Policy Of Self-sufficiency Research Articles

Multi-scale analysis of the water-energy-food nexus in the Gulf region

We quantify the heavily oil-dominated WEF nexus in three Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia) across spatial scales and over time, using available empirical data at the national level, and explore the exposure to nexus stresses (groundwater depletion) in other countries through virtual water trade. At the domestic scale, WEF trade-offs are fairly limited; while all sectors require considerable amounts of energy, the requirements for water and food production are modest compared to other uses. At the international scale, revenues from oil exports in the GCC allow the region to compensate for low food production and scarce water availability. This dependency is dynamic over time, increasing when oil prices are low and food prices are high. We show how reducing domestic trade-offs can lead to higher exposure internationally, with rice imports originating in regions where groundwater is being depleted. However, Saudi Arabia’s increased wheat imports, after reversing its food self-sufficiency policy, have had limited effects on groundwater depletion elsewhere. Climate change mitigation links the WEF nexus to the global scale. While there is great uncertainty about future international climate policy, our analysis illustrates how implementation of measures to account for the social costs of carbon would reduce the oil and gas revenues available to import food and desalinate water in the GCC.

The Effectiveness of Self-Sufficiency Policy: International Price Transmissions in Beef Markets

International beef markets have shocked regional markets in importing countries due to unexpected events such as the COVID-19 epidemic, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and high prices for grain feed. After the global food price spikes in 2008, many national governments aimed to improve food self-sufficiency to secure food supply. However, the efficacy of food self-sufficiency policy, particularly that of meat products, is not fully understood. This paper investigates the causal nexus and estimates the degree of volatility transmissions between global and regional beef prices in 10 beef-importing nations for the period January 2006 to December 2013. Furthermore, we empirically analyze how beef self-sufficiency rates affect the correlations between global and local beef markets using a panel analysis. Our primary findings are: (1) Unidirectional causality from global to local markets was found for Georgia, the UK and the United States. Meanwhile, Japan is a large beef importer, and its price causally influences global prices; (2) We found that the interconnectivity between world and regional markets is relatively weak. Regional markets can absorb external shocks in the meat sector better than wheat because meat production is more flexible than grain production, which is heavily dependent on climatic conditions and (3) Empirical results provide strong indications that high self-sufficiency is useful in isolating local markets from global markets. The results obtained from our analysis are extremely useful for policymakers of national governments who desire to insulate domestic from international beef markets in an emergent situation.

How does the self-sufficiency rate affect international price volatility transmissions in the wheat sector? Evidence from wheat-exporting countries

Research on international food prices or volatility transmission have concentrated on importing countries and have largely underestimated the importance of food insecurity or food poverty issues in food-exporting countries. This article identifies the causality between global and regional wheat pric in exporting countries and explores the determinants of price volatility pass-throughs using a Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GJR-GARCH) model with dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) specifications. Findings indicate that causal relationships between world and local prices are bi-directional and that self-sufficiency plays an important role in reducing international price volatility spillovers. Moreover, the consumption of substitute goods such as maize or rice functions as a shock absorber, alleviating volatility transmissions from the international market. Due to the COVID-19 crisis, food prices are more destabilised in many countries, along with various factors such as Russia’s and Kazakhstan’s export restrictions on grain commodites and international transport and supply chain disruptions. Based on the findings of our analysis, high self-sufficiency or autarky policies could help resilience to the shocks from these unexpected events against local retail markets in exporting countries such as the United States.

Can self-sufficiency policy improve food security? An inter-temporal assessment of the wheat value-chain in Uzbekistan

ABSTRACT There is a controversial debate about what is the best public policy a government should adopt to achieve an affordable and stable supply of staple food for its citizens so to ensure food security. This paper contributes to the debate on the socio-economic impacts of food self-sufficiency policy (SSP) in three ways. First, it thoroughly outlines the costs and advantages of self-sufficiency policy presented in the literature. It argues that self-sufficiency policies are not neutral but have to be assessed for their distributional impacts across the different actors and over time, and in their context-specificity. Second, using the case of wheat self-sufficiency policy in Uzbekistan, it unpacks its effects on the different economic actors and institutions. Third, it reflects on the relevance of wheat self-sufficiency policy for food security in a context of dynamic economic development.

