Self-reported Values Research Articles

State of Type 1 Diabetes Care in the United States in 2016-2018 from T1D Exchange Registry Data.

State of Type 1 Diabetes Care in the United States in 2016-2018 from T1D Exchange Registry Data.

Accuracy of Self-Report Versus Objective Smart-Scale Weights During a 12-Week Weight Management Intervention.

Greater frequency of self-weighing has been associated with greater weight loss in weight management interventions, but little is known regarding the accuracy of self-reported weight data. Agreement between objective smart-scale and self-reported weight data was assessed in 74 adults (age = 50.7 years; BMI = 31.2 kg/m2 ) enrolled in a 12-week, Internet-based weight management program. Participants were asked to self-weight daily using a study-provided smart scale and to self-report weights via the study website. There was strong agreement between smart-scale and self-reported weight values (intraclass correlation = 0.982) but only moderate agreement regarding frequency of self-weighing assessed via each method (κ = 0.491; P < 0.0001). Greater self-weighing frequency was associated with greater weight loss across measures (all P < 0.001). Compared with days when participants did both, weights were 0.66 kg higher on days when participants self-weighed via the smart scale but did not self-report weight (8% of days) and 0.58 kg higher on days when they self-reported weight but did not self-weigh via the smart scale (4% of days; all P < 0.0001). Results suggest that self-reported weight values are similar to smart-scale measurements; however, either method alone may underestimate self-weighing frequency. Furthermore, missing self-weighing data should not be treated as ignorable because weights may be higher than those observed on nonmissing days.

Maritime Shift Workers Sleepiness Detection System With Multi-Modality Cues

Sleepiness has been recognized as a causal factor in many round-the-clock industries. While individuals can subjectively express their momentary sleepiness level, sleepiness-related contextual factors (CF) can influence their perception of sleepiness and cognitive performance. In this paper, the self-reported sleepiness value (vSRS) was improved by transforming it into a kernel density estimate and the assignment of the class’s score is done using a likelihood ratio test (IvSRS). We integrated multiple CF and IvSRS to model sleepiness using a Bayesian network (BN). The BN produced a single probability estimate calculated based on the prior and posterior probability of the CF and IvSRS. The results showed IvSRS performed better (p 78%.

Do time trade-off values fully capture attitudes that are relevant to health-related choices?

Previous research has shown that demographics, beliefs, and self-reported own health influence TTO values. Our hypothesis is that attitudes towards length and quality of life influence TTO values, but should no longer affect a set of related choices that are based on respondents’ own TTO scores. A representative sample of 1339 respondents was asked their level of agreement to four statements relating to the importance of quality and length of life. Respondents then went on to value 4 EQ-5D 5L states using an online interactive survey and a related set of 6 pairwise health-related choice questions, set up, so that respondents should be indifferent between choice options. We explored the impact of attitudes using regression analysis for TTO values and a logit model for choices. TTO values were correlated with the attitudes and were found to have a residual impact on the choices. In particular, those respondents who preferred quality of life over length of life gave less weight to the differences in years and more weight to differences in quality of life in these choice. We conclude that although the TTO responses reflect attitudes, these attitudes continue to affect health-related choices.

Validity of self-reported number of teeth in middle-aged Finnish adults: the Northern Finland Birth Cohort Study 1966

BackgroundWe examined the validity of self-reported number of teeth in middle-aged adults by using representative cohort data to compare corresponding self-reported and clinical values.MethodsThis validity study is part of the representative 46-year-old follow-up of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966) Study. Mailed questionnaires (n = 5950) requested information on self-reported number of teeth and background variables (education, tooth brushing and smoking), while clinical oral health examinations (n = 1891) assessed the number of teeth (the ‘gold standard’). The main analyses compared the self-reported and clinical values for the number of teeth in 1669 participants. Scatterplot and Bland-Altman plot served for visual analyses, and alternative correlation coefficients (Pearson, Spearman, intraclass) for numerical comparisons separately for men and women, with stratification according to background variables.ResultsThe clinical assessment revealed that the mean value for the number of teeth was 27.46 (SD = 2.38), while the corresponding value based on self-reported information was 27.48 (SD = 2.78). According to the Bland-Altman plot, the mean difference between the clinical and self-reported values was − 0.02 (95% limits of agreement, LoA: − 3.37 to 3.32). The observed ranges of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) among men and women were 0.72 to 0.95 and 0.72 to 0.85, respectively, depending on the background variables.ConclusionsSelf-reported number of teeth in middle-aged Finnish adults agreed closely with the corresponding clinical measure.

