Self-sustaining Growth Research Articles

Neonatal Infection of Mice With Lactate Dehydrogenase-elevating Virus Results in Suppression of Humoral Antiviral Immune Response but does not Alter the Course of Viraemia or the Polyclonal Activation of B Cells and Immune Complex Formation

Neonatal infection of FVB mice with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) prevented the normal formation of anti-LDV antibodies observed in mice infected at 5 days of age or older. Even 22 weeks post-infection, the concentration of circulating anti-LDV antibodies in neonatally infected mice was insignificant. However, the time course and level of persistent viraemia were the same in neonatally infected mice lacking anti-LDV antibodies as in mice infected at 5 or 15 days of age which developed normal antiviral immune responses. The results support the view that LDV replication in mice is unaffected by antiviral immune responses and instead is primarily dependent on the rate of regeneration of LDV-permissive macrophages. This view is further supported by the following findings. Treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide or dexamethasone, which are known to increase plasma LDV levels, increased the proportion of LDV-permissive macrophages in the peritoneum. Injection of mice with interleukin-3, which is known to stimulate macrophage development, increased plasma LDV levels in persistently infected mice 10- to 100-fold. During the first month of age when mice possess a higher proportion of LDV-permissive macrophages than older mice and peritoneal macrophages exhibit self-sustained growth, the persistent plasma LDV titres were also 10- to 100-fold higher than in older mice. The polyclonal activation of B cells induced by LDV that results in a permanent elevation of IgG2a or IgG2b in the circulation, and the formation of 180K to 300K immune complexes containing IgG2a or IgG2b were also the same in neonatally infected mice and mice infected 5 or 15 days after birth. Thus, the polyclonal activation of B cells occurs in the absence of an antiviral humoral immune response and the immune complexes do not contain anti-LDV antibodies. The immune complexes probably consist of autoantibodies formed in the course of the polyclonal activation of B cells and their cellular antigens.

Long-Run Growth and Human Capital

This paper analyses long-term growth in a closed economy with human as well as physical capital. The human capital corresponds to general education. Private utility maxi- mization determines each child's schooling. Costs of educating a given individual are convex. Although self-sustaining growth is not possible, steady states with per capita output growing faster than the underlying rate of technological progress do emerge, and the magnitude of some comparative-static results in increased. Section iii attempts to pin down the degree of growth-rate amplification implied in practice, concluding with estimates of 30-50 per cent. Croissance a long terme et capital humain. Ce m6moire analyse la croissance a long terme dans une economie fermee oii il y a a la fois du capital physique et du capital humain. Le capital humain correspond au niveau general d'6ducation. La maximisation de la fonction d'utilite privee de chacun d6termine la scolarite de chacun. Les couits de l'6ducation d'un individu donn6 sont une fonction convexe. Meme si une croissance soutenue n'est pas possible, il existe des sentiers de croissance en r6gime permanent otu la production per capita croit plus vite que le taux de croissance du progres technologique; en consequence, la taille de certains effets de statique comparative sont accrus. La section 3 tente de preciser le degre d' amplification du taux de croissance impliqu6 en pratique et en arrive 'a des 6valuations de 30 a 50 pour cent. This paper examines a growth model with both human and physical capital. In the analysis, (1) investment decisions for both types of capital are endogenous, (2) returns to scale in production are constant (so that twice as much physical capital together with twice as much labour, of the same education, yields twice as much output), and (3) an individual's costs of acquiring human capital are strictly convex as a function of his/her total amount of capital. The last is an instance of the law of diminishing returns: human capital in this paper is largely synonymous with education, and the analysis assumes that successive increments to

Financial markets and growth: An overview

The last five years have witnessed a resurgence of interest in the relationship between financial intermediation and economic growth. This issue had been extensively studied nearly two decades earlier by Goldsmith (1969), McKinnon (1973), Shaw (1973) and others, who produced considerable evidence that financial development correlates with growth. But their work, though insightful, lacked analytical foundations. In traditional growth theory, financial intermediation could be related to the level of the capital stock per worker or to the level of productivity, but not to their respective growth rates. The latter were ascribed to exogenous technical progress. The recent revival of interest in the link between financial development and growth stems mainly from the insights and techniques of endogenous growth models, which have shown that there can be self-sustaining growth without exogenous technical progress and that the growth rate can be related to preferences, technology, income distribution and institutional arrangements. This provides the theoretical underpinning that early contributors lacked: tinancial intermediation can be shown to have not only level effects, but also growth effects. The resulting models have offered important insights into the effect of financial development on growth and vice versa. They have also provided new impetus to empirical research on these issues. This paper reviews the ground covered so far on the theoretical and empirical front and points to some still unresolved issues.

