of reflectivity factor, differential reflectivity, and specific differential propagation phase, in order to gather information about the calibration of radar systems. Scarchilli et al. generalized this concept in the self-consistency principle, which stated that, given a drop-shape model to describe the form of raindrops, the corresponding radar measurements are constrained on this three-dimensional surface. In this work the self-consistency principle is collapsed onto a two-dimensional domain defined by the variables: 1) the ratio between specific differential phase and reflectivity factor, and 2) differential reflectivity. In this space the scatter of drop size distribution (DSD) variability is minimized in such a way that drop-shape variability shows up. This methodology is used to observe for the first time the predominant shape of raindrops directly from the radar measurements. The radar polarimetric data were collected in two different climatological regions as central Florida and northern Italy. The significant result shows that the underlying mean axis ratio approaches the model established by Pruppacher and Beard, and the relationship described by Beard and Chuang forms a sort of border for the sphericity of the drop shape.

Coherent treatment of the self-consistency and the environment-dependency in a semi-empirical Hamiltonian: Applications to bulk silicon, silicon surfaces, and silicon clusters

The key to the construction of reliable and transferable semiempirical Hamiltonians for quantum mechanics-based simulations of materials is to capture the effect of screening by electrons for different condensed phases of materials. In the present work, this objective is achieved through the development of a scheme for constructing a self-consistent (SC) and environment-dependent (ED) multicenter Hamiltonian in the framework of linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) that involves careful modeling and optimization of parameters for electron-electron correlations and multicenter interactions. As an illustration of our method, we have used this scheme to construct the SCED/LCAO Hamiltonian for silicon. The robustness of this Hamiltonian is demonstrated by scrutinizing the properties of both bulk silicon and other complex structures of silicon with reduced symmetries. In particular, we have studied the following: (i) the binding energy versus relative atomic volume of different phases of bulk silicon, (ii) the stable structure of an intermediate-size ${\mathrm{Si}}_{71}$ cluster, (iii) the reconstruction of Si(100) surface, and (iv) the energy landscape for a silicon monomer adsorbed on the reconstructed $\mathrm{Si}(111)\text{\ensuremath{-}}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7$ surface. The success of the SCED/LCAO Hamiltonian in the above applications, where silicon exists in a variety of different coordinations, is a testament to the predictive power of the scheme.

Unrecognizability of manifolds

We present a modernized proof, with a modification by M.A. Shtan’ko, of the Markov theorem on the unsolvability of the homeomorphy problem for manifolds. We then discuss a proof of the S.P. Novikov theorem on the unrecognizability of spheres S n for n ≥ 5 , from which we obtain a corollary about unrecognizability of all manifolds of dimension at least five. An analogous argument then proves the unrecognizability of stabilizations (i.e. the connected sum with 14 copies of S 2 × S 2 ) of all four-dimensional manifolds. We also give a brief overview of known results concerning algorithmic recognizability of three-dimensional manifolds.

Micromechanical Modeling of Particulate Composites for Damping of Acoustic Waves

The self-consistent (SC) micromechanical model of a composite containing coated micro-inclusions, originally proposed in the static regime by Cherkaoui et al. (1994, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 116, 274–278), is implemented in the quasistatic regime by the introduction of frequency dependent complex moduli for the matrix material. The original model is improved by using dilute strain concentration tensor (DSCT) formulation. It is shown that these concentration tensors can be used to approximate effective composite behavior of composites containing ellipsoidal inclusions having a known orientation distribution or of composites containing multiple types of coated inclusions. The DSCT formulation is also shown to be capable of modeling the effects of multiple scales (submicron-meso-macro), as well as that of a distribution of inclusion coating thicknesses. Various potential material modeling applications are verified through comparison with experimental data in the literature. Notably, the DSCT SC model is applied in the quasistatic regime for calculation of acoustic transmission loss of a slab of viscoelastic composite submerged in water for the range of frequencies between 0-100kHz and compared with experimental data of Baird et al. (1999, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 105, 1527–1538).

Transmission loss of viscoelastic materials containing oriented ellipsoidal coated microinclusions

The three-phase self-consistent (SC) micromechanical model of Cherkaoui et al. [J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 116, 274–278 (1994)] is employed to model the anisotropic effects induced by identically oriented, coated, and ellipsoidal microinclusions embedded in a viscoelastic matrix. Numerical predictions of the lossy and anisotropic behavior of the viscoelastic composite material are obtained. This study is an extension of a previous paper [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112 (5), 1937–1943 (2002)], where the agreement of the micromechanical approach with the long wavelength scattering model of Baird et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 105 (3), 1527–1538 (1999)] was demonstrated for the case of spherical inclusions. The use of the SC model for the special case of a biphase effective material is also considered and compared with the complex bounds available in the literature. Parametric studies are presented for the transmission loss in the 0–100kHz frequency range of a 1cm thick composite material slab containing oblate spheroidal inclusions of varying aspect ratios when the slab is submerged under water. The results are compared with the case of an isotropic composite material having identical constituent material properties and volume fractions.

Improving the Self-Consistent Predictions of Texture Development of Polycrystals Incorporating Intragranular Field Fluctuations

In this contribution we present how to implement the calculation of average field fluctuations inside the grains of a thermoelastic aggregate in terms of the derivatives of the stress potential given by the standard linear self-consistent (SC) model, and how this statistical information can be used to generate second-order estimates for the mechanical behavior of nonlinear viscoplastic polycrystals, by means of a rigorous non-linear homogenization procedure. To illustrate the differences between this second-order (SO) self-consistent approach and the classical first-order SC approximations, we compare them in terms of their predictions of the effective behavior of random fcc polycrystals as a function of their rate-sensitivity, and of the texture evolution in hcp ice polycrystals under uniaxial compression. In the latter case, the SO approximation is the only one able to predict a substantial accommodation of deformation by basal slip, even when the basal poles become strongly aligned with the compression direction and the basal slip systems became unfavorably oriented.

Delay Fokker-Planck equations, Novikov’s theorem, and Boltzmann distributions as small delay approximations

We study time-delayed stochastic systems that can be described by means of so-called delay Fokker-Planck equations. Using Novikov's theorem, we first show that the theory of delay Fokker-Planck equations is on an equal footing with the theory of ordinary Fokker-Planck equations. Subsequently, we derive stationary distributions in the case of small time delays. In the case of additive noise systems, these distributions can be cast into the form of Boltzmann distributions involving effective potential functions.