Self-reported Sleep Bruxism Research Articles

Changes in self-reported sleep and awake bruxism in relation to the management of temporomandibular disorders ("care as usual") in a specialty clinic population.

The treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) often includes the management of sleep bruxism (SB) and awake bruxism (AB). However, few studies have investigated how SB and AB change after the initiation of the interventions aimed at reducing the activity of masticatory muscles in TMD patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in self-reported SB and/or AB with regard to baseline at 6 weeks after receiving TMD treatment, i.e., counseling alone or counseling combined with any other treatment, and to investigate the association between the type of TMD treatment and changes in self-reported SB and/or AB. A total of 68 TMD patients were included in this prospective study, and they all received counseling. Thirty-three of the 68 patients received additional treatment, e.g., physical therapy, psychological therapy and/or an oral appliance, beside counseling. The self-reported SB and AB frequency values were obtained from the Oral Behavior Checklist (OBC) questionnaire at baseline (t0) and at week 6 after receiving treatment (t1). The frequency of SB and AB was assessed as SB, AB-grinding, AB-clenching, AB-bracing, and AB-combined (i.e., the maximum frequency of all AB types combined). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the SB and AB frequency at t0 and t1 in patients who received counseling alone and those who received counseling combined with other treatment. The χ2 test was used to investigate the association between the type of TMD treatment and changes in SB and/or AB. The frequency of self-reported SB and all types of AB did not change in patients who received counseling only. In contrast, there was a significant increase in the frequency of AB-bracing and AB-combined between t0 and t1 in patients who received counseling combined with other treatment. No changes in the frequency of self-reported SB and all types of AB were found in patients who received counseling only. However, patients who received counseling combined with other treatment showed a significant increase in the frequency of AB-bracing and AB-combined as compared to baseline.

Efficacy of occlusal splint versus sleep hygiene and progressive muscle relaxation on perceived stress and sleep bruxism: A randomized clinical trial.

The objective was the comparison of an occlusal device (OD), and sleep hygiene and progressive muscle relaxation (SH & PMR) on perceived stress and sleep bruxism activity (burst/episode and episode/hour) in participants with sleep bruxism. Sixty-six participants with self-reported sleep bruxism were selected and randomly allocated into two groups: OD group or SH & PMR group. Assessment of perceived stress and sleep bruxism activity were the primary outcomes. The Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10 scale) was used to measure perceived stress and bruxism episodes/hour and bursts/episode recorded by electromyography of masseter and temporalis. These outcomes were assessed at baseline, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year. The paired t-test assessed changes in PSS-10 scores and sleep bruxism activity within the same group over different time points (baseline, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year). The unpaired t-test compared scores between two groups (OD and SH & PMR) at each time point to evaluate intervention differences. The chi-square test compared gender distribution between both groups. PSS-10 scores were found to decrease with the OD at 1 month and 6 months compared to baseline and SH & PMR at all subsequent follow-ups. This decrease was not statistically significant (p>0.05) between the OD and SH & PMR groups at all follow-ups. OD and SH & PMR significantly reduced bruxism episodes/hour and bursts/episode at all follow-ups (p<0.05). There were no adverse effects related to any intervention. The ODand SH & PMR both effectively reduced PSS-10 scores over 6 months and significantly decreased bruxism episodes and bursts per episode. Both methods are safe and effective for managing sleep bruxism and reducing stress.

Bruxism, Lifestyle, Anxiety, and Sleep Impairment in Dental Students

AbstractThe aim of this study was to verify the correlation of self-reported sleep and awake bruxism with demographic characteristics, oral behaviors, anxiety, temporomandibular disorder (TMD) signs and symptoms, sleep quality, and orthodontic treatment history in dental students. A total of 104 students of Dentistry located in Paraná (South Brazilian State) answered the following self-administered questionnaires: Oral Behavior Checklist, State Anxiety Inventory, TMD signs and symptoms questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Associations between possible awake bruxism (AB) and sleep bruxism (SB) with sleep quality, anxiety, and TMD were analyzed by Poisson Regression with robust variance. The significance level adopted was 5%. The frequency of AB and SB was 76% and 55.8%, respectively. A statistically higher frequency of AB was observed in students who had the following conditions: use of psychotropic medication, physical activity practitioners, moderate or high level of anxiety, more oral behaviors, sleep disorders, and sleep bruxism. Sleep bruxism was diagnosed more frequently in students who presented moderate or high levels of anxiety, oral behaviors, and sleep disorders. The frequency of TMD reported was higher in students with SB, as well as in those with AB. In conclusion, lifestyle, moderate and high anxiety levels, and sleep disorders are associated with a higher prevalence of AB and SB. Furthermore, AB and SB are associated with a higher frequency of TMD reporting.