정부의 ‘자활정책’과 형제복지원 내 사업의 변화

정부의 ‘자활정책’과 형제복지원 내 사업의 변화

Paddy, rice and food security in Malaysia: A review of climate change impacts

Malaysia has focused its self-sufficiency policy on rice and paddy production, which are the country’s primary staple food and food crop. Throughout the Eleventh Malaysian Plan (2016–2020) and Nati...

Forecasting sugarcane production in the Asembagus sugar factory

The production of the sugar industry is increasing from year to year because of the national sugar production and consumption. To achieve the level of production that can meet these needs, the government has requested a national sugar self-sufficiency policy. Estimation of sugarcane production has a big influence on the company's policy considerations to determine further production results. This study aims to predict the production of sugar cane that will be obtained by the Asembagus sugar factory for the next five years. The data used to predict are data from 1979 to 2018 obtained from secondary data from Asembagus factory registration results. The method used is the Box-Jenkins ARIMA method by comparing the measurement of forecasting results with the trend and exponential smoothing methods. The appropriate forecasting result is the ARIMA model (1,1,1) because it has a smaller error value than using other methods. Forecasting results for 2019 are 42055.6 tons in 2020 predicted 43222.9 tons in 2021 predicted to produce 44090.7 tons, in 2022 predicted 44788.2 tons and in 2023 predicted sugarcane production of 45389.2 tons.

Finding New Regional Mandalas: Indonesia Maritime Strategy Between India And China

This paper aims to analyse Indonesia’s dilemmas and prospects in engaging maritime strategic partner between China and India while pursuing its maritime reorientation. The expanding presence of China in Indian Ocean and its aggressiveness in maritime territorial dispute in East Asia has triggered India to transform Rao’s “Look East policy” to Modi’s “Act East policy”. Modi’s ambitious foreign policy increased eastward focus and his commitment in pursuing economic growth has been combined with India’s strategy in balancing against China’s Silk Road strategy. Both emerging powers, China and India, see Indonesia potential as strategic maritime partner in their strategic vision. Utilizing New Maritime Silk Road strategy or One Belt One Road (OBOR) Initiative in 2013, China engages ASEAN, including Indonesia, in infrastructure construction mega-project to enhance connectivity. While India, began in 1996 as dialogue partner in ASEAN Regional Partner (ARF), gets more involved in as ASEAN partner by joining ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus (ADMM+) in 2010 and Expanded ASEAN Maritime Forum (EAMF) in 2015. India and Indonesia have shared the common view of culture, colonial history, and political sovereignty, economic self-sufficiency, and independent foreign policy. Theyhave been also originated from the same ancient polity that habituate them to cooperate even under anarchy situation. However, this mandala-inspired cultural legacy would also drive them toward potential conflict as the two countries try to structure their spatial process centripetally using maritime strategy. In this regards, the paper will also discuss the continuity and dissonance of maritime perspective in Indonesia and India experience. Jakarta’s will to strengthen its maritime posture marks its leitmotif to play its role as center within Southeast Asia mandala will be contested by India and China strategic interests in the sea. In the cultural memory of region, exerting power on the sea and ownership of huge armada symbolically marks and legitimates a country’s supremacy within heterarchy or regional hierarchy that tends to be equal. Using both contemporary and classical literature, this research intends to reveal how the contending emerging powers seek to aspire regional leadership using maritime tradition. While embarking from leadership-generational change and historical experience, this paper will shed the light why maritime strategy acts as guiding principles for national security in the global geopolitical shift and regional geo-strategy.

The growing importance of achieving national self-sufficiency in immunoglobulin in Italy. The emergence of a national imperative.