Accuracy of body mass index measurements in community-dwelling older Japanese people based on self-reported anthropometric data.

The aim was to assess the accuracy of body mass index (BMI) measurements in Japanese older people based on self-reported anthropometric data. The study participants were 420 older people aged 65years or older who were living independently in their communities. The participants' BMIs were calculated based on height and weight values obtained from self-reported questionnaires and actual measurements. The concordance between self-reported and measured BMI values was then analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and 95% limits of agreement (95% LOA) stratified by sex. The ICCs were 0.964 in men and 0.970 in women; however, the 95% LOA were relatively broad, ranging from - 1.07 to 1.39kg/m2 in men and from - 1.52 to 1.46kg/m2 in women. These findings suggest that BMI assessments in Japanese older people should be based on measured as opposed to self-reported values when investigating changes in BMI over time.

Genomic kinship construction to enhance genetic analyses in the human connectome project data

Imaging genetic analyses quantify genetic control over quantitative measurements of brain structure and function using coefficients of relationship (CR) that code the degree of shared genetics between subjects. CR can be inferred through self-reported relatedness or calculated empirically using genome-wide SNP scans. We hypothesized that empirical CR provides a more accurate assessment of shared genetics than self-reported relatedness. We tested this in 1,046 participants of the Human Connectome Project (HCP) (480 M/566 F) recruited from the Missouri twin registry. We calculated the heritability for 17 quantitative traits drawn from four categories (brain diffusion and structure, cognition, and body physiology) documented by the HCP. We compared the heritability and genetic correlation estimates calculated using self-reported and empirical CR methods Kinship-based INference for GWAS (KING) and weighted allelic correlation (WAC). The polygenetic nature of traits was assessed by calculating the empirical CR from chromosomal SNP sets. The heritability estimates based on whole-genome empirical CR were higher but remained significantly correlated (r ∼0.9) with those obtained using self-reported values. Population stratification in the HCP sample has likely influenced the empirical CR calculations and biased heritability estimates. Heritability values calculated using empirical CR for chromosomal SNP sets were significantly correlated with the chromosomal length (r 0.7) suggesting a polygenic nature for these traits. The chromosomal heritability patterns were correlated among traits from the same knowledge domains; among traits with significant genetic correlations; and among traits sharing biological processes, without being genetically related. The pedigree structures generated in our analyses are available online as a web-based calculator (www.solar-eclipse-genetics.org/HCP).

In Patients We Trust: Reliability of Self-Reported Weight and Height in Nuclear Medicine Patients.

The aim of the study was to assess the reliability of the self-reported weight and height of nuclear medicine patients in view of recommendations for weight-dependent tracer application for imaging and therapy. Methods: In total, 824 patients (334 men and 490 women) were asked to report their weight and height before imaging or therapy and their level of confidence. Subsequently, the weight and height of each patient were measured, and body mass index, body surface area, and lean body mass were calculated. Differences between reported and true values were compared for statistically significant differences. Results: The average patient age was 60 ± 14 y (range, 17-91 y). An over- or underestimation of weight by at least 10% was observed in 2% of patients, and height was overestimated by 1% by the patients. The BMI calculation was affected by incorrect self-reported values. Conclusion: Most self-reported weights and heights of nuclear medicine patients are accurate. However, since over- and underestimation of weight and height lead to incorrect body mass index, body surface area, and lean body mass values, patient weights should be measured at least for patients receiving a weight-adapted therapy or if quantification in PET/CT is needed.