Technology and regional policy: a case study of Northern Ireland

The importance of technical change, through the innovative activity of industry, has received a lot of attention in the regional economic literature. Regional policy has now begun to reflect the changing emphasis in the recent literature, and especially the key role of inventive activity in achieving long-run self-sustaining regional growth. This paper concentrates on research activities in terms of inventive inputs (R&D) and innovative outputs (especially patented innovations). In general the results suggest that there is a low level of technological activity in Northern Ireland, especially in industries that are characterized as being technologically advanced. This is partly because external ownership reduces R & D activity which in turn reduces innovation outputs but there is also a problem in that companies in Northern Ireland are relatively unsuccessful at producing new products and processes of the type and quality required in the market place. The availability of government-sponsored R & D grants s...

An overview of Turkey's experience with economic liberalization and structural adjustment

Turkey's recovery from its debt crisis during the 1980s provides a good example for study. The most successful aspect of Turkish experience was the remarkable growth in exports. Liberal policies were implemented extensively to restructure the economy. But in terms of their impact on the real economy, the outcome has been disappointing. While income distribution deteriorated, internal resource mobilization failed to materialize. Successful growth in exports was only partly influenced by economic policies such as subsidies, which fell outside the “liberal” category. Under present circumstances, where self-sustaining growth is increasingly urgent, explicit policies targeting private investment have become necessary.

Conflict and Unity: Towards an Intellectual History of The Forbears of The OAU

Institutions such as the Organization of African Unity (OAU) do not spring up all of a sudden from the blue.… More often than not, such institutions come into being because they answer, in a given historical period and context, the special need of a society or of an international community. For such institutions to be permanent — permanent in the sense that they contain the seeds for self-sustained growth — they must answer a widely and deeply felt genuine need. Diallo Telli, “The Organisation of African Unity in Historical Perspective” in African Forum; A quarterly Journal of Contemporary Affairs, The American Society of African Culture (New York), Vol. 1, no. 2, 1965, p. 7. This article looks at the OAU from an historical and philosophical perspective. It, thereby aims at revealing the processes and dynamic nature of the forces which led to the emergence of the continental organization in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 1963. It is not the purpose of the following analysis to offer a mere exposition or chronology of the events and developments which led up to the creation of the OAU. It aims to convey the idea of the potential for conflict inherent in the build-up to the OAU, and the intellectual manifestations of such conflict, especially in the context of the overall pre-OAU period. A convenient starting point for this analysis is the concept of Pan-Africanism.

CARICOM Countries and the Caribbean Basin Initiative

On February 24, 1982, President Reagan promulgated his Caribbean Basin Plan-popularly known as the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI)which subsequently became law under the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA), effective January 1, 1984. A primary economic objective of the CBI is to help beneficiary Caribbean Basin countries earn their own way toward self-sustaining growth (Reagan, 1982: 323) by providing aid to encourage private-sector activities, by allowing one-way duty-free exports to the United States, and by stimulating private investment, national and foreign. Although the CBI has been operating for almost six years, many believe that it has fallen very short of expectations. A Congressional Study Mission and Symposium on the Caribbean Basin Initiative (U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, 1987: 5), held in Barbados, September 18-19, 1987, found that was virtual unanimity at the symposium, as there is in the Caribbean in general, that the CBI has not fulfilled its promise of stimulating economic growth and development. Jamaican Weekly Gleaner (April 11, 1988) quoted the head of the House Ways and Means subcommittee on trade, Congressman Sam Gibbons, as saying: The original CBI is not the success we hoped for.... consensus of opinion among regional leaders in 1986 that the CBI had not proven beneficial to countries of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) as a whole (Government of Barbados, 1986: 22) still holds today (Daily Nation, April 26, 1988). Indeed the government of Montserrat declared that as of August 13, 1987, it had attracted no industries under the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983.' That a one-way duty-free trading arrangement with the world's richest country would only confer marginal benefits on very small beneficiary CBI countries (Jamaican Weekly Gleaner, November 30, 1987) seems at variance with conventional economic theory. Conventional economic theory (Kenen,