Since the inception of industrial plasma fractionation during the Second World War, a succession of protein therapies isolated from plasma have determined the volume of plasma requiring collection, and have also shaped the economics of the industry. These so-called plasma drivers have successively included albumin, coagulation Factor VIII (FVIII) and, for the past thirty years, intravenously (IV) and subcutaneously (SC) administered immunoglobulin (IG) solutions. The sale of IG underpins the profitability of the industry and has experienced continuous growth over the past decades, as the result of growing clinical demand. Modelling this demand using decision analysis indicates that supplying the evidence-based indications for IG therapies will generate a need for IG which exceeds the current plasma collection capacity of most countries. A notable exception to this situation is the United States (US) of America, whose population of compensated plasma donors generates two thirds of the global supply of plasma for fractionation. The US is also the leading consumer of IG, and its health care providers pay the highest price for the product globally. Shortages of IG occur whenever the demand for the product outstrips the supply. Current shortages, following other historical periods of shortage, threaten the well-being of patients dependant on these products and incur heavy costs on health systems. In Italy, the national blood system, which is based on voluntary unpaid donors, reflects a policy of national self-sufficiency in blood-derived therapies (a strategic objective of the national blood system itself), based on solidarity as an ethical principle. This system has increased the collection of plasma for fractionation by 3.8% per annum over 2008-2017, in accordance to a plan for plasma procurement targeting a collection rate of 14.1 L of plasma per thousand (103) population by 2020. Over the same period, IG usage has increased by 8.5/per annum, to 89.2 g IG/103 population. In this paper, we review the factors which, increasingly, are causing an imbalance between the global supply and demand for IG, and we assess Italy's capacity to ensure that increasing this level of independence is no longer simply an ethical, but also an economic imperative, with implications for the security of Italy's health system.

Toward Achieving Self-Sufficiency Livestock

Unlike in Australia and New Zealand where huge land area is designated for their livestock industry to meet the global demand for meat and milk, Indonesia with 14,752 islands registered at United Nation in 2003 and 260 million people is far more complicated to achieve her self-sufficiency policy targeted by 2021. The breeding of the icon Bali cattle project in 2013 at Nusa Penida Island was the right step toward the goal to minimize dependency on imported beef from Australia and frozen buffalo meet from India especially during festivals. Because of the complicated nature of the whole business all the interested parties must understand the government policy and committed so that everybody including the customer will enjoy the benefit. Our study at the cattle ranch of Sembung village Mengwi District in Badung regency central of Bali is an example of the problem for the assessment and improvement actions needed in near future. The Badung regency is 82,000km2 with population of 501,126 people based on 2014 population statistic. In this regency there are six districts namely South Kota, Kota, Northern Muta, Mangwi, Abia semal and Petang having Bali cow population of 8182, 370, 1074,3692,4018 and 5516 heads respectively. Our analysis is based on the survey at Sembung village Mengwi during January to March 2017 covers several aspects including land area, people, knowledge, financial, market chains, information accessibility and management. Overall, cattle farming in this district is not their main job but rather as sidejob activity to have an additional income whenever they really need it. Despite all the consideration the majority Hindu Balinese people take less beef. Therefore the approach is to effectively contributing to the national self-sufficiency. The natural disaster due to volcanic activity should also be included in the model not only for management but also to control the middle man activity to take advantage of the situation by buying cattle at cheap price almost half of the normal price as witnessed during the recent Mount Agung eruption in 25th Nov 2017.

POSSIBILITIES OF DEVELOPING A SINGLE FOOD MARKET IN THE COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL ASIA


 
 
 Central Asia experienced major socio-economic shocks during the 1990s, which has increased food insecurity, malnutrition, and poverty. In response, Central Asia has adopted food self-sufficiency policies. This paper argues that regional and international trade can improve food security if implemented properly. However, a new constraint on food trade has arisen — food safety. Using food commodity data and analysis from Trade Map, this paper analyzes Central Asia’s intra-region food security policies. Evidence shows that food safety practices will affect internal food trade in Central Asia. Finally, a framework for creating a single food market is proposed.
 
