Self-supporting Structure Research Articles

Superhydrophilic S-NiFe LDH by Room Temperature Synthesis for Enhanced Alkaline Water/Seawater Oxidation at Large Current Densities.

Developing high-performance oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts that can operate stably at large current densities in seawater plays a crucial role in enabling large-scale hydrogen production, however, it remains a significant challenge. Herein, sulfur-doped NiFe layered double hydroxide nanosheet (S-NiFe LDH) grown on a 3D porous nickel foam skeleton is synthesized through electrochemical deposition and ion-exchange strategies at room temperature as high-performance, highly selective, and durable OER electrocatalystforseawater electrolysis at large current density. The incorporation of S can enhance the conductivity, promote structural reconstruction to form highly active oxyhydroxides, as well as improve the anti-corrosion ability of chloride ions. Furthermore, due to its unique self-supporting structure and superhydrophilicity, which provide abundant active sites and promote efficient bubble release, the optimized electrocatalyst demands a minimal overpotential of 278 and 299mV to generate 1000mAcm-2 in alkaline freshwater/seawater, respectively, confirming its excellent OER activity. Meanwhile, the synthesized electrocatalyst also demonstrates exceptional stability in both media,as it maintains stable performance for a duration of 200 h at 500mAcm-2. The present work offers an efficient strategy and innovative viewpoint for developing efficient OER electrocatalysts for seawater electrolysis.

Cr-doped NiFe sulfides nanoplate array: Highly efficient and robust bifunctional electrocatalyst for the overall water splitting and seawater electrolysis

To replace precious metals and reduce production costs for large-scale hydrogen production, developing stable, high-performance transition metal electrocatalysts that can be used in a wide range of environments is desirable yet challenging. Herein, a self-supported hybrid catalyst (NiFeCrSx/NF) with high electrocatalytic activity was designed and constructed using conductive nickel foam as a substrate via manipulation of the cation doping ratio of transition metal compounds. Due to the strong coupling synergy between the metal sulfides NiS2, Fe9S11, and Cr2S3, as well as their interaction with the conductive nickel foam (NF), the energy barrier for catalytic reactions is reduced, and the charge transfer rate is enhanced. This significantly improves the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance of NiFeCrSx/NF, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with an overpotential of just 66 mV. Furthermore, doping with chromium generates different valence states of Cr during the catalytic process, which can synergize with the high-valent Fe and Ni, promoting the formation of oxygen vacancies and enriching the active sites for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Consequently, at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH, the overpotential for OER is only 223 mV for NiFeCrSx/NF. Additionally, the in situ grown of self-supporting nanoflower structure on NiFe-LDH not only provides a large catalytic surface area but also facilitates electrolyte penetration during the catalytic process, endowing NiFeCrSx/NF with high long-term stability. When used as a bifunctional catalyst for overall water splitting, the NiFeCrSx/NF||NiFeCrSx/NF electrolyzer requires only 1.29 V to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Simultaneously, Cr doping protects the Fe sites by maintaining stable valence states, ensuring high performance and stability of NiFeCrSx/NF, even when it is utilized for seawater splitting. This strategy offers novel concepts for creating catalysts based on non-precious metals that can be utilized in various application scenarios.

Increased water splitting activity of self-supported 3D nanoporous Ni and Co-based phosphides prepared by dealloying and electrophoretic deposition

The production of hydrogen by water electrolysis is an essential route to promote hydrogen energy. Design catalysts with plenty of active sites and non-precious metals is the key to realizing hydrogen production by water cracking. We have prepared nanoporous NiCoP using a dealloying method, and deposited the resultant NiCoP on sulfide-treated nickel foam (NF) by electrophoretic deposition to give a nanoporous NiCoP/Ni3S2/NF composite water electrolysis catalyst. The NiCoP–Ni3S2 heterostructure exhibits an abundance of active sites, and the self-supporting structure enhances electron transfer rate, resulting in superior hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity and good oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity using the NiCoP/Ni3S2/NF composite electrode. The associated HER over-potential in a KOH electrolyte was 27 mV with a Tafel slope of 83 mV/dec and a current density of 10 mA/cm2. The OER over-potential was 353 mV at the current density was 100 mA/cm2. The results generated serve to establish a general method for the preparation of high-performance and low-cost self-supported catalysts for water splitting.

