Self-sufficiency In Food Production Research Articles

Coupling Coordination between Agricultural Eco-Efficiency and Urbanization in China Considering Food Security

When studying the coupling coordination relationship between agricultural eco-efficiency and urbanization, it is crucial to consider food security, especially in a populous country like China. This paper focuses on 31 provinces in China as the research units, covering the time period from 2000 to 2020. Based on the concept of agricultural eco-efficiency, an evaluation index system was developed to include undesirable outputs (carbon emissions), and agricultural eco-efficiency scores were calculated using the SBM–DEA model. An urbanization evaluation index system, covering six dimensions and twelve indexes, was constructed. A comprehensive index of urbanization is measured using the entropy method. On this basis, a coupling coordination model was applied to quantify the relationship between agricultural eco-efficiency and urbanization at the provincial scale in China. The results showed that the agricultural eco-efficiency of all provincial units in China exhibited an overall trend of improvement. Average efficiency followed a spatial pattern of majority grain-consuming areas > grain production–consumption balance areas > majority grain-producing areas. The level of coupling between agricultural eco-efficiency and urbanization is generally low. Currently, no regions have reached the stage of synergy or high-level coupling. Most regions are currently in an antagonistic stage with a coupling degree of 0.3 < C ≤ 0.5. The classification of coupling coordination levels changed from four levels of “severe imbalance”, “moderate imbalance”, “mild imbalance”, and “primary coordination” to “moderate imbalance”, “mild imbalance”, “primary coordination”, and “intermediate coordination”. The level of “severe imbalance” disappeared, the level of “intermediate coordination” appeared, and the level of “mild imbalance” became the largest scale level. From the perspective of food security, the proportion of grain production in the categories of “primary coordination” and “intermediate coordination” was less than 10%, and these provinces never achieved self-sufficiency in food production. The proportion of grain production at the “mild imbalance” level reached 62.4%, while the per capita grain production at the “moderate imbalance” level reached 846.7 kg. Provinces with lower levels of coupling coordination have stronger food security capabilities. It can be observed that the weaker the coupling coordination between agricultural eco-efficiency and urbanization, the higher the food self-sufficiency. Based on the research results above, we discussed strategies to enhance agricultural eco-efficiency in majority grain-producing regions by focusing on technological progress and technical efficiency. Additionally, we analyzed approaches to achieve grain self-sufficiency in regions characterized by a high level of coordination between agricultural eco-efficiency and urbanization, considering both production and trade dimensions.

The Effect of Mocaf Flour Substitution on The Quality of Soft Roll Bread With Taiwanese Bread Method

Improving a country's self-sufficiency in food production is an important challenge. This study aims to explore the potential of utilizing local resources, such as cassava, as a substitute for imported wheat flour by maximizing its use through the production of Modified Cassava Flour (mocaf). Mocaf possesses similar characteristics to wheat flour, including color, fiber content, and strong water-binding capacity. The experimental method was employed to determine the optimal formula using mocaf at 10%, 20%, and 30% substitution levels. Organoleptic tests were conducted with expert panelists to evaluate various aspects. The results showed that the formula with 10% mocaf exhibited superiority in many aspects such as crust color, porosity, aroma and chewiness. Similarly, the formula containing 20% mocaf excelled in terms of crust texture and bread crunchiness. Regarding volume expansion during the baking process, overall taste perception, and crumb texture attributes; both 10% and 20% substitution levels yielded comparable results. Furthermore, both percentages (10% and 30%) demonstrated similar scores for internal crumb color aspect evaluation. In conclusion, enabling soft roll bread prepared using Taiwanese bread method with a substitution level of 10% mocaf attained the highest rating across almost all evaluated aspects, making it the best formulation for producing soft roll bread using Taiwanese bread method.

