Self-sufficiency Ratio Research Articles

Suitability of energy storage with reversible solid oxide cells for microgrid applications

Reversible solid oxide cells (rSOCs) offer the prospect of long term bulk energy storage using hydrogen or methane fuel. Solid oxide technology, whilst less mature than alkaline and PEM technology, offers superior conversion efficiency - especially for electrolysis. Furthermore, the possibility of using the cells reversibly means that separate ‘power-to-gas’ and ‘gas-to-power’ components are not needed, potentially reducing costs. In this work, we consider the suitability of energy storage using rSOCs and/or battery storage for a microgrid consisting of houses equipped with solar PV generation. An agent-based simulation model is developed to assess the performance of such a microgrid. The model enables the microgrid’s self-sufficiency to be quantified, and hence the possible cost savings through avoided imports of grid power. Sizing of microgrid components is optimised to determine the most cost-effective design capable of achieving given self-sufficiency ratio. Case studies are considered for England and Texas. Initially, designs are considered with hydrogen energy storage only; subsequently, hybrid energy storage is considered, with a community scale battery working alongside the rSOC. Results suggest that payback periods for pure rSOC systems tend to be unfavourable. However, if prices fall to levels foreseen in the literature, a system designed to achieve 50% grid-independence could pay back its investment costs within 20 years. Systems designed for Texas need relatively less storage, owing to the good year-round solar resource; as such, payback time in Texas is superior to the UK. Hybrid storage with battery + rSOC is found to be preferable to battery only systems when (i) high SSR is required and (ii) large over-capacity of PV generation is not possible.

Regional Economic Impacts from Timber Check Dam Construction—A Comparison with Concrete Check Dam Construction

Recently, many mountain disasters caused by natural phenomena, such as typhoons and heavy rains, have struck Japan, where check dams are used as important disaster prevention structures. Meanwhile, increased timber use in Japan is expected to revitalize regional economies, thus drawing attention to the use of timber in check dams. However, comparisons between timber and concrete check dams, in terms of their impact on the regional economy, have been overlooked in previous studies. Therefore, targeting Akita Prefecture in Japan, we evaluated quantitatively the respective regional economic impact of timber and concrete check dam construction through an input–output analysis. An extended input–output table was developed based on the revenue and expenditure data obtained from interviews with check dam construction companies. The construction cost and amount of sediment runoff prevention of a concrete check dam was unified with those of a timber check dam to evaluate their respective economic impact. In both cases, the impact of timber check dam construction was about 12 to 13% larger. In brief, timber check dam construction was found to have a more positive impact on the regional economy than concrete check dam construction. However, with the regional self-sufficiency ratio of the lumber and wood products sector at less than 20%, or the lumber price at 60% of its current price, the economic impact of constructing a timber check dam becomes smaller than that of a concrete check dam. In other words, it is important to harvest, process, and use timber regionally to contribute to the regional economy. Specifically, using timber that is processed, rather than simply harvested, in the region has a larger economic impact on the region. Additionally, in timber check dam construction, procuring inexpensive timber and reducing construction costs may be a trade-off for revitalizing the regional economy.

Prices in the Egyptian seafood market: insights for fisheries management and food security

Reliable information on seafood prices is essential for managing fisheries resources in a sustainable way and therefore to secure seafood sustainability. Unlike other aquaculture producing countries, Egypt does not export its production, which led to a very high self-consumption rate. These characteristics of the Egyptian seafood market make Egypt an atypical country in the region. This paper is the first attempt to analyse seafood prices and their temporal variation (2013-2018) in the Egyptian seafood market, as well as the evolution (1997-2018) of consumption per capita, the national self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) of seafood, consumer price index (CPI) and inflation rate in seafood prices. A steady increase in the overall seafood average price was observed until 2017 when prices almost doubled due to the devaluation of the Egyptian pound, and tripled in 2018. During the year, prices do not vary between months; except for slight peaks in April, August, October, and November, being maximal in December. Variation in seafood average prices are highest on Thursday and Friday. The average consumption in 2018 was 22.98 kg of seafood products per capita, reaching the highest rate in the last two decades. The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) reached its maximum in 2009 at 90.64%. Despite an almost doubling of production from 1,093 thousand tonnes in 2009 to 1,935 thousand tonnes in 2018 the SSR has decreased to 86.66%. This analysis suggests that the current trends of annual increase in seafood prices exacerbate vulnerability to food security.