Research on Self-supporting Structure in Bird Nests

The mystery behind the bird nest’s construction is not well understood. Our study focuses on the stability of a self-supporting nest-like structure. Firstly, we derived a stable/unstable phase boundary for the structure at the fixed coefficient of friction with varying geometrical parameters through force analysis. Structures with a lower height and greater friction coeffi- cient between rods are more stable. The theoretical phase boundary matched the experiment results well. Then we investigate the nest structure’s stability under applied weight. Static structures with lower height and more rods (five>four>three) are more stable. Our theory also predicts a transition from plastic phase to elastic phase. These theoretical predictions are all confirmed by experiment. In the experiment, we also find that wet rod structures are more stable than dry ones. The structures can support up to 100 times of it’s weight.

Cellulose intercalation activation of natural ramie fiber derived carbon electrode for flexible supercapacitors

The complex structure of cellulose leads to its low accessibility to reagents, which hinders the further development of cellulose-based natural fibers in supercapacitors. The key issue is how to achieve deep internal activation while maintaining the flexible self-supporting skeleton structure of cellulose. In this work, an intercalation activation method was proposed. The activator infiltrated into the cellulose microcrystalline structure under rapid swelling to construct a new hydrogen bond network. RC/N2 has a large specific surface area (1897 m2 g−1) and exhibits excellent electrochemical performance due to the uniform activation of NaOH pre-inserted between cellulose layers while ensuring the flexibility of cellulose. At a current density of 0.1 A g−1, it reaches 352 F g−1, and the assembled symmetric supercapacitor has a capacitance retention rate of 98 % after 70,000 cycles. In addition, the symmetric flexible supercapacitor assembled based on RC/N2 has good stability after multi-angle bending, which opens up further possibilities for the development of flexible energy storage devices.

Seaweed-like Co-MOF/Cu(OH)2/CF composite as an advanced pre-catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction

Directly applying metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as electrocatalysts or pre-catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) faces significant challenges, due to the lack of exposed active sites, low electronic conductivity, and poor structure stability. Herein, a novel alkaline leaching-solvothermal strategy is proposed to synthesize seaweed-like Co-MOF/Cu(OH)2 on copper foam (CF), which is applied as self-supporting pre-catalyst for OER. After electrochemical activation, Co-MOF/Cu(OH)2/CF only requires an overpotential of 279 mV at 50 mA cm−2 and operates steadily for 72 h with negligible activity deterioration. The high activity and stability mainly benefit from the unique structural arrangement, in which Cu(OH)2 nanoneedles serve as firm substrates to grow and stabilize Co-MOFs. The two-dimensional Co-MOFs with nanometer thickness and high accessible surfaces could expose sufficient metal coordination sites, which are ready for reconstruction and electrocatalysis. Additionally, CF framework helps to maintain the self-supporting structure and acts as current collector to enhance the charge/electron transfer efficiency during OER.

Enhancement of the formation and stability of low-fat Pickering emulsion gels stabilized with egg yolk granules-chitosan complex: Insights into the development of mayonnaise substitutes

This study employed egg yolk granules (EYG) in combination with chitosan (CS) to evaluate the feasibility of constructing low-fat Pickering emulsion gels and investigated the properties of emulsion gels with different oil volume fractions (0–50 %) to address the stability issue. The results showed that the self-supporting structure of the emulsion gels gradually increased at 0–40 % oil phase, and the oil droplet sizes were all smaller than 10 μm. However, when the oil phase reached 50 %, the emulsion showed water-oil phase separation. The addition of oil modified the state and movement of water molecules in the emulsion system, which in turn affected the water and oil loss rates. Notably, the emulsion gels exhibited similar rheological and textural characteristics to mayonnaise at 30 % oil phase. Furthermore, the emulsion gels demonstrated promising centrifugation and freeze-thaw stability. This study suggests an innovative and efficient approach to low-fat mayonnaise substitution with consistent quality.

Improved HER/OER Performance of NiS2/MoS2 Composite Modified by CeO2 and LDH.