Accuracy of Self-reported Diagnosis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Large cohort studies of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) prevalence often include patients who have been inappropriately diagnosed with the disease. In this investigation, new patients presenting to a tertiary rhinology practice completed a screening questionnaire that included questions about self-reported CRS status, demographic information, and symptomatology. Treating rhinologists evaluated patients according to clinical practice guideline criteria for CRS; 91 patients were ultimately diagnosed with CRS. The sensitivity of self-report for CRS was 84%; the specificity was 82%; and the estimated negative predictive value ranged from 97% to 99%. Prior sinus surgery or oral steroid use correlated with CRS self-report, and a concurrent self-report of nasal polyps or nasal steroid use improved the positive predictive value of CRS self-report. Self-report of CRS status may represent an effective and relatively inexpensive screening mechanism for CRS in large cohort studies, particularly when combined with other associated diagnostic features that improve performance parameters of self-report.

Adolescent perceptions of being known in the mathematics classroom

This study expands prior research on mathematics classrooms by investigating students’ (N = 373, 59% self-identified as a student of color) perceptions of their interactions with their current mathematics teacher, and appraisals of value, expectancy, and cost of participation and experiences with race and mathematics. Our analyses revealed students’ perceptions of how well their teacher knew them were related to all four of those variables—and that relations to self-reported value of mathematics and experiences with race and mathematics were stronger for students of color than for white students. Results suggest assessing adolescents’ perceptions of being known in studies of mathematical learning may explain variability in making meaning of experience, particularly for students of color.

Accuracy of self-reported heights and weights in a predominately low-income, diverse population living in the USA.

This study explored the accuracy of self-reported heights and weights and factors associated with self-reported bias in a diverse American sample. Demographic, self-reported, and measured height and weight data from different studies with the same PI were compiled into one SPSS file and analyzed with paired t-tests to detect differences between self-reported and actual values. Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by pairwise t-tests detected differences among age, ethnicity, sex, income, and education. Stepwise regression analyses were done using anthropometric differences as the dependent variable and age category, sex, and ethnicity as independent variables to explore which variable was most predictive of anthropometric differences. Individuals over-reported height and under-reported weight leading to an under-calculated BMI from self-reported height and weight by 0.6-1 kg/m2 . These under-calculations of BMI led to misclassifications of obesity by 3, 6, 8, and 4% for African American, Euro-American, Native American women, and total women, and by 5, 6, 8, and 8% by African American, Euro-American, Native American men, and total men. Older individuals and males over-reported height more than younger individuals and females. African American females over-reported height to a lesser extent than other ethnicities. Asian males over-reported height to a lesser extent than other ethnicities. Self-reported heights and weights lead to invalid results. Most individuals over-report height and under-report weight, resulting in an inaccurate underweight and obesity prevalence. Being misclassified into the incorrect BMI category could result in inappropriate healthcare treatment. Age, ethnicity, and sex appear to influence the misreporting of height and weight.

A latent profile analysis of students’ motivation of engaging in one-to-one computing environment for English learning

This study used latent profile analysis to cluster students into three groups with homogenous motivational profiles based on self-reported self-efficacy, task value and task anxiety measures obtained from 263 middle school students. The results demonstrated that there were distinct motivation profil

Validation and calibration of self-reported height and weight in the Danish Health Examination Survey.

Body mass index (BMI) derived from self-reported information is widely used and the validity is therefore crucial. We aim at testing the validity of self-reported height and weight, and to test if the accuracy of self-reported information can be improved by calibration by testing if calibration improved the ability to predict diabetes. Data from Danish Health Examination Survey (DANHES) was used. 15 692 participants who had both filled out questionnaire and participated in health examination, and 54 725 participants with questionnaire alone, were included. Data was analyzed using Pearson's R, Cohens Kappa, linear regression and Cox-regression. Self-reported values of height and weight were calibrated using coefficients obtained from linear regression analysis. To evaluate if the calibration improved the ability to predict diabetes, Akaike's information criterion was used. Self-reported height, weight and BMI were highly correlated with measured values (R ≥ 0.92). BMI was under-reported by 0.32 kg m-2 and 0.38 kg m-2 in women and men. The hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval) for diabetes according to measured BMI was 2.09 (1.89-2.27) and for self-reported BMI was 1.60 (1.50-1.70) per 5 kg m-2. Calibrated values of self-reported BMI improved the predictive value of BMI for the risk of diabetes. Self-reported height and weight correlated highly with physical measurement of height and weight. Measured values of BMI were more strongly associated with diabetes risk as compared to self-reported values. Calibration of the self-reported values improved the accuracy of self-reported height and weight.