The Stimulated Crystallization of Amorphous SiO2Films on Si Substrates Induced By Laser and Thermal Treatments

AbstractThe transformation of amorphous to crystal (a-c) structure of Si02layers, thermally grown on both (100) and (111) Si substrates, was carried out by CO2laser, flash-lamp, and furnace heat: treatments. All the treatments resulted in S102crystallization according to two different mechanisms: normal and self-sustained growth processes. The kinetic characteristics of the S102crystallization process such as incubation time, rates of nucleation and growth, and the microstructure of the Si-Si02interface were investigated and are discussed from the point of view of growth theory. The a-c transformation in Si3N4and SixOyNzfilms on Si substrates is also discussed.

Curriculum renewal and INSET in difficult circumstances

The article supports the idea that curriculum innovation should involve the participation of everyone engaged in the teaching process. This is particu- larly so for those teachers who are working in what the article describes as difficult circumstances. A discussion of the context for teacher training in Burkina Faso is used to illustrate a proposal for curriculum renewal, and reactions to it. The example is intended to show how some of the current thoughts on curriculum innovation can inspire specific action in other cultural and educational contexts. Introduction The idea that classroom teachers should be given a more active role in all aspects of curriculum renewal (syllabus design/revision, methodological innovations, implementation, evaluation, development of teaching materials, INSET) is a current theme in educational literature. Participa- tion is thought to prevent resistance to innovations and to allow a smoother negotiation of the gap between - on the one hand - the idealization of the syllabus (particularly the pre-specified one in common use in institu- tionalized EFL teaching), and - on the other hand - the methodology used by the teacher to materialize it in the classroom. The calls for an 'extended professionalism' and for teachers to be more involved at the highest level of the 'decision-making pyramid' (Brumfit and Rossner 1982) are also justi- fied in the literature by the belief that teaching is not just a set of mechan- ically learnable skills, but is rather an art acquired and improved by the teacher through self-initiated, self-sustained growth and development. This explains the trend towards new approaches allowing for a constant negotiation through bottom-up, top-down, and sideways interaction between the main parties, with the practising teachers given a key role in the process. The GLAFL project in Scotland (Clark 1984) and the Graded Objectives Movement in general (Harding et al. 1980, Buckby et al. 1981, Page 1983) are examples of how teachers are encouraged to participate in the revision, implementation, and evaluation of second-language sylla- buses. New approaches to supervision are also being used which do not seek to impose on teachers the views and the techniques of the expert, but which encourage instead the former to make the best use of their own resources, to share their experiences with peers, and to promote their own development. In the same way, in-service teacher education is tending to be more decentralized, and change and innovations are spreading through gradual networks rather than being imposed from strongly centralized institutions. Rudduck (1982), Hopkins and Wideen (1984), and Day (1981) report on cases of school-based teacher-development programmes. The administra-

Public assistance and employment growth in the rural periphery: Some issues in policy design and implementation

This paper discusses the role of public policy in promoting economic development in a UK peripheral area, Devon and Cornwall. It is argued that traditional measures achieved some success in the context of national growth. However, more of the same at a time of economic recession is seen as inappropriate since a transfer of resources from one region to another cannot necessarily be justified nor relied upon. Future policy initiatives should seek to provide self-sustained growth in peripheral rural regions through creating conditions in which indigenous manufacturing can prosper. In particular, it is suggested that the public authorities should specifically target resources at those small and independent firms in the local economy with the greatest linkage potential, since this is likely to lead to new-firm formation and employment growth. At the same time, the local constraints to development should be recognised.