 

Simulasi Kebijakan Penambahan Areal Tanam dan Peningkatan Produktivitas dalam Mendukung Tercapainya Swasembada Jagung

Corn is one of five main commodities that is expected to achieve self-sufficiency at the end of RPJMN 2019. However, the gap between supply and demand capacities was still quite large, so that imports are still conducted. The government through the Ministry of Agriculture issued a self-sufficiency policy through extensification and intensification, with the scenario of Planting Areas increase (PAT) of up to 3 million Ha, and productivity increase of up to 53.18 Ku/Ha. This study aims to: (1) measure the achievement of national corn self-sufficiency by establishing a model of national corn availability dynamic system before and after the self-sufficiency policy; (2) develop some policy alternatives for corn self-sufficiency. This article used a dynamic system approach based on secondary data from the Ministry of Agriculture and BPS, determined dynamic hypotheses and systems models, made causal loop diagrams, calculated stock flow diagrams, and validated and verified the models. The results of validation and verification illustrated that the model was made in accordance with the actual conditions that exist. The simulation results showed that increasing the cropping index can continuously achieve maize self-sufficiency until 2019, as well as the scenario of realistic, optimistic extensification (PAT) and the combination of realistic and intensification.

The global cropland footprint of Denmark's food supply 2000–2013

The global use of and pressure on land resources will continue to rise in tandem with the predicted rise in global population and food demand. Addressing unavoidable trade-offs between satisfying human needs and biodiversity conservation for future generations is of paramount importance when tackling the global environmental challenges of land use. Food consumption patterns are inextricably linked to land-use and land-use changes. The domestic supply and final use of food by humans and feed by animals within the borders of a country have environmental impacts overseas. Countries like Denmark, with considerably high livestock production, import “virtual” land needed to produce cereals and other fodder crops. Denmark's high meat and dairy consumption and trade levels make it a compelling case for this study. The overarching question is: how much land is required to support food and feed consumption in Denmark? This paper assesses the global cropland footprint of Danish food and feed supply from 2000 to 2013 using a consumption-based physical accounting approach. In addition to domestic croplands for local food and supply, we estimate the hectares of cropland displaced in other countries to satisfy Danish demand for food and feed in this period. Secondly, we calculate Denmark's global cropland requirements for the supply of specific livestock products, namely; pork, eggs, beef, milk, and mutton. Globally, animals provide a third of the protein in human diets and agricultural GDP. The total global cropland footprint of Danish food and feed supply decreased by 18% from 1568 kha in 2000 to 1282 kha in 2013 because of a reduction in the consumption of ruminant livestock products. A high share of this reduction can be attributed to increased local self-sufficiency in feed supply as opposed to rising food imports. The share of cropland used for feed in total cropland declined by 5% whereas the share of cropland used for food increased from 28% in 2000 to 32% by 2013. Our findings suggest that reducing domestic meat consumption coupled with local self-sufficiency policies for both food and feed supply could be a means of lowering ecological degradation in exporting countries.

Indonesia’s Quest for Food Self-sufficiency: A New Agricultural Political Economy?

ABSTRACTThe aspiration to achieve food self-sufficiency has returned to the Indonesian policy agenda in the post-reformasi period. After being side-lined as a policy goal immediately after the transition to democracy, political leaders since 2009 have increasingly cited self-sufficiency to justify policies to raise domestic food production and reduce food imports. These policies are often inefficient and at odds with the goals of food security and decreasing poverty. The self-sufficiency drive is thus often attributed to ‘political’ motives. But what kind of politics is at work in Indonesia’s renewed self-sufficiency drive: a broad-based politics that aims to foster support among smallholder food producers, or an elite politics based on rent-seeking by narrow constituencies? The distributional implications of food self-sufficiency policies in the post-reformasi period suggest that both dynamics are at work. Narrow elite interests have benefited, but smallholder landowners account for a significant share of many agricultural crops. Although smallholder landowners are increasingly differentiated, they constitute a reasonably broad-based constituency. The valorisation of agriculture reflected in the self-sufficiency drive and related rural sector policies may lay the foundations for a more inclusive agricultural political economy.