In recent years, there has been significant interest in transition-metal sulfides (TMSs) due to their economic affordability and excellent catalytic activity. Nevertheless, it is difficult for TMSs to achieve satisfactory performance due to problems such as low conductivity, limited catalytic activity, and inadequate stability. Therefore, a catalyst with a heterostructure constituted of a nickel-iron-layered double hydroxide, nickel sulfide, molybdenum disulfide, and cerium dioxide was designed. At the current density of 10 mA cm-2 in an alkaline solution, the catalyst exhibits a HER overpotential of 116 mV. In addition, an overpotential of 235 mV@150 mA cm-2 was displayed for OER. The catalyst showed a good retention rate (94.7% for HER, 98.6% for OER) after 160 h stability tests. The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to the following points: 1. The self-supporting three-dimensional hierarchical structure provides abundant sites, fast ion diffusion channels, and electron transfer paths, and ensures structural stability. 2. The strong interfacial electron interaction between Ni3S2/MoS2 heterojunction and NiFe-LDH improves the OER reaction kinetics. 3. The Ce3+ and oxygen vacancies in CeO2 promote the dissociation of H2O and promote the HER reaction kinetics. This approach paves the way for developing highly efficient electrocatalysts for various electrochemical applications.

Architecturing ultra-stable multi-dimensional MXene/MAX self-supporting electrode anchored with Low-Pt for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction in harsh environments

The design of self-supporting structure is particularly important to improve the stability and electrochemical performance of hydrogen evolution reaction electrode. Here, a facile strategy for building novel ultra-stable 0D-2D-3D integrated self-supporting electrode with high conductivity, sufficient diffusion channels and large reactive surface area was proposed. In the heterostructure, 2D Ti3C2Tx flakes in-situ synthesized on 3D network porous Ti3AlC2 surface which provides the multiple reactive surface areas and aggregation resistance to facilitating 0D ultrafine Pt nanoparticles uniform anchorage. Combined with structural characterization and first-principles calculations revealed that, the highly dispersed ultrafine Pt synergistically coupling strong metal-support interactions creates a unique multifunctional catalytic interface with high stability and atomic utilization efficiency of Pt to promote the HER in acidic and seawater. The resultant self-supporting electrode (support 0.48 wt% Pt) exhibits much superior activity to 10 % commercial Pt/C (loaded on foam nickel) in 0.5 M H2SO4 (55 mV@10 mA cm−2) and simulate seawater (196 mV@10 mA cm−2) while reducing the Pt usage by 15 times. Meanwhile, the electrode also illustrates outstanding stability under high current densities (100 h@100 mA cm−2). This study provides a new design idea for developing integrated self-supporting catalytic electrodes to meet the durability of hydrogen evolution reaction applications in harsh environments.

Polypropylene membrane with gradient-distributed covalent organic framework for highly efficient blood oxygenation

Hollow fiber membrane (HFM) is widely used for extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) because of large membrane area, high packing density, self-supporting structure and good flexibility. However, polymeric HFMs often suffer from a trade-off between gas permeability and anti-plasma leakage performance. In this study, HFMs with gradient structure were prepared by introducing COF-42 as fillers into the polypropylene (PP) matrix through surface segregation. The enriched COF-42 near the upper surface endowed the membrane a gradient structure to reduce the plasma leakage and improve gas permeability. Compared with PP membranes, PP/COF-42 oxygenation membranes retained good blood compatibility and higher mechanical properties. The PP/COF-42–0.5 HFMs exhibited O2 exchange rate of ∼ 342.6 ml min−1 m−2 and CO2 exchange rate of ∼ 989.6 ml min−1 m−2, which was about 218.7 % and 15.4 % larger than that of the PP HFMs, respectively. Moreover, the simulated plasma leakage time could reach 124 h, which was about 21 times longer than that of PP HFMs. The membranes exhibited excellent blood oxygenation performance and anti-plasma leakage performance, which had great potential in ECMO.