Manufacturing establishment linkage patterns and the implications for peripheral area development: the case of Devon and Cornwall

This paper examines the significance for economic development in Devon and Cornwall of the material and business service linkages of manufacturing establishments. Using data from a survey of 366 manufacturing plants in Devon and Cornwall, the paper considers the extent to which differing types of establishment possess local suppliers and markets. It is found that local linkage is most marked in independent firms, relatively small plants and ones with decision-making freedom at the local level. This suggests that self-sustained growth requires a mobilisation of indigenous potential via growth in small and independent firms where linkage potential is greatest.

American History Abroad: Personal Reflections on the Conditions of Scholarship in West Germany

Perhaps there is a European perspective on American History, maybe even a German one. I do know for sure that there are certain conditions under which West German academic historians with a special interest in North America pursue their professional activities. Closer inspection and comparison of (yet to be written) studies may even reveal striking similarities of these conditions throughout continental Western Europe. Our intellectual output in the form of teaching, lecturing, and publication is, of course, influenced by material factors, and by the intellectual climate that sustains and inspires (or stifles) intellectual activity. In any academic discipline it takes a certain combination of books, students, colleagues, editors and printing presses to launch into self-sustaining growth the process of scholarship. The environment in which the individual scholar puts his mind and imagination to work clearly is not accidental to his choice of topic, treatment, and the results of his labor. In the absence of published memoirs by senior colleagues and scholarly studies of the subject, I can only think about my own experience-which luckily is sufficiently unexceptional to serve as a case study that raises some pertinent questions which will in due course be answered in a professionally detached way by historians of historiography. The generation of scholars to which I belong can be labeled the postwar generation of West German academics; second in the sense of having gone through university in the fat years of the 1960s. In contrast, the first postwar generation of those who came back from the war or POW camps finished their education in the late forties and early fifties and during their university years had to think about eating, keeping warm, finding books, and borrowing a typewriter. Few of them seriously considered the dreamy idea of studying for a whole year in the United States. A member of that older generation, who had not been given an opportunity to practice his th's as an exchange student in England or America, once reminded me bluntly and rightly of the privileges he had been denied and my generation was taking for granted. We were the first generation, he told me, that had the chance to really specialize in American history and talk to Americans on the basis of

The Impact of Industrial Decentralisation Policy: The Businessman’s View

Abstract The responses to a postal survey by 81 industrialists located in the homelands are analysed. South Africa’s industrial decentralisation policy has been criticised on many grounds. Questioning the efficiency of the policy in terms of forgone growth and employment opportunities, information was sought from businessmen: particularly with regard to their motives for decentralising and their experiences. The underlying rationale being that the profitability of decentralised firms provides a means of assessing allocative efficiency. The nature of the sample dictates a simple tabulation of responses. These reveal a high degree of dependence on decentralisation incentives both in respect of the decision to decentralise and in terms of maintaining companies ‘profitability’. Some of the difficulties experienced by industrialists at their decentralised locations are examined. The importance of the incentives, particularly short term ones, calls into question the prospects for self-sustaining growth of the d...

Organ specificity of epithelial cells grown in tissue culture from explants obtained from various levels of the rat gut

Monolayer cultures of epithelial cells grown from explants of fetal rat small intestine can differentiate into columnar as well as goblet cells in tissue culture (Kondo et al., Exp cell res 153 (1984) 12) [9]. In this study we have cultured tissue from various levels of the fetal rat gastrointestinal tract in order to characterize those cell types that can be cultured from these tissues and to determine the growth potential of these cells using this culture system. Explants of esophagus and forestomach tissue yielded monolayer outgrowths of squamous epithelial cells which grew as closely apposed polygonal cells capable of developing cornified envelopes. Explants of the glandular portion of the stomach yielded outgrowths of densely packed cells which were more pleiomorphic and which did not desquamate or form cornified envelopes. Explants of small intestine and colon yielded outgrowths of epithelial cells, some of which differentiated into goblet cells, while others developed a 'columnar' cell morphology. The following differences between squamous- and non-squamous cultures were observed. Squamous epithelium showed self-sustained growth, while growth of non-squamous epithelial cells became self-limiting. Cytochalasin B (CB) (5 micrograms/ml for 1 h) induced contraction of the whole cell sheet of non-squamous cells, but of only individual squamous cells. Squamous cell outgrowth was observed from tissues derived from fetuses of all ages (13-day fetuses through to 3-week-old rats); whereas non-squamous epithelial outgrowth was poor when rats older than the 21st gestational day were studied. These results indicate that cultures established in this manner developed the general characteristics of the cells of the organ from which they were derived, even when undifferentiated fetal tissue was used. The growth conditions needed for columnar epithelium are more stringent than those needed for squamous tissues. This technique opens the way for further characterization of growth requirements of gastrointestinal columnar epithelium.