Churches without bells in Fascist Italy

This article examines how Fascism’s economic autarky impacted on church construction in the late 1930s. The shortage of copper in Italy due to sanctions imposed by the League of Nations and the ensuing Italian policy of self-sufficiency led to the installation of loudspeakers instead of bells in newly erected churches. The amplified sound of recordings and of tubular bells could be heard from far greater distances than that of traditional bells. Although these technologies disregarded the Catholic Church’s directives on utilising modern technical equipment in liturgy, their use was tolerated because of the economic circumstances. Indeed, some clergy endorsed these sound systems as a means of modernising the Church and as an act of patriotism. The practice, however, risked conflating ecclesiastical and Fascist broadcasts since the use of loudspeakers for political propaganda was widespread. In one case, the Fascist anthemGiovinezzawas played regularly from a church belfry: after the war, furious citizens destroyed this audio system. The decision by dioceses as to whether to adopt technological alternatives to bells exposed the conflicting positions within the Church towards both modernity and the Regime.

Energy dependence behind the Iron Curtain: The Bulgarian experience

This article develops a historical perspective on Bulgarian energy dependencies and the vulnerabilities linked to these from the 1940s to today. It comprises the story of how a (post)communist country experienced and dealt with rapidly growing energy imports. The article shows how Bulgarian energy system-builders over time tested different strategies to cope with the new geopolitical conditions in the post-World War II era. It discusses the immense dilemmas that emerged and the far-reaching oscillations of the Bulgarian energy sector: between East and West, between local systems and the imports, between dependence and vulnerability, between power and security. Three main periods are discerned and analyzed. The first started in the late 1940s with the rapid communist industrialization, through which Bulgaria’s energy supply became heavily dependent on import of both resources (coal and oil in particular) and technology from the Soviet Union. The second began in early 1960s with the transition to mega-power plants fueled both by domestic lignite and uranium (enriched, however, in Soviet Union), and a gradual development of policies of energy self-sufficiency. The third one was spurred by the collapse of communism in 1989. It features the country’s accession to the EU in 2007 and the largely parallel ambition to enable a transition to renewables, both aiming the reduction of the dependence on imported energy.

REFUGEE MENTAL HEALTH AND HEALING: UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF POLICIES OF RAPID ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICIENCY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF MEANINGFUL WORK.

Although refugees who are accepted for resettlement in a third country are guaranteed certain rights and experience safety from war and persecution, they face many mental health challenges. Using qualitative methods and constructivist grounded theory, we explored culturally-specific perspectives on trauma and recovery among Burundian, Congolese and Iraqi refugees resettled in the United States. Eighteen semi-structured interviews provided extensive data on the meaning of productivity and work, the ways in which they index normalcy and self-sufficiency, and how they create security that facilitates the healing process. Our inductive analyses revealed that participants emphasized the relationship between productivity and healing when they described recovery from trauma. Participants also discussed individual and structural facilitators and barriers to work. Finally, prominent themes emerged around gendered roles and expectations and the ways these function in refugee resettlement contexts that are shaped by policies that demand rapid economic self-sufficiency. Taken together, these findings suggest that policies that promote underemployment and foreclose opportunities for education and professional development may contribute negatively to refugee mental health, as well as keep refugees in poverty.

Трактовки и способы измерения продовольственной безопасности в современной России: дискурсивные и реальные противоречия

Ирина Владимировна Троцук – доктор социологических наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник, Центр аграрных исследований, Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ; доцент, кафедра социологии, Российский университет дружбы народов. Адрес: 119571, Москва, просп. Вернадского, д. 82. E-mail: irina.trotsuk@yandex.ru
 Александр Михайлович Никулин – кандидат экономических наук, директор, Центр аграрных исследований, Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ. Адрес: 119571, Москва, просп. Вернадского, д. 82. E-mail: nikulin@ranepa.ru
 Стивен Вегрен – профессор политологии, Южный методистский университет. Адрес: Dallas, Texas, 75275, USA. E-mail: swegren@smu.edu
 Цитирование: Троцук И.В., Никулин А.М., Вегрен С. (2018) Трактовки и способы измерения продовольственной безопасности в современной России: дискурсивные и реальные противоречия // Мир России. Т. 27. № 1. С. 34–64. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-1-34-64
 