Self-supported SnS/MoO3 electrocatalyst for supercapacitor and hydrogen evolution reaction

Improving the efficiency of energy storage and conversion requires designing electrodes with a hybrid heterostructure. Overall, a single component of MoO3 suffers from poor cycling stability and sluggish intrinsic conductivity. SnS@MoO3/MoS2 nano-heterostructure is effectively grown on 3D nickel foam using facile hydrothermal techniques to address this issue. The structure, composition, and morphology of as-prepared nano-heterostructures are characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope, respectively. The MS-10 nano-heterostructure shows interconnected nanosheets with a self-supported porous structure. As grown, the MS-10 nano-heterostructure electrode exhibits excellent specific capacitance of 5051 Fg−1 at 2 Ag−1 with good stability. Moreover, the MS-10 electrode achieves good results in alkaline water splitting. The MS-10 nano-heterostructure presents low over potential with good stability of 12 h. This work is anticipated to advance efforts to create SnS@MoO3/MoS2 nano-heterostructure with interconnected nanosheets and self-supported porous structure, which are considered potential candidates for energy storage and conversion.

Homogenization-based topology optimization for self-supporting additive-manufactured lattice-infilled structure

Lattice-infilled structures possess prominent properties at relatively low mass, which are of great significance in academic investigations and engineering fields such as aerospace science and biomedical applications. However, both the macro geometry and relative density distribution of the infilled microstructure exert considerable influence on performances of lattice-infilled structure and the structural manufacturability needs to be considered. In this work, an optimization design methodology for self-supporting additive-manufactured lattice-infilled structures is proposed, in which the macro geometry and relative density distribution of the microstructure are concurrently optimized. Microstructure is infilled after topology optimization and octree structure is introduced into the boundary layers of the lattice core to support the top shell during fabrication. The effectiveness of the proposed optimization design method for self-supporting additive-manufactured lattice-infilled structures was proved by both three-point-bending test and full-scale finite element simulation. Compared with the uniformly-infilled sample, mass-specific stiffness and strength of the topologyoptimized sample were improved by 41.2% and 112.1%, respectively. The proposed design method for lattice-infilled structures provides potential for designing additive-manufactured high-performance lightweight structures, which will broaden the boundaries of lattice structure in engineering applications.

Self-Propagating Fabrication of a 3D Graphite@rGO Film Anode for High-performance Potassium-Ion Batteries.

Graphite, with abundant resources and low cost, is regarded as a promising anode material for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). However, because of the large size of potassium ions, the intercalation/deintercalation of potassium between the interlayers of graphite results in its huge volume expansion, leading to poor cycling stability and rate performance. Herein, a self-propagating reduction strategy is adopted to fabricate a flexible, self-supporting 3D porous graphite@reduced graphene oxide (3D-G@rGO) composite film for PIBs. The 3D porous network can not only effectively mitigate the volume expansion in graphite but also provide numerous active sites for potassium storage as well as allow for electrolyte penetration and rapid ion migration. Therefore, compared to the pristine graphite anode, the flexible 3D-G@rGO film electrode exhibits greatly improved K-storage performance with a reversible capacity of 452.8 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and a capacity retention rate of 80.4% after 100 cycles. It also presents excellent rate capability with a high specific capacity of 139.1 and 94.2 mAh g-1 maintained at 2 and 5 C, respectively. The proposed self-propagating reduction strategy to construct a three-dimensional self-supporting structure is a viable route to improve the structural stability and potassium storage performance of graphite anodes.

N-doped one-dimensional carbon framework embedded with CoSe2 nanoparticles as superior electrode for advanced sodium ion storage

Cobalt selenide (CoSe2) is acknowledged as a negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity. However, the significant volume change and inadequate electrochemical performance during charge and discharge processes have limited its practical use in batteries. In this investigation, a straightforward and practical electrospinning method combined with selenization reaction was utilized to fabricate CoSe2 nanoparticles enclosed in nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers with a three-dimensional self-supporting network structure (CoSe2/N-PCNFs).The CoSe2/N-PCNFs electrode has self-supporting and high conductivity properties, as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries, the discharge capacity of the composite material can reach 450.1 mAh/g after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A/g, and can still maintain a large discharge capacity of 396.9 mAh/g after 500 cycles at a high current density of 1 A/g. The outstanding electrochemical performance is mainly attributed to the superior specific surface area, controllable porous structure, and high pore volume of CoSe2/N-PCNFs Experimental and density functional theory calculations both indicate that the heterojunction interface between CoSe2 and nitrogen-doped carbon can not only promote the adsorption of Na+, but also facilitate electron transfer to significantly improve the rate capability of the material.