THE FOOD GAP FOR THE MOST IMPORTANT FOOD COMMODITIES IN THE STATE OF KUWAIT

The food gap represents the extent of the inability of national production to meet the population's need for that commodity or group of commodities, and it is the percentage of what the agricultural sector produces with its commodities than that which is consumed during a certain period. The research covered the food gap for the most important agricultural commodities in the State of Kuwait, which are red meat, poultry meat, eggs and fish. milk, shrimp, feed and vegetables during the years 2001/2002 - 2017/2018 and measure the size of the gap where it was found that the meat gap fell from 94% to about 83% during the study 2001/2018 period and increase self - sufficiency of the meat bin ratio and development of h and from 6% to 17% and an annual average of 86% meat gap. As for the poultry meat gap, it increased from 58% in 2001/2002 to about 69% in 2017/2018 with an annual average of 69%. As for the milk gap, the gap in milk consumption increased from about 82% in 2001/2002 to about 81% in 2017 / 2018, with an annual average of 82%, while the white gap reached about 7% in 2001/2002 and disappeared in 2008/2009. As for the fish gap, the size of the gap increased from 59% in 2001/2002 to about 92% in 2017/2018 with an annual average of 80%. As for fresh vegetables, the size of the gap increased from 42% in 2001/02 to about 57% in 2017 / 2018, with an annual average of 51.5%, and it is evident that the gap in each of poultry meat, fish and fresh vegetables has increased, its stability in milk, its decline in red meat, and the achievement of sufficiency and then a surplus of eggs, and then the study recommends expanding modern agriculture to provide food commodities and fill the food gap . Research problem : As a result of the limited agricultural resources in the State of Kuwait and the increase of the population (whether local or expatriate) during the study period, and the high level of income of the population led to an increase in demand for food agricultural commodities with limited agricultural resources, which led to an increase in the rates of demand for the consumption of agricultural commodities at rates greater than the increase in production. Which requires with him to study the size of the gap to reduce it in the future. Research objective : To study the most important agricultural food commodities in terms of: 1- Production quantities and their development during the study period 2001-2018. 2- Consumption quantities and their evolution during the study period 2001-2018. 3- Estimating gap size, measurement, and trend for all commodities. 4- Estimate the self-sufficiency ratio and its trend Research method: The method of analyzing data and statistical indicators of averages, percentages, and others was used . Sources: Data of the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fish Resources in the State of Kuwait, available research and references in the field. Conclusively, the research recommends working to bridge the increasing food gap during the study period for most of the commodities studied, in the State of Kuwait.

Robust design optimization and stochastic performance analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic system with battery storage and hydrogen storage

Balancing of intermittent energy such as solar energy can be achieved by batteries and hydrogen-based storage. However, combining these systems received limited attention in a grid-connected framework and its design optimization is often performed assuming fixed parameters. Hence, such optimization induces designs highly sensitive to real-world uncertainties, resulting in a drastic mismatch between simulated and actual performances. To fill the research gap on design optimization of grid-connected, hydrogen-based renewable energy systems, we performed a computationally efficient robust design optimization under different scenarios and compared the stochastic performance based on the corresponding cumulative density functions. This paper provides the optimized stochastic designs and the advantage of each design based on the financial flexibility of the system owner. The results illustrate that the economically preferred solution is a photovoltaic array when the self-sufficiency ratio is irrelevant (≤30%). When a higher self-sufficiency ratio threshold is of interest, i.e. up to 59%, photovoltaic-battery designs and photovoltaic-battery-hydrogen designs provide the cost-competitive alternatives which are least-sensitive to real-world uncertainty. Conclusively, including storage systems improves the probability of attaining an affordable levelized cost of electricity over the system lifetime. Future work will focus on the integration of the heat demand.

