Self-reported Type 2 Diabetes Research Articles

Urinary Concentrations of Phytoestrogens Are Not Associated with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: The Singapore Chinese Health Study

ObjectiveWe evaluated the relation between urine concentrations of phytoestrogens and risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) in middle‐aged and older Chinese.Methods: Urine phytoestrogen metabolites (including isoflavones and lignans) were assayed by HPLC among 564 T2D cases and 564 controls in a nested case‐control study within the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Morning urine samples were collected from participants free of diagnosed diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer (1999‐2004). Incident self‐reported T2D cases were identified during the follow‐up at 2006‐2010, and controls were matched for age and date of urine collection, sex and dialect group.Results: The multivariate‐adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) across quartiles of urine isoflavones were 1.00, 0.76 (0.52‐1.11), 0.78 (0.53‐1.14) and 0.79 (0.54‐1.15), respectively (P‐trend=0.54); and the ORs (95% CIs) for lignans were 1.00, 0.87 (0.60‐1.27), 1.10 (0.77‐1.56) and 0.93 (0.63‐1.37), respectively (P‐trend=0.93). No significant associations were found for individual metabolite of isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, glycetin, and equol) or lignans (enterodiol and enterolactone).ConclusionsThe present study did not find a significant relation between urine concentrations of phytoestrogen metabolites andT2D risk in Chinese population.Funding sources: The study was supported by NIH R01 CA144034 and UM1 CA182876, and Singapore Tier 1 grant.

Profile of adults with type 2 diabetes and uptake of clinical care best practices: Results from the 2011 Survey on Living with Chronic Diseases in Canada – Diabetes component

AimsThis study aimed to (1) describe the profile of adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Canada and (2) assess the uptake of clinical care best practices, as defined by the Canadian Diabetes Association (CDA) Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs). MethodsWe used data from the 2011 Survey on Living with Chronic Diseases in Canada – Diabetes component. Participants were aged 20 years and older, living in the 10 Canadian provinces, with self-reported T2D. Descriptive analyses present the prevalence of complications and comorbidities, as well as the level of clinical monitoring and self-monitoring/lifestyle management recommendations participants received. ResultsWe included 2335 participants with T2D, a mean age of 62.9 years, and high prevalence of complications/comorbidities and prescription medication use. Most participants reported being monitored as recommended for eye disease (73.9%), weight (81.0%), blood pressure (89.0%) and blood cholesterol levels (94.3%), but only 65.5% reported having at least two HbA1c tests during the last year and 46.5% reported an annual foot examination by a health professional. About two-thirds of the participants reported having received recommendations on weight management (59.9%) and physical activity (64.7%) from a health professional in the previous year; only 47.8% of the participants reported having received diet counseling to improve diabetes control. ConclusionAlthough the uptake of CDA CPGs for clinical and self-monitoring was high, with the majority of the participants reporting meeting most indicators, it was lower for HbA1c measurement and foot examination. Uptake of lifestyle management recommendations provided by health professionals was also significantly lower.

Spirituality and Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management Among African Americans in the Arkansas Delta

ABSTRACT African Americans (AAs) disproportionately bear the national illness burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D self-management requires healthy diet, exercise, and often prescription medication. Although terms like “spirituality” and “religiosity” may vary in their meanings to different individuals and communities, the importance of spiritual beliefs to healthy self-management of chronic disease is a critical, emerging area of health research. This qualitative study aims to learn from the perceptions of adult AAs (15 males and 16 females, aged 18 years or older with a self-reported T2D diagnosis of 6 months or more) about spiritual issues that may either hinder or promote their T2D self-management in the social-cultural contexts of the Arkansas Delta. Participant narratives were gathered and analyzed using grounded theory. Using the concepts of spirituality and religiosity interchangeably, the participants positioned spirituality within their community's cultural and historical context of surviving great challenges. They narrated the meanings, some probably culturally specific, of chronic T2D according to their health/illness beliefs, spiritual beliefs in God as healer, and the role of church in T2D self-management. Future research on spirituality and T2D health behavior interventions needs to explore and understand the meanings of spirituality in terms of the study community's own perspectives.