INDIAN AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AND MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS DURING COLD WAR

The article examines the relationship between Indian agricultural policies and media representations during the Cold War. Drawing on archival research, the authors argue that the Indian government’s agricultural policies were shaped by a complex interplay of domestic and international factors, including the country’s growing population, the need for self-sufficiency in food production, and Cold War geopolitics. The authors suggest that the media played a crucial role in shaping public perceptions of Indian agricultural policies during this period. They argue that the media, both in India and abroad, often portrayed Indian agriculture as backward and inefficient, and highlighted the country’s dependence on foreign aid to support its food production. At the same time, the authors note that there were also alternative voices in the media that challenged these dominant narratives and called for a more nuanced understanding of Indian agriculture. These alternative voices included journalists, scholars, and activists who argued that Indian agriculture was undergoing a transformation, and that the country had the potential to become a major food producer in the world. The authors suggest that these diverse media representations had important implications for Indian agricultural policies. On the one hand, negative media coverage reinforced the Indian government’s commitment to self-sufficiency in food production, and spurred it to pursue policies aimed at increasing agricultural productivity and modernising the sector. On the other hand, the authors argue that the media also had a more critical role to play in holding the government accountable for its policies, and in promoting a more nuanced understanding of Indian agriculture. They suggest that this critical function of the media was particularly important in the context of Cold War geopolitics, which often shaped the international aid and development programs that supported Indian agriculture.

Sustainable Rice Industry in Nepal: Comparative Analysis with South Asia

Rice, a prime crop in Nepal and other South Asian nations, plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and socio-economic development. In Nepal’s agricultural sector, rice accounts for the largest share of the Agricultural Gross Domestic Product (AGDP), comprising approximately 20%. However, the absence of appropriate policies poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice in Nepal. This study aims to assess the various policy dimensions of the sustainable rice industry in Nepal and compare them with the policy implications in neighboring South Asian countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The study draws on secondary sources of information for its analysis. The findings reveal that Nepal lacks a comprehensive rice policy, while its existing agriculture policy is characterized by confusion and contradictions. To attain self-sufficiency in food production, it is imperative to establish a comprehensive rice policy in Nepal and implement price subsidies on diverse inputs, as observed in neighboring countries which will ultimately contribute to enhancing the sustainability of the rice industry and promote the goal of food self-sufficiency in Nepal.

Development of micro-entrepreneurs in agriculture in wartime conditions

Micro-entrepreneurial structures in the field of agricultural production generate employment, have adaptive potential for the formation of stable food systems and survival. The purpose of this study was to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations and socio-economic problems of micro-entrepreneurial activities in agriculture under martial law. Research methodology. The methodological framework of the present study included the provisions of system analysis. To generalize results, the study involved monographic, normative, graphic, abstractlogical methods and approaches. Study results. The place of micro-enterprises in the “production – distribution – exchange – consumption” system is determined. They can creatively contribute to the achievement of sustainable development criteria, form sustainable agri-food chains, guarantee self-sufficiency in food products, develop local niche exclusive productions, and ensure self-employment of the rural population. It is established that personal farms that have organized a family farm and registered as individual entrepreneurs also have the opportunity to implement their activities. It was found that the most adapted to the crisis conditions associated with military actions are family farms and household plots. However, the lack of stable sales channels for the products of micro-enterprises, the low level of purchase prices and a considerable increase in prices due to military operations for energy resources, machinery, fertilizers, and plant protection products make production inefficient. One of the priority areas of regional policy is still the development of family farming, small and micro businesses in rural areas. Practical significance. The results of the study can be considered when developing regional programs for the development of agricultural business entities

Hydro-Environmental Sustainability of Crop Production under Socioeconomic Drought

A comprehensive framework for revealing the jeopardization between SDGs 2 and 6 is provided in this study. Along with a water footprint (WF) assessment, the 30-years pattern of agricultural WFs and its hydro-environmental, social, and ecopolitical (SEP) consequences were quantified for the major food producer regions of Iran, as it is a water-bankrupted country under socioeconomic drought. In addition, the enforced impacts of major water/food-related policies on environmental sustainability were analyzed through an institutional assessment. During 1986–2016, BWS and GWD raised with annual average rates of 5% and 44%, respectively. Consequently, SEP status prospered along with an 18% increase in irrigated area, 198% in added-value by crop production and 5% by staple-crop exports, and 51% in the number of agricultural workers. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant tradeoff between self-supplied food availability and SEP. A 54% increase in food production occurred at the cost of 80% overexploitation in blue water resources and quality degradation. An annual average increase of 1.1% in P/ETo indicates the dominant role of anthropogenic interventions in such deteriorations. The institutional assessment demonstrated that environmental sustainability policies have never been applied as promoting policies to boost self-sufficiency in food production. According to the results, hydrological sustainability requires a transformative vision in national policies to exploit limited water and soil resources while preserving the environment.