Changing BMI scores among Canadian children, youth and young adults: An assessment of age, period and cohort effects

Introduction Overweight and obesity is a critical public health issue worldwide and is associated with the prevalence of comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Hierarchical age-period-cohort (HAPC) analysis is a promising methodology that has been used to examine the independent effects of age, time period, and birth cohort for the prevalence of various health outcomes. The objective of this study is to examine age, period, and cohort effects on BMI among the Canadian population, using repeated cross-sectional survey data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS; 2001 to 2014). Methods Body mass index (BMI) was used to assess weight status and was calculated using self-reported height and weight values [BMI = weight (kg)/height (m2)]. Means for BMI scores were derived to describe the time trends in weight status by age, time period, and birth cohort. Cross-classified random effects two level models were used to estimate fixed effects for age and its quadratic term at level one, and also to estimate random effects for time periods and birth cohorts at level two, while controlling for the effects of sex, model of interview, and response by proxy. Sampling weights were normalized to reflect the actual numbers of respondents participating in each cycle of the CCHS. Results The mean value for BMI, across all age groups, time periods, and birth cohorts was 24.27. The time trends in BMI appear to be very linear; at each time period, BMI increases for each successive cohort. Results of the HAPC analyses suggest that the increase in BMI in the Canadian population between 2000 and 2014 can be accounted for by age-related and secular (period) trends, as well as by cohort effects. Conclusions Overall, the results support the hypothesis that age and period effects are primarily responsible for the current obesity epidemic. It would be valuable for future research to explore changing patterns in more proximal determinants of health (e.g., health behaviours such as diet and physical activity), socioeconomic disadvantage, geographic variability, and the influence of public health initiatives, as this would provide greater understanding of the trends in overweight and obesity.

Abstract A57: Validity of self-reported body mass index among African American breast cancer survivors: The Women's Circle of Health Follow-Up Study

Abstract Background: Compared to interviewer-measured, self-reported weight and height are oftentimes less burdensome to participants and less costly in epidemiologic studies. Validity studies of body mass index (BMI) based on self-reported weight and height have shown that individuals commonly underestimate their BMI, but the accuracy varies by participants' characteristics such as weight status and race/ethnicity. However, information is lacking on the validity of self-reported BMI among African American breast cancer survivors, who are known to have a high prevalence of obesity. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of BMI, based on self-reported weight and height, among African American breast cancer survivors. The secondary aim was to identify factors associated with BMI misreporting. Methods: The Women's Circle of Health Follow-Up Study is an ongoing population-based longitudinal study of African American breast cancer survivors in New Jersey. Eligible participants at baseline include self-identified African American women aged 20 to 75 years, with histologically confirmed breast cancer diagnosis. Active follow-up visits are ongoing to obtain updated information including self-reported and interviewer-measured anthropometric data. To date, 243 women completed the follow-up 1 visit and their self-reported and interviewer-measured anthropometric data were available for comparison. Pearson correlation and Cohen's kappa coefficients were used to describe the relationship between self-reported and interviewer-measured BMI (at follow-up 1) as continuous and categorical, respectively. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with reporting accuracy. We also evaluated the associations of self-reported and interviewer-measured BMI with obesity-related health outcomes, using hypertension as an example, to evaluate the impact of potential misreporting. Results: The mean difference (standard deviation) between self-reported and measured BMI was -0.41 (1.49) kg/m2. Self-reported and interviewer-measured BMI values were highly correlated among all participants (r = 0.97) and when stratified by participants' characteristics (e.g., age, smoking, tumor grade; all r &amp;gt;0.90). The agreement between BMI categories (i.e., normal weight, overweight, obese I, II, and III) based on self-reported and interviewer-measured data was good (kappa = 0.75). Women who were older, had higher-grade tumors, and had greater BMI, percent body fat, and waist-to-hip ratio were more likely to under-report their BMI by ≥3%. Women who were current smokers, had higher-grade and ER-negative tumors, and had lower BMI and percent body fat were more likely to over-report by ≥3%. The BMI-hypertension association was similar using self-reported BMI (OR per 5 kg/m2 increase: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.27-2.10) and measured BMI (OR per 5 kg/m2 increase: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.23-2.03). Conclusion: Women who were older, current smokers, had higher-grade and ER-negative tumors, and had higher BMI, percent body fat, and waist-to-hip ratio had higher odds of misreporting their BMI. However, overall, self-reported BMI was reasonably accurate among African American breast cancer survivors in this study. Citation Format: Bo Qin, Adana A.M. Llanos, Elizabeth A. Szamreta, Jesse J. Plascak, Christine Ambrosone, Kitaw Demissie, Chi-Chen Hong, Elisa V. Bandera. Validity of self-reported body mass index among African American breast cancer survivors: The Women's Circle of Health Follow-Up Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr A57.