A preliminary assessment of low level arsenic exposure and diabetes mellitus in Cyprus

BackgroundA preliminary study was undertaken in a community of Cyprus where low-level arsenic (As) concentrations were recently detected in the groundwater that was chronically used to satisfy potable needs of the community. The main objective of the study was to assess the degree of association between orally-ingested As and self-reported type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in 317 adult (≥18 years old) volunteers.MethodsCumulative lifetime As exposure (CLAEX) (mg As) was calculated using the median As concentrations in water, individual reported daily water consumption rates, and lifetime exposure duration. Logistic regression models were used to model the probability of self-reported DM and calculate odds ratios (OR) in univariate and multivariate models.ResultsSignificantly higher (p < 0.02) CLAEX values were reported for the diabetics (median = 999 mg As) versus non-diabetics (median = 573 mg As), suggesting that As exposure could perhaps be related to the prevalence of DM in the study area, which was 6.6%. The OR for DM, comparing participants in the 80th versus the 20th percentiles of low-level As CLAEX index values, was 5.0 (1.03, 24.17), but after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, education, and fish consumption, the As exposure effect on DM was not significant.ConclusionsFurther research is needed to improve As exposure assessment for the entire Cypriot population while assessing the exact relationship between low-level As exposure and DM.

Rate and risk predictors for development of self-reported type-2 diabetes mellitus over a 5-year period: the SHIELD study

This investigation determined the proportion of adults newly diagnosed as having type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and ascertained risk predictors for development of self-reported T2DM. The US Study to Help Improve Early evaluation and management of risk factors Leading to Diabetes (SHIELD) survey was a 5-year longitudinal study of adults with and without diabetes mellitus. Adults completed a baseline health questionnaire in 2004 and ≥1 annual follow-up survey through 2009. Respondents with no self-reported diagnosis of diabetes at baseline were followed to measure rate of and assess risk factors for development of T2DM over 5 years. Among 8582 respondents without diabetes at baseline, 622 (7.2%) reported a diagnosis of T2DM over the subsequent 5 years. Increasing age, family history of T2DM, body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2), abdominal obesity, excessive thirst, asthma, gestational diabetes and 'high blood sugar without diabetes' significantly increased the risk of developing T2DM (p < 0.05 for each). Good to excellent health status and self-reported circulatory problems decreased the risk (p < 0.05 for each). Among this representative US adult population, the rate of developing T2DM was 7.2% over 5 years. Predictors of T2DM diagnosis identified in this analysis were readily obtainable via self-report.

Association of Moderate Coffee Intake with Self-Reported Diabetes among Urban Brazilians

Coffee has been associated with reductions in the risk of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCCD), including diabetes mellitus. Because differences in food habits are recognizable modifying factors in the epidemiology of diabetes, we studied the association of coffee consumption with type-2 diabetes in a sample of the adult population of the Federal District, Brazil. This cross-sectional study was conducted by telephone interview (n = 1,440). A multivariate analysis was run controlling for socio-behavioural variables, obesity and family antecedents of NCCD. A hierarchical linear regression model and a Poisson regression were used to verify association of type-2 diabetes and coffee intake. The independent variables which remained in the final model, following the hierarchical inclusion levels, were: first level—age and marital status; second level—diabetes and dyslipidaemias in antecedents; third level—cigarette smoking, supplement intake, body mass index; and fourth level—coffee intake (≤100 mL/d, 101 to 400 mL/day, and >400 mL/day). After adjusting hierarchically for the confounding variables, consumers of 100 to 400 mL of coffee/day had a 2.7% higher (p = 0.04) prevalence of not having diabetes than those who drank less than 100 mL of coffee/day. Compared to coffee intake of ≤100 mL/day, adults consuming >400 mL of coffee/day showed no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of diabetes. Thus, moderate coffee intake is favourably associated with self-reported type-2 diabetes in the studied population. This is the first study to show a relationship between coffee drinking and diabetes in a Brazilian population.