E.A.P. - E.S.P. - Self-sustaining growth

L'auteur s'attaque au problème de développer la capacité des étudiants, dans un groupe interdisciplinaire de niveau inégal, d'écrire une langue de spécialité. Il définit les buts en termes des (i) fonctions du langage de recherche (Tableau 1), (ii) difficultés majeures des étudiants. La Méthodologie se divise en cinq éléments, chacun présenté en détail, une place prééminente étant réservée au premier : 1. L'emploi de "paragraphes modèles" (EXEMPLE - analyse - danger d'apprendre par coeur comparé aux stratégies plus productives - réactions positives des étudiants - exemples de mauvaise rédaction). 2. Eléments linguistiques clés (par ex., locutions verbales caractéristiques). 3. Fonctions linguistiques clés (cahiers personnels tenus par les étudiants). 4. Compositions de classe. 5. Cours individuels pour problèmes particuliers.

The impact of the green revolution and prospects for the future

This article addresses some of the issues considered to be of great importance for continued success of the Green Revolution. The most recent data on its impact on food production are discussed first. Then follows a discussion of the impact on production fluctuation. Current evidence of the impact on poverty and nutrition is summarized in the third section. Recent research has shown that the multiplier or linkage effects of technological change may be very important for assuring a desirable path of self-sustaining growth. This issue is dealt with in the fourth section, followed by a discussion of the role of women in technological change, an important growth as well as equity issue which has received little attention until recently. Then follows a brief assessment of the actual and potential environmental effects. A number of other issues with important implications for the future contribution of technological change, such as future control over germplasm, organization of and control over the international agricultural research institutes, the needs for institutional and policy changes in many developing countries, and the need for new technology to facilitate a solution to the acute food problem in Sub-Saharan Africa, are discussed in the last section

Markets, Values and Capitalism: A Discourse on Method

As to ahistorical behavioralism, a parable will serve here. Some years ago, Massachusetts Institute of Technology had an alternative program for freshmen integrating all their course work around one theme. In year of which I speak that theme was Moon. Not only aeronautical engineers, astrophysicists, and geologists, but also social scientists, medievalists, and musicologists participated together in this focus on Moon. The economist in seminar that year decided to test proposition, repeatedly implied but never operationally formulated, that moon influences human behavior. He ran a regression, over entire period for which New York City police statistics are available, of crimes against persons on phases of moon. The results were unequivocal: crimes of violence correlate highly and significantly with gibbous phase of moon. Even in New York City where one can hardly ever see moon. The medievalist said, That is very interesting, sir, but you should know that your regression tells us nothing new about moon; it only tells us what economists mean by Truth! To an ever growing extent that is what economists and economic historians mean by truth: a hypothesis, a model, and a verification procedure. Is that ahistorical behavioralism? If so, what is alternative? Assuming that they believe at all in hypothesis testing, what kind of evidence would my critics have preferred? The Bible promises that the sun shall not smite thee by day nor moon by night. Shakespeare's reptilian Richard III confesses that he is governed by watery moon, and Othello blames everything, in end, on the very error of moon.! She comes more nearer earth than she was wont/ and makes men mad. But is such testimony evidence, and if so, of what? Of association between moon and aberrant human behavior? I think not. No more than a thousand years of astronomical speculation was evidence of existence of Ptolemy's epicycles. Rather it is evidence of persistence of an idea through time. The regression, on other hand, if properly specified, cuts through to observable correlates of phenomenon beneath. The question of causation, of HOW moon pulls tides and makes men mad (to say nothing of metaphysical question of WHY) is properly left until after it has been established that it in fact does. And then, that regression procedure may not, in point of fact, be appropriate one for questions of How and Why does not diminish contribution it made to question it was designed to answer, hypothesis it was designed to test. The hypothesis my procedures were designed to test is similarly limited: that we can observe in behavior of an economic system itself, evidence of micro-level decision making that propels a rural economy into very act of generating rapid and self-sustaining growth.