Metal-organic framework derived heterostructured phosphide bifunctional electrocatalyst for efficient overall water splitting

Developing high active and stable cost-effective bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting to produce hydrogen is of vital significance in clean and sustainable energy development. This work has prepared a novel porous unreported MOF (Ni-DPT) as a precursor to successfully synthesize a non-noble bifunctional NiCoP/Ni12P5@NF electrocatalyst through doping strategy and interface engineering. This catalyst is constructed by layered self-supporting arrays with heterojunction interface and rich nitrogen-phosphorus doping. Structural characterizations and the density function theory (DFT) calculations confirm that the interface effect of NiCoP/Ni12P5 heterojunction can regulate the electronic structure of the catalyst to optimize the Gibbs free energy of hydrogen (ΔGH*); simultaneously, the defect-rich layered nanoarrays can expose more active sites, shorten mass transfer distance, and generate a self-supporting structure for in-situ reinforcing the structural stability. As a result, this NiCoP/Ni12P5@NF catalyst exhibits favorable electrocatalytic performance, which simply needs overpotentials of 100 mV for HER and 310 mV for OER, respectively, at a current density of 10 mA·cm−2. The anion exchange membrane electrolyzer assembled with this NiCoP/Ni12P5@NF as both anode and cathode catalysts can operate stably for 200 h at a current density of 100 mA·cm−2 with an insignificant voltage decrease. This work may provide some inspiration for the further rational design of inexpensive non-noble multifunctional electrocatalysts and electrode materials for water splitting to generate hydrogen.

Meshed, Flexible, and Self-Supported Humidity Sensors by Direct-Writing with Multifunctional Applications.

Flexibility endows humidity sensors with new applications in human health monitoring except for traditionally known environmental humidity detection in recent years. In this study, a flexible, mesh-structured, and self-supported humidity sensor was designed and manufactured by direct writing in a homemade two-dimensional stepping numerical control workstation. Bacterial cellulose with humidity sensitivity and good film-forming properties was applied as the self-supporting substrate, in which conductive activated carbon and water-absorptive magnesium chloride (MgCl2) were incorporated. The humidity sensing performance of the printed sensor was measured and optimized. Besides, the fundamental insight into the sensing mechanism of the printed humidity sensor was analyzed by a complex impedance spectrum. The multifunctional applications of the self-supported humidity sensor were demonstrated by human breathing detection, noncontact distance sensing, and speaking recognition. The simple self-supported structure combined with the meshed attribute of the flexible sensor showed large use potential in real-time monitoring of human respiration, voice detection, environmental humidity monitoring, and noncontact switches.

High volumetric performance of functional carbon material enabled by co-pyrolysis of mango branches and Faradaic active N-enriched doping

Restricted by the poor volumetric performance, biomass-based supercapacitors are challenging to meet the rapid development of miniaturization and portability of energy storage devices, and the Faraday active nitrogen-doping strategy proves to be an efficient approach to address this concern. This study successfully synthesizes functional carbon materials with significant Faraday activity through a straightforward and environmentally friendly co-pyrolysis method. Mango branches served as the primary raw material, NH4B5O8∙4H2O acted as a template, and NH4Cl and NH4B5O8∙4H2O were utilized as the multiple nitrogen-enriched agents. A surface micro-NH3 environment can be achieved by modulating the addition of NH4Cl, and the decomposed NH3 is adsorbed on the biomass surface by the electrostatic adsorption of NH4B5O8∙4H2O. MA1.5N1.5-T700 showcases a compact self-supported structure with micro/mesopores, boasting a substantial nitrogen content of 2.95 %. It achieves a notable volumetric capacitance of 320 F/cm3 (368 F/g) at 0.5 A/g and maintains an exceptional rate performance of 72.9 % at 20 A/g. The constructed symmetrical supercapacitor also reveals an ultra-high energy density of 13.01 Wh/L (14.95 Wh/kg) and an impressive capacitance retention of 94.03 % undergoing 10,000 cycles. This study offers theoretical insights into fabricating electrode materials for high volumetric energy density supercapacitors through the pyrolysis of forestry waste.