The association of self-reported awake bruxism and sleep bruxism with temporomandibular pain and dysfunction in adult patients with temporomandibular disorders.

To investigate the association of the severity of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) pain and dysfunction with the frequency of self-reported awake bruxism (AB), sleep bruxism (SB), and stress in an adult TMD-patient population. This cross-sectional study included 237 TMD patients based on the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD. Age, sex, frequency of self-reported AB and SB, and stress were included as independent variables. TMD pain and TMD dysfunction were included as dependent variables in regression analyses. Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were used to predict TMD pain and TMD dysfunction in two separate models. Finally, network analysis was performed to investigate the associations between all variables. In the univariate analyses, TMD pain was significantly associated with self-reported AB-frequent (unstandardized coefficient (B) = 3.196, 95%CI 1.198-5.195, p = 0.002). TMD dysfunction was significantly associated with AB-frequent (B = 2.208, 95%CI 0.177-4.238, p = 0.033) and SB-sometimes (B = 1.698, 95%CI 0.001-3.394, p = 0.050). In the multivariable analyses, TMD pain was significantly associated with TMD dysfunction (B = 0.370, p < 0.001), stress (B=0.102, p < 0.001). TMD dysfunction was significantly associated with TMD pain (B = 0.410, p < 0.001) only. Network analysis showed that TMD pain is a bridge factor between AB, stress, and TMD dysfunction. TMD pain is directly associated with AB, stress, and TMD dysfunction, while TMD dysfunction is only associated with TMD pain. Reducing pain may improve pain-related dysfunction, and the management of AB and stress may improve TMD pain and dysfunction, and vice versa.

Network analysis of sleep bruxism in the EPISONO adult general population.

Sleep bruxism (SB) has been associated with biological and psychosocial factors. The assessment of SB includes self-report, clinical evaluation, and polysomnography. This study aimed to investigate the associations of self-reported SB with other sleep disorders and demographic, psychological, and lifestyle factors in the adult general population, and to investigate whether self-reported SB and polysomnographically (PSG) confirmed SB provide similar outcomes in terms of their associated factors. We recruited 915 adults from the general population in Sao Paulo, Brazil. All participants underwent a one-night PSG recording and answered questions about sex, age, BMI, insomnia, OSA risk, anxiety, depression, average caffeine consumption, smoking frequency, and alcohol consumption frequency. We investigated the link between SB and the other variables in univariate, multivariate, and network models, and we repeated each model once with self-reported SB and once with PSG-confirmed SB. Self-reported SB was only significantly associated with sex (p = 0.042), anxiety (p = 0.002), and depression (p = 0.03) in the univariate analysis, and was associated with insomnia in the univariate (p < 0.001) and multivariate (β = 1.054, 95%CI 1.018-1.092, p = 0.003) analyses. Network analysis showed that self-reported SB had a direct positive edge to insomnia, while PSG-confirmed SB was not significantly associated with any of the other variables. Thus, sleep bruxism was positively associated with insomnia only when self-reported, while PSG-confirmed SB was not associated with any of the included factors.

Association of health-related factors with self-reported sleep and awake bruxism in Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 - a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Objective The study aimed to investigate the association of sleep bruxism (SB) and awake bruxism (AB) with health-related factors. Methods Data on bruxism and diagnosed diseases, use of psychoactive substances and regular identified psychoactive drugs were collected from 1,962 subjects in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 through a questionnaire. The associations were analyzed using chi-square tests and binary regression models, adjusting for gender and education, and for anxiety/depression symptoms. Results Migraine and gastric/duodenal disorders, use of serotonergic antidepressants and a high number of psychoactive drugs associated significantly with AB and SB. Gastrointestinal diseases associated with SB. Poor general health and hand eczema associated with AB. Based on the multivariate model, depression/anxiety symptoms seemed to mediate the associations of bruxism with depression, hand eczema, self-reported gastric/duodenal disorders and the number of identified drugs. Conclusion Several diseases, depression/anxiety symptoms and psychoactive medications were associated with SB and AB, the associations being stronger with AB than SB.

Self-reported sleep bruxism and mortality in 1990-2020 in a nationwide twin cohort.