National Saving and Financial Development in Asian Developing Countries

National saving finances the bulk of investment in all but a few Asian developing countries, though the extent to which foreign savings (i.e., inflows of external financial resources) have been used to supplement national savings to finance investment has increased in several of these countries since the mid-1970s (see Table 1). This trend cannot be sustained. Foreign aid is not likely to increase at the rate experienced in the past while debt-servicing problems have reduced the capacity of most developing countries to raise loans in foreign capital markets. These countries will have to raise their national saving rates (the ratio of gross national saving to gross national product) if they want to keep their investment rates (the ratio of gross national investment to gross national product) at about the level they have averaged in recent years. But apart from this immediate consideration, higher national saving rates are needed to provide the basis for self-sustained growth and development…

Organ and species specificity of epithelial growth

Previous work in this laboratory demonstrated that rat respiratory airway epithelial cells grown from tissue explants undergo concurrent division and differentiation in culture. In the present studies, this model system has been used to optimize conditions for epithelial growth, with the goal of facilitating the culture of epithelium from other organs and species. Fibroblasts appeared to limit the expansion of epithelial outgrowths; their growth was controlled by using delipidated serum, rather than serum, in the culture media, with addition of adrenergic antagonists. In nonsupplemented media, rat tracheal fibroblasts doubled in number in about 3 d. The doubling time was slowed to more than 9 d by the serum substitution in conjunction with the alpha-antagonist phenoxybenzamine. Rat tracheal epithelial cultures maintained under identical conditions doubled in less than 4 d, so that a growth advantage of threefold was achieved. The combination of conditions also seemed to inhibit growth of fibroblasts from other species. However, even when the problem of fibroblast overgrowth was obviated, the respiratory airway epithelia of the mouse, hamster, and marmoset failed to show self-sustaining growth in culture. The rat epithelium continued to grow for over 6 wk. A number of other organs from the rat, notably esophagus, skin, and salivary gland, showed self-sustaining growth after removal of explants. Although epithelial outgrowths were formed by explants from certain organs of the hamster, only those from the kidney and thyroid continued to grow after removal of the tissue explants. Therefore, growth failure in cultured epithelia, quantitatively defined, is common and frequently unrelated to the problem of fibroblast overgrowth. The rat seems to be the species of choice for studies on the isolated epithelia from most organ sites.

Prospects for Stronger Australia-Indonesia Economic Ties

The discordant nature of the political and international relations between Australia and its nearest Asian neighbor in the past can be attributed to the lack of strong economic ties between the two countries. The prospects for strengthening the economic ties between the two countries can be easily identified in the spheres of trade, aid, investment, development cooperation, and industrialization. Unless Australian and Indonesian politicians, bureaucrats, and other decision makers harness these prospects by positive action programs, the stalemate in the relationship between the two countries will persist. Indonesia is a leading partner in ASEAN. A rapprochement with Indonesia is imperative if Australia’s desire to encourage the growth of ASEAN economic cooperation is to transcend the realm of mere rhetoric. Indonesia’s economic development will also continue to be an elusive dream unless its leaders cooperate with the more advanced economies such as Australia and welcome foreign investments and development assistance to eradicate the massive problems of poverty. The approach of countries like Australia will determine whether Indonesia will overcome its vicious circle of poverty and take off to self-sustained growth by benefiting from external stimuli such as trade, aid, and investment. Or alternatively the Indonesian economy could become enmeshed in a syndrome of dependency, underdevelopment, and continuing poverty. Poverty is an ideal breeding ground for radical isms such as communism, which have been the anathema of Australia’s strategic defense planning. Therefore, the best safeguard against such a prospect is the establishment of an economically viable and vibrant Indonesian economy by strengthening the economic ties identified above.