Обеспечение продовольственной безопасности как важнейший фактор социально-экономического развития регионов

The article is devoted to the issues of studying the system of socio-economic indicators that characterize the food security of the regions. The analysis and studies of indicators were carried out on the example of the regions of the Central federal district. The calculations are based on Rosstat data for the period from 2015 to 2020. The methods of mathematical statistics and correlation analysis were used as research methods. To perform calculations and visualize data, the RStudio interactive statistical analysis environment with the ggcorrplot graphics package was used. The paper explores approaches to assessing food security and defines a system of indicators used in most of the considered methods. For the study, the food self-sufficiency indicator, the actual consumption indicator, the poverty indicator, the real consumption indicator, and the Gini indicator were selected. The analysis of the dynamics of the level of actual consumption for the period under review did not reveal significant changes. At the same time, a comparative analysis of this indicator for 2020 by individual regions indicates an uneven distribution across all main types of food. For the seventeen regions considered in the work, calculations, and analysis of the self-sufficiency of the regions for the five most important food products were performed. In accordance with the data obtained, three groups of regions with high, sufficient, and low self-sufficiency in food products were identified. To eliminate the redundancy of a set of indicators for a general assessment of food security, a correlation analysis of the interdependence of indicators was performed in the work, which made it possible to limit the number of indicators under consideration without losing the information content of the model. An important value in assessing the availability of food is played by the indicator of monetary income of the population. Calculations showed a high degree of correlation of this indicator with the indicator of actual consumption. The results obtained in the study reflect the importance of food self-sufficiency in the regions, and the system of indicators considered allows us to provide objective information about the situation in this area.

Enhancing domestic consumption to deliver food security in a volatile world

Abstract Non-technical summary Global conflicts and the pandemic reveal the risks of food import reliance. In the UK, pandemic, Brexit, and Ukraine war caused food price spikes. To bolster food security, the UK needs to produce and consume more domestically, including nutrient-rich bivalve mollusks. Current mollusk exports hinder domestic food sources. Promoting domestic consumption through convenient, attractive products and taxing unhealthy processed foods can help. Reducing reliance on food trade is crucial amid global instability and climate change. The UK's mollusk export issues illustrate food security risks of excessive reliance on international trade. Technical summary Here we examine the critical issue of food security in the context of international volatility, emphasizing the risks associated with an excessive reliance on food trade. The UK's experience with disruptions caused by the pandemic, Brexit, and the Ukraine war, resulting in a significant surge in food prices, serves as a pertinent case study. The research underscores the potential benefits of increasing domestic food production and consumption to enhance resilience against global events. The UK's current production, export, and import statistics are analyzed, with a particular focus on the fish and seafood sector. The study highlights the bivalve mollusk industry, such as blue mussels, as an example of an underutilized domestic resource. Bivalve mollusks are rich in essential micronutrients, yet their consumption in the UK is low compared to other countries. We propose strategies to boost domestic demand, including incorporating bivalve meat into processed food products, utilizing advanced technologies to improve taste and texture, and government intervention through taxes on unhealthy processed foods to promote better nutritional profiles. In summary, the study emphasizes the need for greater self-sufficiency in food production to mitigate vulnerabilities resulting from an overreliance on food trade in the context of international conflicts and climate change. Social media summary Failure to effectively utilize domestic food resources and overreliance on trade threatens food security in an increasingly volatile world.

СОСТОЯНИЕ РЕСУРСНОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА В ТИПИЧНОМ ПОДСОБНОМ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕ КОЛОНИИ-ПОСЕЛЕНИИ В СИСТЕМЕ ФСИН