Eliminating Individual Bias to Improve Stress Detection from Multimodal Physiological Data.

Stress monitoring is important for mental wellbeing and early detection of related disorders. The current work is focused on stress detection from multiple non-invasive physiological signals like Electroencephalogram (EEG), Photoplethysmogram (PPG) and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). We show that, compared to using only the well known EEG band powers in different frequencies for stress detection, an early fusion with GSR and PPG features shows a significant improvement. Maximum Relevance Minimum Redundancy (mRMR) based feature selection is used to identify the most suitable physiological features correlating with stress. A major contribution of this work lies in eliminating subject-specific bias to improve the classification accuracy. We use self-reported values of Valence, Arousal and Dominance to cluster subjects and build separate classification models specific to clusters. The proposed approach is validated on a publicly available dataset comprising 146 data instances from 10 subjects. The performances of Leave-One- Subject-Out cross validation (LOSOCV) in terms of mean Fscores are 0.61 using EEG features only, 0.64 using early fusion of EEG, GSR and PPG features and 0.69 by applying our clustering technique before fusion and classification.

Abstract C26: Associations Between race/ethnicity and enrollment in cancer research protocols

Abstract Background: There is evidence of racial and ethnic disparities in clinical trial participation in oncology, but the studies reporting disparities tend to be small and specific to certain cancers. We aimed to use the experience of a large cancer center to investigate diverse participation in oncology research. Methods: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of all adult patients seen at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) from 2005-2015. We examined if enrollment, defined as consent and registration to a research study, varied by race/ethnicity, a variable derived from the combination of self-reported values at MSK, gender, age, cancer type, and preferred language. Cancer type was determined by site and histology and designated as either common or rare, based on NCI criteria. Language preference was dichotomized to English and non-English. Descriptive and chi-square analyses examined bivariate associations between race/ethnicity and other characteristics, and research protocol enrollment. Due to large numbers of participants, associations were also assessed for clinical importance using standardized, chi-square residuals. Results: A total of 233,599 patients were available for analysis. 93,276 (39.9%) were enrolled in a research protocol. The mean + SD age of the enrolled observations was 57.7+13.7 and for those not enrolled, was 58.9+14.6 (Mann-Whitney U Test, p&amp;lt;.0001). Clinically meaningful associations were seen for “other” race/ethnicity, English language preference, and common cancer diagnosis. Conclusion: Patients who reported “other” race/ethnicity, whose preferred language was English, or who had common cancer diagnoses were more likely to be enrolled into a research protocol. Differences in enrollment on research protocols due to the additional race/ethnicity categories or gender were minimal. Further research is needed to understand the impact of these findings on diversity in oncology research protocols and to design interventions to reduce disparities in oncology trial enrollment. Citation Format: Ogochukwu Marietta Ezeoke, Gary Brooks, Michael A. Postow, Shrujal Baxi, Lisa Diamond. Associations Between race/ethnicity and enrollment in cancer research protocols [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr C26.