FOOD SECURITY IN SUDAN: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF FOOD AVAILABILITY

This study aimed to analyse historical food availability in Sudan during 1961-2013. This was achieved by assessing the food supply (kg/capita/yr.), dietary energy supply (DES) (kcal/capita/day), composition of diets and food self-sufficiency. The study depended on the available secondary data from FAO balance sheets. Percent share, annual cumulative growth rate and trends were used as analytical tools. The total food supply had a positive growth rate of 4.9%. The DES increased from 1743 to 2186 kcal/capita/day, implying that Sudan is food insecure. Cereals constitute approximately half of the total DES. The percentage share of vegetal sources was paramount in the DES (80%), protein supply (60%) and fat supply (45-68%) relative to that of animal sources. The per capita consumption of protein and fat (g/capita/day) were considered within the adequate supply, and below the average of the world and Arab countries. Carbohydrates ranked as the highest source contributing to the DES, followed by fats and proteins. These macro-nutrient contributions to the total DES fell within the recommendation ranges of the WHO for the balanced diets. The growth rate of imports outnumbered that of the domestic food supply and production, reflected in declining trend of the overall food self-sufficiency ratio by 1.5% per decade. The study recommended efficient use of Sudan abundant resources to increase food availability.

Techno-economic performance analysis of zero energy house applications with home energy management system in Japan

ZEHs are one of the main practices in current Japanese low carbon demonstration projects. ZEHs with wide implementation of HEMS are expected to provide energy and cost-saving chances and are playing more as prosumers under collaboratively designed power-pricing schemes. This research focused on investigating the techno-economic performance of real ZEH applications in Japan. Firstly, we introduced the current technological innovations and coordinated smart management strategies to optimize the cost or energy-saving performance of the ZEHs. Then, we illustrated the operational performances of four typical ZEHs focused on the power of self-sufficiency and dynamic power balance. Meanwhile, we examined the role of HEMS in managing integrated on-site generators based on how they operated according to historical data. Results indicated that day-ahead prediction helped enhance the matching scenario between daily thermal consumption and preproduction of heat pumps, fuel cells could respond effectively to changes in simultaneous electricity and heating loads, and cogeneration systems could enhance the local electricity self-sufficiency ratio and reduce net load fluctuations, especially under high heating demand periods. We also concluded that efficient performance of ZEHs is not just a matter of advanced technologies but is also highly dependent on real-time demand-side management and local load-matching scenarios. Finally, we analyzed and compared the impacts of integrated on-site generators among ZEHs on improving economic and environmental performance from an overall energy system. The analysis indicated that PV contributed to a significant ratio of annual ZEH's economic profit. Fuel cells presented an advantage in reducing annual CO2 emission.

Solar photovoltaic system with self-consumption in villa

Grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) installations equipped with net metering devices become significant interests among villa owners in urban areas. Such devices can help to make sure of exporting excess power to the grid as well as to favor the self-consumption ratio. The self-consumption means that the owners directly utilize PV power production. This paper is aimed at simulating the energy and economic performances of a 3.24 kWp grid-tied PV system applied in the villa. The case study is a private villa located at Tibubeneng, Bali Province, Indonesia. The Sunny Design Web simulation tool is used for the PV system assessment. The simulation results reveal that the energy yield of the PV system is 4, 653 kWh/year, out of which 300 kWh/year is feeding to the grid. The self-consumption and self-sufficiency ratios are 93.5 percent and 35.6 percent, respectively. The PV system also delivers a performance ratio of 81.4 percent, the specific energy yield of 1, 436 kWh/kWp, and the payback period of 9.3 years.

ОЦЕНКА ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ МУНИЦИПАЛЬНЫХ ОБРАЗОВАНИЙ ВОЛГОГРАДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The article assesses the food security of municipalities in the Volgograd region based on indicators of self-sufficiency in agricultural products. It was proposed to adapt the methodology for calculating self-sufficiency indicators, replacing indicators of consumption of basic products in municipalities that are not publicly available with indicators of necessary production volumes in accordance with rational norms. This makes it possible to better assess the extent to which municipalities are able to provide the population with basic food supplies, as well as to identify bottlenecks in order to develop proposals to address them. The highest self-sufficiency ratios for the main types of products was noted in the municipalities of the North-Western agricultural region with most favourable conditions for agricultural activities and, conversely, the lowest figures are typical for agricultural Zavolzhsky area – with the less favourable agricultural conditions.