The issues of perspective development of the resource potential of subsidiary farming in one of the colonies of an agricultural settlement are considered. Perspective branches of the development of crop production of a typical colony of a settlement of the penitentiary system are identified: potato growing, grain growing, vegetable growing and fodder production. The technologies for growing and harvesting potatoes and winter wheat are described in detail. Conclusions are drawn on the full provision of subsidiary farming with the necessary equipment to perform technological operations for the cultivation of these crops, but obsolete equipment is mainly used, which increases the labor intensity and timing of field work and reduces productivity. Three-year monitoring of data on sown areas showed a positive trend in the increase in sown area only for winter wheat, for 3 years the sown area of which almost doubled. The categories of lands for the analyzed three years of use, which are under the jurisdiction of the considered typical territorial body of the penitentiary system, necessary for the cultivation of consumable crops, are determined and allocated. An assessment of the economic efficiency of the use of sown areas is given by calculating the yield and output of gross output per unit to the land area. The conclusion is made about the insufficient harvest of the colony of the settlement, in comparison with civilian agricultural enterprises. Based on the purpose of subsidiary farms of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, it follows that the main task of their functioning today is the maximum self-sufficiency in food products of their own production, which is confirmed by the main directions discussed in this article.

Аграрный сектор Севера и Арктики: исторический аспект, направления развития

The article considers the possibilities and limitations of the development of agriculture in regions with extreme natural conditions, which determine a special approach to the formation of a sectoral structure and the development of agrarian policy. The author analyses the development of the industry in the planned and post-Soviet periods. He outlines the positive impact of modernization processes in the period before the liberal market reforms on the development of the agricultural sector and food self-sufficiency. The study assesses the current state of the agrarian sector, and determines the reasons for the degradation of the material and technical base, the reduction of the agricultural potential, and the decrease in the coefficient of self-sufficiency in food products. Based on the socio-economic importance of agriculture in the zone of the North and the Arctic, the author justifies differentiated directions for strengthening the local food base and increasing the current level of food self-sufficiency. The priority measures include the acceleration of innovative modernization, the formation of a diversified economy, and the improvement of economic relations. The author advises to use the study results in programming the development of the agrarian economy of the Arctic zone of Russia and its northern regions.

Contingent allocation of the agri-food budget: comparison of farmer and non-farmer preferences

Agricultural production faces diverse and often conflicting expectations, such as considerations related to environmental protection, food security and risk management, as well as strengthening the profitability and competitiveness of domestic production. In this study, we applied the contingent allocation method to a national agricultural budget to analyse the preferences of farmers and other citizens for allocating budget funds. Survey data collected from 2014 citizens and 518 farmers were used in compositional data analysis where it is considered that each spending decision bears an opportunity cost, and the decision maker faces trade-offs across budget priorities. The allocations of farmers and non-farmers were found to differ considerably. Farmers emphasized agricultural income and the economic resilience of farms as well as the self-sufficiency in food production and soil conditions. Non-farmers emphasized environmental public goods. The allocations were used to form compositional respondent clusters. The first cluster emphasised multiple objectives for agricultural policy, whereas the second cluster was clearly production oriented and the third cluster environmentally oriented. The results highlight the differences between farmers and non-farmers challenging the planning of legitimate agricultural policy.

Regional food systems: assessment of the level of self-sufficiency in food

The article reviews characteristics of food system as part of the model of regional agricultural production. The authors consider groups of indicators used to analyze regional food systems: indicators that specify food self-sufficiency of regional markets and the level of interregional food exchange. In the study, based on official statistical data, the level of self-sufficiency in food was assessed on the example of the regions of the Southern Federal District (SFD). As a result of the analysis, the authors found out that in 2019 only a number of regions of the Southern Federal District, in particular, the Republic of Adygea, the Krasnodar Territory, and the Volgograd Region provided a high level of self-sufficiency in food products. Empirical significance of assessing the indicators of regional food systems functioning and food security monitoring is defined by the relevancy to forecast the need for food for the population in the regions of Russia.

What influences Bangladeshi Boro rice farmers' adoption decisions of recommended fertilizer doses: A case study on Dinajpur district.

Due to the combined effect of biotic and abiotic constraints, rising population pressure, and inelastic demand in the crop and horticulture sector, Bangladesh has had to adopt heavily subsidized and intensified fertilizer policies to enhance crop productivity, achieve and sustain self-sufficiency in food production, and food security provision. Although the initiative has played a vital role in boosting production, it has also invigorated the unbalanced amount of fertilizer application practices raising questions about maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services while feeding the nation’s population. Further research in this area must thus be applied to monitor and improve this sector. This study attempts to understand the issue by investigating the factors influencing Boro rice farmers’ adoption decisions of recommended fertilizer doses. The study employs an ordered probit model with a sample selection approach. The investigation is based on collected data from 405 randomly selected farmers using a face-to-face interview method. The farmers were classified into low, middle, high and non-adopter groups. The study revealed that farmers’ age, land typology, soil water retention, knowledge, and availability of cow dung significantly influenced farmers’ decision to apply fertilizers. However, farmers’ carry an aversion to following recommendations for fertilizer application due to their ambiguity about the whole system, their current fertilizer application-seeking behavior, and the lack of understanding of the environmental benefits of adoption. These issues urge policy interventions to initiate village-based demonstration programs that synthesize better synergies between recommended dose adoption, yield amelioration, sustainable soil care, and economics.