Examination of Accuracy of Self-Reported Blood Glucose Using mHealth Data Collection

Introduction: Daily self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is essential for type 1 diabetes (T1D) management. Adherence to SMBG is often suboptimal during adolescence. SMBG paper diaries are often inaccurate compared to glucometer readings. The current study aimed to compare self-reported SMBG values gathered using ecological momentary assessment via smartphones to glucometer readings. Methods: Youth (n=54, 11-21 years, 59.3% male) with T1D received 3 text messages/day for 10 consecutive days containing REDCap surveys inquiring to SMBG values. SMBG values from glucometers were obtained during the same period. Based on a previously developed system, paired values were compared and categorized as accurate or discrepant. A discrepancy was categorized as: omission (i.e., glucometer reading with no self-reported SMBG value), addition (i.e., self-reported SMBG value with no glucometer reading), alteration (i.e., self-reported SMBG value different by &amp;gt;10 mg/dL from glucometer value), or digit transformation (i.e., 164 instead of 146). Self-reported values were categorized further to reflect whether patients reported a more clinically favorable or unfavorable profile. Results: A significant positive correlation was found between glucometer and self-reported SMBG values for all matched pairs (r=.628, p&amp;lt;.001). Out of 817 pairings, 39.3% of the self-reported values were congruent to glucometer readings and 60.7% were discrepant. Of the discrepant, 45% were alterations, 40.9% were additions, 13% were omissions, and .01% were digit transformations. Also, 54.5% of self-reported SMBG appeared clinically favorable, while 45.5% appeared clinically unfavorable. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with previous studies comparing paper SMBG diaries to glucometers in a pediatric population. Self-reported mHealth data is likely to produce discrepant SMBG values compared to glucometers. Providers are urged to use objective blood glucose devices for clinical decisions. Disclosure J. Warnick: None. S.C. Westen: None. A. Albanese-O'Neill: None. D. Schatz: None. M.J. Haller: None. D. Janicke: None.

Cell phone support to improve medication adherence among solid organ transplant recipients.

For many adolescent and young adult solid organ transplant recipients, medication non-adherence is a mortal issue. This study investigated the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of a 12-week cell phone support intervention to improve immunosuppressant medication adherence. A small sample (N=8) of non-adherent adolescent and young adult transplant recipients, aged 15-20.5years, was enrolled. Cell phone support consisted of short calls each weekday including medication reminders, discussion of needs, problem-solving support, and promotion of clinic and community resources. Changes in adherence were measured by self-report and laboratory values, and intervention acceptability, adherence barriers, social support, depression, and substance use were assessed by self-report. Pre-post effect sizes showed medium-to-large improvements in adherence, lasting through a 12-week follow-up assessment. There were also small-to-medium changes in adherence barriers, social support, and depression. However, acceptability and feasibility were limited, due to a low rate of enrollment by eligible male participants. Cell phone support interventions may promote medication adherence among adolescents and young adults. Cell phone support warrants further investigation, including a randomized controlled trial to evaluate efficacy.

Temptation and cheating behavior: Experimental evidence

This article presents an experiment designed to test the impact of temptation and self-selection into an opportunistic environment on an individual’s likelihood of engaging in dishonest behavior. In doing so, this experiment is the first of its kind to isolate the relationship between temptation and cheating as its primary focus, to create a randomized control group for comparative purposes, and to be conducted without deceiving subjects. The evidence shows that people who tempt themselves to cheat are more likely to cheat. Further, people who self-select into the opportunistic setting cheat to a greater extent than individuals placed into the same opportunistic condition by random assignment. There are no gender differences in choice of environment or likelihood of cheating. An individual’s self-reported value of ethics predicts honest behavior but only for subjects who consider their moral principles to be “very important” in their everyday lives. The results have direct implications for any environment where individuals can self-select into an opportunistic setting.