Rola przemysłu spożywczego w gospodarce Polski

The purpose of the work was to indicate the role of food industry enterprises in Poland. The paper presents comparative analyses over time, using the longest time horizon possible in terms of access to data. The work used statistical data published by the Central Statistical Office of Poland and Eurostat. A comparative analysis of the size of the food industry to the size of industrial processing was also used. When determining the physical availability of food that is provided by agriculture and the food industry, agricultural balances were used and the food self-sufficiency ratio calculated (i.e. the relation between domestic production and domestic use). The supply approach was used in line with the theory of industry structure. History confirmed that the agricultural raw material processing industry is more often located in the central and western parts of Poland. The production sold by over 17,000 entities (243 billion) constitutes over 1/5 of sold production of industrial processing. Every sixth employee in industrial processing is employed in the food industry, and their number has increased in recent years to 422,600. Despite the decrease in the number of enterprises, the value of sales of their products is growing, which is influenced partly by increasing production volume. The number and importance of large enterprises is growing. Although they constitute less than 2%, they are responsible for almost 56% of the value of sales, employing 46% of the employees. The phenomenon of food industry concentration has been growing in recent years. The degree of food self-sufficiency is maintained in most products. Apart from a few products, domestic consumption decreases when domestic production increases. The limited absorbency of the internal market, with growing imports, forces food industry companies to develop exports.

Food Self-sufficiency Ratio Targets and Policies for Securing a Stable Food Supply

Food Self-sufficiency Ratio Targets and Policies for Securing a Stable Food Supply

Assessment of Energy Self-sufficiency Ratio Based on Renewable Market Potentials for Unit of Local Government

Assessment of Energy Self-sufficiency Ratio Based on Renewable Market Potentials for Unit of Local Government

Comparative Palm Oil Trade Performance in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines

Purpose – As one of the most traded commodities in the world with tremendous economic significance, palm oil is an inexpensive source of oil. This paper examined and compared the palm oil trade performance of the Philippines relative to its top palm oil producing neighbors, Indonesia and Malaysia, by analyzing import-export volume trends of the said food commodity, consumption and production trends, self-sufficiency, import dependence, and shifting patterns of comparative advantage. Design/Methodology/Approach – Secondary data covering the period from 1964 through 2018 were collected from various sources, and descriptive analysis coupled with trend analysis were employed with respect to import and export, production, and consumption performance. Other trade indicators were computed, to wit: balance of trade, self-sufficiency ratio, import dependency ratio, and normalized trade balance. Implications were drawn after the comparative analysis among the three countries was done. Findings – An increase in the volume of the palm oil supply in the Philippines is evident, and this is attributed to increasing importation. Relative to Malaysia and Indonesia, the Philippines lags behind in international trade. While Philippine palm oil industry growth has been stagnant in terms of international trade by virtue of its net importer status, Malaysia and Indonesia have overtaken the country significantly, having attained self-sufficiency in the commodity with trade surpluses, and the gap is expected to widen in the coming years. It is interesting to note that the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia had identical production volumes and growth rates until the last decade of the 21st century. A steadily growing industry, palm oil is foreseen to continue being a vital industry, not only to top producing countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia but also in the Philippines, which is trying to improve its palm oil trade performance by expanding production. Research Implications – The study findings imply expansion and income opportunities not only for local oil palm producers, processors, and traders in the Philippines but also for foreign market entrants.

Optimization of dynamic poly-generation system and evaluation of system performance in building application

A decentralized small-scale poly-generation system has attracted lots of attention nowadays. In this study, the poly-generation system is optimized and evaluated for the building application. To reduce the high computational cost of dynamic simulation and multi-objective global optimization process, a hybrid simulation model has been newly proposed. The new hybrid model is developed with the validation and verification of each system component. Based on the developed model, the meta-model is optimized for improving the multi-criteria indices (energy, environment, and economy). For the optimization, the critical design variables are selected as the rated electrical power of the prime mover, the volume of thermal storage system, the cooling/heating capacity ratio supplied by electrically driven systems, and maximum heat power from the storage system. As a result of optimization and decision making, the most effective point from Pareto frontier is determined. In addition, sensitivity analysis and feasibility evaluation are conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the poly-generation system when integrated with the building in South Korea. The results show that primary energy consumption is reduced by 22.9%, CO2 emissions by 14.2%, and annualized total cost by 6.0%, respectively. Through the specific economic investigation, the payback year is calculated as 6.2. Finally, the performance that greatly affects multi-criteria indices is further discussed in terms of utilization rate, load coverage, and self-sufficiency ratio.