Intellectual property rights, agricultural biotechnology and food sufficiency: strengthening the Nigerian intellectual property legal framework for food self-sufficiency in the aftermath of a global pandemic

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the imperatives of self-sufficiency in food production in Nigeria from the experience of the COVID 19 pandemic, and examines the role of intellectual property rights (IPRS) in boosting productive capacity. While the different types of IPR protection standards remain relevant to the overall goal of food self-sufficiency in respect of the different activities and outputs along the food value chain, the main emphasis of the article is on patent and plant varieties protection (PVP) in connection with agricultural biotechnology. The article is library-based and explains the meaning and import of food self-sufficiency, the factors responsible for the weak capacity for food self-sufficiency in Nigeria in particular, and other African countries vis-à-vis potentially enabling factors. It also examines the strength and weaknesses of the current IP laws in Nigeria, and how Nigeria could repurpose or improve her laws to achieve the objective of food self-sufficiency. The article found that IPRs are relevant in boosting greater efficiency and productivity of Nigerian agriculture to strengthen food self-sufficiency, but the current IPR framework are not designed to circumvent the perils and leverage the benefits of IPRs that would help unlock the potential of the sector for food self-sufficiency.

Assessment of food security in the region by example Kabardino-Balkarian Republic

The article analyzes the food security of the region on the example of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, according to the chosen method. [1] A group of indicators on the region’s self-sufficiency in food products, as well as the levels of their physical and economic accessibility for the population of the republic, are considered. According to the calculations, the food security of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic is estimated at 7 points out of 10 possible, which corresponds to the acceptable value. Measures aimed at increasing the level of food security of the analyzed region are proposed.

Interregional exchange is a condition for extending the specialization of grain farming

The goal is to substantiate the need for new approaches to considering the issues of interregional exchange as a factor in strengthening and deepening the processes of specialization in grain farming and agricultural sector as a whole. Methods – analysis and synthesis, accumulation and selection of facts, establishing links between them, comparison. Results – the article indicates that the development of interregional trade is aimed at saturating agricultural market of Kazakhstan with high-quality food products, expanding their range, reducing the total costs of production, selling agricultural raw materials and food, ensuring their guaranteed sale by domestic producers. The analysis of the trade turnover of the republic with the countries of the world, export and import of food products is presented. Information on the volume of gross agricultural production in 2020 compared to 2019 is presented, including crop and livestock production. It is noted that the previously established territorial-sectoral division of labor in the agro-industrial complex was violated, due to the orientation of each region towards maximum self-sufficiency in food products, which led to the ineffective use of bioclimatic potential, caused a decrease in production and a rise in the product cost, a decrease in its quality, deterioration of interregional ties. Differences in the yield of grain crops by regions, insufficient renewal of the infrastructure of the grain market and high tariffs for vehicles are shown. Conclusions – the implementation of the State Program on Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2017-2021, the Business Roadmap - 2025 has expanded the benefits of specializing grain production in the country. It is necessary to revive the active participation of agricultural entities in interregional exchange, to find internal reserves for increasing commodity resources, and to search for optimal directions of cargo flows.

Critical Appraisal of an Example of Best Practice in Urban Sustainability

Urban centers are key to achieving the global goals of sustainability. Urban sustainability entails having thriving cities that fulfill their needs without impacting the long-term sustainability of the ecosystem. Achieving urban sustainability is, therefore, an important goal as sustainable urban centers portend numerous benefits to the ecosystem. This paper critically appraises Singapore as a best practice in Urban Sustainability. It reviews the literature on urban sustainability and discusses the high and low-performing sectors in Singapore. It finds a gap in contemporary urban sustainability metrics whereby most of the globally acclaimed Urban Sustainability Indicators do not measure universal design for inclusivity as an aspect of urban sustainability. This study, therefore, includes it as a measure and appraises it. High-performing areas highlighted in this study comprise education; universal design for inclusivity; transportation; people-centered approach; water and energy management; healthcare, safety and security; and food security. Areas for improvement comprise self-sufficiency in food production, urban heat island effect, and public participation and social welfare. The aim is to serve as a lesson to cities worldwide as they work towards achieving urban sustainability and provide key information to policymakers as they seek to improve the sustainability of their urban environment.