 В статье охарактеризованы форматы внимания политиков и ученых к проблемам продовольственной безопасности, особенно к ее противоречивым определениям в интеллектуальных и идеологических дискуссиях в связи с разработкой программ и доктрин продовольственной безопасности. Также отмечена важность концепции продовольственного суверенитета как критически альтернативного ей подхода. Обращаясь к историческому и современному опыту обеспечения продовольственной безопасности в России, авторы отмечают зигзаги продовольственной политики – переход от советской автаркической модели продовольственного самообеспечения через попытки либерализации продовольственной политики 1990-х гг. к новой протекционистской и автаркической доктрине 2000-х гг. Критическому осмыслению в статье подвергаются индикаторы продовольственной безопасности: так, показатели валового роста производства разных видов продовольствия все же недостаточны для оценки национальной продовольственной безопасности, поскольку ключевыми являются индикаторы эффективности аграрного производства, доступности качественных продуктов питания для всех слоев населения и возможность потребителей контролировать вопросы продовольственного обеспечения. В заключительной части статьи представлен обзор социологических исследований продовольственной безопасности в России и прежде всего результатов мониторингов Центра аграрных исследований РАНХиГС в 2015–2017 годах, зафиксировавших противоречивую «двойную автаркию» в ответах респондентов: с одной стороны, они поддерживают политический курс на продовольственный протекционизм и национализм (автаркия государственная); с другой стороны, стремятся к продовольственному суверенитету (автаркия семейная), интенсифицируя натуральное самообеспечение.

Wheat Self-Sufficiency, Water Restriction and Virtual Water Trade in Iran

Sustainable food security is one of the policy-making targets in Iran, but water scarcity has always been a challenge to its actualization. Regarding this point, offering policies to address this challenge is essential. On the other hand, wheat is the most important commodity in the food baskets of Iranians, and due to the lack of equality in the supply and demand among the regions, a large amount of wheat is displaced every year. The displacement of wheat has resulted in virtual water trade among the regions and could be a possible solution to manage the water crisis in Iran. With respect to the necessity of research, the present study investigated the effects of economic policies on virtual water trade for wheat using a spatial equilibrium model. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of virtual water trade flow and welfare changes which resulted from making different economic policies in the wheat market. The results showed that the wheat self-sufficiency policy reduces the total amount of virtual water trade, and will increase pressure on the water resources of Iran. The policy of paying tax and receiving subsidies also significantly affect the flow of virtual water trade. But that happens best when tax revenues are equal to the payment of subsidies.

Financial Sustainability of Municipalities and Local Governments in Small-Sized Cities; a Case of Shabestar Municipality

Lack of a comprehensive approach to municipalities’ revenue sources in the form of macro-economic system, changes and interventions, self-reliance and self-sufficiency policy enforcement have put financial sector of municipalities in unsustainable situation. Continuing of this situation will have undesirable consequences on cities and urban management. Access to favorable and sustainable revenue sources leads municipalities to play a more active role in urban environment and properly meet the needs of citizens. In this regard, this research intends to analyze Shabestar Municipality’s revenue sources in terms of sustainability measures during 2004-2014. Type of the research is applicable and the method is descriptive-analytic and exploratory. Data collection has been carried out either documentary or field survey by using scoring forms and interviews with Municipality officials. Data analysis has been conducted by using Excel, Shannon Entropy and TOPSIS techniques. The results obtained showed that the trend toward financial independence of municipalities and decentralization of sub-national authorities has had some trouble and now municipalities need financial support from central government to fulfill their obligations. Shabestar Municipality like many other municipalities in Iran depends strongly on low favorable and unsustainable revenue sources such as sale of municipal immovable properties, charges on surplus density, charges on removing parking etc.