A highly efficient and self-supporting nanoporous FeMoC catalyst for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction

Optimizing structure and surface morphologies in electrocatalyst design are important to enhance the intrinsic activity of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Mo-based phosphides and carbides have been confirmed as the widely-reported catalysts for HER. However, the origin of their enhanced catalytic activity is not fully clarified. Herein, the np-FeMoC and np-FeMoP with a self-supporting nanoporous structure were prepared using the melt-spinning and dealloying methods. Benefiting from the self-supporting electrode, nanoporous structure, abundant active species, low charge-transfer resistance and electron synergy, the np-FeMoC exhibits good catalytic performance. The np-FeMoC performs a low overpotential of 50.8 mV at 10 mA cm−2 current density for HER in 1 M KOH. This value is 2.7 times lower than that of the np-FeMoP sample, indicating a synergistic effect between Mo2C and Fe. From XPS and in-situ Raman results, it was observed that the dissolution of Mo2C occurs accompanied by dynamic evolution during the HER process on the np-FeMoC surface. This work unveils the intrinsic activity of Mo-based carbide and phosphide, providing valuable guidance for reasonable exploit of high-performance HER catalysts.

Hollow fiber thin-film composite membrane regulated by macrocyclic polyamine molecules for high performance organic solvent nanofiltration

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) technology has the potential to separate and purify organic solvents in high efficiency. The self-supporting structure and ease scaling-up merit of hollow fiber (HF) type membrane make it an attractive option for OSN application. Nevertheless, low solvent permeance is one of technical limitation in conventional HF OSN membranes due to their excessively dense separation layer and limited free volume. Herein, we propose a straightforward methodology to fabricate HF thin-film composite (TFC) OSN membranes having exceptional solvent permeance and solute rejection. This methodology is conducted through the incorporation of macrocyclic molecules, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (Cyclen), into the aqueous monomer solution of m-Phenylenediamine (MPD) during the interfacial polymerization to modulate the separation layer. In this way, the average pore size of the separation layer could be precisely enlarged and narrowed on a sub-nanometer scale. Consequently, the Cyclen-modulated HF TFC OSN membrane exhibits excellent separation performance, with a pure methanol permeance of 76.7 L m−2 h−1 MPa−1 and a pure ethanol permeance of 26.5 L m−2 h−1 MPa−1, which is nearly 60 % increase compared with the baseline TFC membrane, while the Rhodamine B (RDB) rejection only shows a neglectable decrease from 99.7 % to 99.6 % at optimal fabrication conditions. Furthermore, the optimal membrane exhibits remarkable solvent resistance, withstanding a 35 d immersion in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at room temperature without a significant decline in RDB rejection. Additionally, the optimal membrane shows higher than 99 % rejection for Rifampicin (823 Da), which is considerable potential for applications in the separation and recovery of pharmaceuticals. In summary, incorporating macrocyclic polyamine Cyclen into the polyamide layer is a viable method for regulating the physical structure and strengthening the performance of HF OSN membrane.

Topology Optimization of Self-supporting Structures for Additive Manufacturing via Implicit B-spline Representations

Owing to the rapid development in additive manufacturing, the potential to fabricate intricate structures has become a reality, emphasizing the importance of designing structures conducive to additive manufacturing processes. A crucial consideration is the ability to design structures requiring no additional support during manufacturing. This paper employs implicit B-spline representations for self-supporting structure design by integrating a topology optimization model with self-supporting constraints derived analytically from the implicit representation. This analytical derivation for detecting overhang regions enables accurate and efficient calculation of constraints, outperforming other B-spline-based methods. Compared to the traditional voxel-based methods, the implicit B-spline representation significantly expedites the optimization process by reducing the number of design variables. Additionally, several acceleration techniques are implemented to enhance the efficiency of our method, allowing simulations of 3D models with millions of finite elements to be completed within one and half an hour, excelling other B-spline-based methods and voxel-based methods. Various numerical experiments validate its excellent performance, confirming the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.