Saga of Hunger in India- Challenges, Chances and Resolutions: A Review

India became independent in 1947, when it was still reeling from the impact of the 1943 Bengal famine and world as a whole was experiencing the brunt of world war second. Thus India was born hungry in a hungry world. The country leaders were well aware of the challenge that India was expected to face in terms of food security and it was Jawaharlal Nehru who said everything can wait but not agriculture. The first president of India Rajendra Prasad after taking the chair, the first thing he did was to hoist the flag at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, declaring “India’s most pressing task would be to conquer the battle of hunger. The Indian population has increased tremendously from 376 million in 1950 to 1380 million in 2020 and it is agriculture and its allied sectors that sustained such a huge population. India still has a significant proportion of population 14% undernourished, 35% children stunted, 20% children underweight, 52% women of reproductive age anaemic. India could bring out green revolution, white revolution and blue revolution in order to provide food security to its people. India presently is not food deficient; it has attained self sufficiency in food production and stands exporters of food. However the irony is that India stands at place 102 in global hunger index with score of 30 that is a matter of concern (Global Hunger Index-GHI, 2019). The problem is in making this food available to the people or access to the food is ensured. India needs nutritional security rather than food security besides transformation in agriculture and allied sectors to become free from hunger. The task is tough and precipitated by Covid-19 pandemic, but not impossible. India has much strength but will need research, extension, implementation and policy framing to have sustainable, nutrition sensitive, climate resilient, integrated and smart agriculture to eliminate hunger.

Screening for pesticide residues in soil and crop samples in Egypt

Pesticide application is an important issue in intensive agricultural production to achieve self-sufficiency in food production. This study aimed to the determination of pesticide residues from soil samples cultivated with different crops. Forty soil samples from four governorates, ten samples each (Kafr El-Sheikh, El-Beheira, Giza, and Menoufia) were collected for pesticides multi-residual analysis. Also, fifteen vegetable samples were collected from Giza governorate and analyzed for the presence of pesticide residues. Obtained data revealed that soil samples of Giza governorate recorded the highest level of pesticide residues contamination with 70% positive samples followed by Kafr El-Sheikh and Menoufia governorates with 60% positive samples and finally El-Beheira governorate recorded the lowest level of pesticide residues contamination with 30% positive samples. Regarding the levels of pesticide residues in vegetables and crops, about 53.3 % of tested samples (onion, sweet potato, molokhia, cabbage, beet, okra, eggplant, and lettuce) were free from pesticide residues. Meanwhile, about 46.7 % of tested samples (wheat, rocca, green dill, tomato, radish, pepper, and green parsley) showed pesticide residues with different types and concentrations. Propiconazole was the highest residue recorded in green dill with 3.8 mg/kg followed by difenoconazole with 3.22 mg/Kg present in green parsley.

Sustainable agricultural practices, farm income and food security among rural households in Africa

Sustainable agriculture has been recognized in the literature as one of the important pathways to ensuring food and livelihood security among rural households in Africa. This study used data from the “Intensification of Food Crops Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa (Afrint)” project to examine the impact of sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs)—zero tillage, intercropping, residue incorporation and animal manure—on farm income and food security (captured as self-sufficiency in food production—SSF) of rural households in Africa. The multinomial endogenous treatment effect method is applied to control for potential selection bias from observable and unobservable factors. In addition, the multivalued treatment effect model and dose–response functions are used to examine the treatment effects heterogeneity associated with the adoption of SAPs. The study revealed that joint adoption of SAPs increases farm income and food security relative to the adoption of a single practice or non-adoption. Households obtain significantly higher farm income and food security via the adoption of at least three practices relative to households adopting less than three practices. These findings reaffirm the notion that adopting SAPs as a package rather than single practice enables farm households to derive significant welfare benefits.