Analysis of Vegetation Characteristics of Regional Soybean and Paddy Rice Fields Using UAV Images and Farm Maps

Remote sensing (RS) and GIS together provide an efficient and inexpensive way to assess vegetation characteristics and cultivated areas. Precision vegetation mapping provides important information for understanding crop conditions through the calculation of the vegetation index. In this study, a multispectral sensor was installed on an eBee (Sensefly), which is suitable for wide area photography taken by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). UAV imagery acquisition was used to obtain spatial information on soybean and paddy rice cultivation areas in a wider region. The study area selected was Gimje, which is in the southwest of South Korea. Based on the designation of main areas according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), the area was selected considering the cultivation area, production volume, number of farm households, and self-sufficiency ratio. The main producing areas are soybean cultivation areas defined as a city or county with a cultivation area of 30∼1500 ha or more, respectively. The identification of the cultivation area of soybeans was made based on images taken in early September, when the growth characteristics of soybeans were clearly distinguished from other crops. The accuracy of the soybean and paddy rice cultivation area identification was improved by using the farm map (FM) prepared by the MAFRA in South Korea. The NDVI was analyzed based on the two periods of high growth activity of soybean and paddy rice. The accuracy of the cultivated area was improved by using the UAV images and the FM prepared by the MAFRA. As a result, this study shows that UAV images can be used more effectively by linking GIS with the FM as a basic map.

The Analysis and Application of Oleaginous Yeast for the Improvement of Oil Self-Sufficiency Ratio in Japan: Important Genes Relating to Lipid Biosynthesis in Oleaginous Yeast

The Analysis and Application of Oleaginous Yeast for the Improvement of Oil Self-Sufficiency Ratio in Japan: Important Genes Relating to Lipid Biosynthesis in Oleaginous Yeast

Forecasting Saudi Arabia’s production and imports of broiler meat chickens and its effect on expected self-sufficiency ratio

This research interested in forecasting Saudi production and imports of broiler meat chicken and compute expected self-sufficiency ratio to the period 2017–2021. The study depended on the time series data, VARX (1) model with non-intercept at the first difference was suggested to forecast imports and ARIMA (0,1,1) model to forecast production. The results showed that predicated imports from Brazil decreased by annual growth rate 0.52%, and other countries also decreased by annual growth rate 0.20%. The production increasing by annual growth rate 4.2%, expected self-sufficiency ratio increase from 52.9% in 2017 to 57.4% in 2021 by annual growth 2.09%.

A feasibility study to evaluate the potential replication of an energy positive house in the UK

This paper presents an evaluation of the economic and technical feasibility of a renewable-led low carbon house in the UK. A holistic systems-based approach to achieve energy positive house has been taken. Long-term economic and technical feasibility analysis have been carried out based on a validated thermal and energy model of the house. The economic analysis employs the Return on Investment (ROI) method and considers changes to government financial support and technology progress over time. Results show that the extra investment on the house, compared with that for building a standard social house of similar size, can be paid back within the system lifespan under both the old Feed-in Tariff and its proposed replacement with reduced financial support. Variants examined in the technical feasibility analysis include housing type, orientation and location. Results show that the house can be replicated to achieve an energy positive performance for all variant combinations. Among the variants, location has the highest impact on building performance including annual electricity import, CO2 emission and electricity self-sufficient ratio, with South UK performing better than North UK. This implies that more efficient or advanced technologies would be needed to achieve similar building or system performance in areas of unfavourable climate. The outcome of the research has demonstrated the affordability of the energy positive house, and the technical feasibility of its replication with different housing types, orientations and locations in the UK. This study supports the wide scale replication of this affordable systems-based approach in domestic building design and construction when incorporating appropriate technologies.

THE MOST IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS AND OBSTACLES LEADING TO THE WIDENING OF THE FOOD GAP OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN EGYPT

An achievement food security in Egypt is facing many problems resulting in the inability of the agricultural sector to meet the needs of population of food, clothing, and the further widening the gap between food production and national consumption of agricultural crops. The study aims at sheding light on the problems and difficulties facing the Egyptian agricultural production and a study, analysis the productive and economic efficiency of plant production. problems and obstacles of plant production and the increase in the self-sufficiency ratio of Egyptian food crops. The research used descriptive and quantitative analysis of the economic variables, in addition to on secondary data. The research tackles the problems and difficulties faced by the Egyptian agricultural sector and how to overcome them, which are: The fragmentation of agricultural holdings, and the dominance of dwarf holdings, where about 92.1% of the total number of owners in the Republic owns an area of ​​agricultural land about 47.2% of the total area of ​​agricultural owned, thus leaving about 8% of the total number of owners in the Republic owns the area of the agricultural land, amounting to about 52.8% of the total agricultural land owned. Increasing the encroachment on agricultural land for urban expansion and also by excavation, especially in the period from 25/1/2011 to 18/3/2014. Neglecting the maintenance of agricultural economic resources by land clearing, poor service operations, wasteful irrigation and poor drainage. The risks of climate change on land, leading to high salinity of soil, land development, rising groundwater level, coastal erosion and displacement of the northern coastal population. Social and economic problems, namely, the complete liberalization of the agricultural sector in 1990, and the release of agricultural land rents in full in 1997, which led to the increase in the value of production inputs in addition to the increase in wages of agricultural workers and fuel prices. An abolition of subsidies on agricultural loans and hence the increase in interest rates on it agricultural loans. A decline of role cooperative marketing and cooperative societies, which led to high production costs in addition to the cancellation of the agricultural cropping system, which led to increase the size of the food gap in the main crops in the average period (2011-2015) to 45% for wheat, 50% for 94% for lentils, 88% for vegetable oils, 70% for municipal beans, 30% for sugar, 23% for dairy products and 25% for red meat. This gap is covered by imports from the dollar markets. Exchange of the dollar in Egyptian pounds. The negative role in some cases for many of the farmers and the state in the improvement and development of agricultural production in Egypt, represented by the neglect of the farms in the purification and maintenance of small agricultural banks, leading to poor drainage. The absence of a national plan for the state to exploit groundwater, especially in the area of ​​Siwa, With the increase of the number of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, or the specific rates of crops, to an increase in the incidence of liver and kidney diseases and cancers among consumers. Low efficiency of agricultural marketing methods. The ratio of agricultural GDP to GDP declined to about 9.8% between 2000 and 2015. The ratio of agricultural investments to total national investments decreased to 56.64% between 2000 and 2015. The migration of agricultural labor in general and trained in particular from the countryside to the city or abroad to improve their standard of living. The relative importance of total agricultural employment in the country has decreased to about 9.8% between 2000 and 2015. Also, the research indicates that the obstacles of agricultural development in Egypt during the study period (2000-2015) is the slow increase of agricultural land resources in the face of population increase. Therefore, it is necessary to increase reclaimed land within available water resources at a rate greater than population growth rate. As a political commodity of a strategic nature, which is used as a tool for the pressure of exporting countries on importing countries for food commodities.

Design criteria for the optimal sizing of a hybrid energy storage system in PV household-prosumers to maximize self-consumption and self-sufficiency

Batteries of photovoltaic (PV) household-prosumers undergo many fast, partial charge/discharge cycles because of the short-term fluctuations of household load and PV profiles. This negatively affects battery lifetime and can increase project cost involving energy storage systems (ESSs). To address this problem, this research developed an innovative analytical technique that assesses the techno-economic impact of battery-aging mechanisms and their influence on the optimal sizing of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for prosumers so as to minimize the total energy supply cost. This technique, implemented in a dynamic model of the integrated system, designs battery degradation, supercapacitor (SC) behaviour, converter hardware implementation, and power management strategy (PMS). The results, as reflected in technical short and long-term assessments, showed a potential improvement in self-consumption and self-sufficiency ratios due to PV, battery, SC, and the extension of battery lifetime in various PV-ESS sizing scenarios. The optimal PV-battery configuration was then determined by a techno-economic assessment, as well as the most suitable HESS sizing, while preserving the previous ratios of optimal PV-battery configuration, though with a lower life-cycle cost. The optimal PV-battery configuration was found to depend on the long-term power fluctuations of input profiles, whereas short-term fluctuations determined the optimal HESS sizing.