The association of sleep bruxism with mortality has not been studied. Altogether 12 040 subjects from the nationwide Finnish twin cohort were included in the analyses. We examined whether self-reported sleep bruxism is associated with increased risk of mortality, and if so, whether the effect is independent of known common risk factors. The time span of the follow-up was 30 years. Cox proportional hazards regression models (Hazard Ratios and their 95% Confidence Intervals) adjusted by age, sex and covariates were used to assess the effect of baseline bruxism status in 1990 on future mortality in 1990-2020. The risk of mortality among all participants (n=12 040), independent of missing covariates and adjusted by age and sex, was 40% higher in weekly bruxers than in never bruxers (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.16-1.68, p < .001). However, when adjusted by all studied covariates, (n=11 427) the risk was no longer observed (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.86-1.25, p=.717). Despite the overall lack of between bruxism and mortality after adjustment for covariates, we examined the cause-specific risks for major cause-of-death groups. There were no substantial associations of weekly bruxism with major disease outcomes by the fully adjusted hazard ratios for them. Bruxism does not kill-in line with its definition of being rather a behaviour (with all its phenotypes) than a disease.

Avaliação da associação entre cronotipo, qualidade do sono e autorrelato de bruxismo do sono entre estudantes universitários de Odontologia

ABSTRACT Background Sleep bruxism (BS) is defined as involuntary jaw movements characterized by grinding and clenching teeth. Objective To verify the association between chronotype, sleep quality, and self-reporting of BS in dental students. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted with 214 undergraduate dental students at a public university in northeast Brazil. The participants answered the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire for the identification of chronotype and another questionnaire regarding daily aspects to collect information about sleep quality, self-reported sleep bruxism, the use of sleeping pills, snoring, concentration during daily activities and energy upon waking. Results The prevalence of self-reported sleep bruxism was 11.0%. In the final model, the eveningness chronotype (OR = 23.00; 95% CI: 2.36-223.84, p = 0.007), habitual snoring (OR = 3.12; 95% CI: 1.31-7.39, p = 0.01) and low energy upon waking in the morning (OR = 2.37; 95% CI: 1.96-5.58, p = 0.040) were associated with self-reported sleep bruxism. Conclusion The evening chronotype, presence of snoring, and low energy when waking up in the morning influenced self-reporting of sleep bruxism among undergraduate dental students.

Self-reported sleep bruxism in 1990 and 2011 in a nationwide twin cohort: Evidence of trait persistence and genetic liability.

Due to different assessment modes employed, a clear picture of the prevalence of sleep bruxism across time cannot be formed. Moreover, studies on the persistent or fluctuating nature of sleep bruxism have yielded divergent and even contradictory results. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in a nationwide twin cohort whether self-reported sleep bruxism was correlated longitudinally, pairwise and cross-twin over a 20-year period. Self-reported bruxism was assessed in 1990 and 2011 by mailed questionnaires in the Finnish Twin Cohort study of same-sex twins born 1945-1957. We assessed the phenotypic stability over time for all participating individuals (n=4992). Among zygosity verified pairs (n= 516 MZ and n= 837 DZ), we estimated the cross-sectional zygosity correlations and the zygosity-specific cross-twin cross-time correlations. Reported bruxism appeared rather persistent over time without significant difference regarding zygosity. The overall phenotypic longitudinal correlation was 0.540 and somewhat higher in men (0.596) than in women (0.507). Pairwise trait correlations in 1990 and 2011 were higher in MZ than in DZ pairs. The cross-twin cross-time correlations were higher in MZ twins than in DZ twins, but less than the cross-sectional MZ and DZ pairwise correlations. The higher correlation of reported sleep bruxism in the cross-twin cross-time analyses in MZ than in DZ pairs implies a genetic background for bruxism persistence. Also, bruxism over time in individual twins appears to be fairly persistent and somewhat higher in men than women.

Associated factors of primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with sleep bruxism: A questionnaire study.

BackgroundBy being aware of the associated factors of primary snoring (PS) and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in sleep bruxism (SB) patients, dentists may contribute to the screening and early recognition of SB patients with PS or OSA.ObjectiveTo identify the associated factors of PS and OSA from questionnaire‐based data in SB patients.MethodsA total of 968 self‐reported SB patients (31.6% men; median age 44.5 years) were retrospectively enrolled. Self‐reported sleep‐related breathing status (viz., no sleep‐related breathing condition, PS and OSA) was the dependent variable. Independent variables were questionnaire‐based data on demographics, lifestyle, psychological status, pain and sleep.ResultsFor PS, no statistically significant associated factor was identified in analyses. For OSA, increased age (OR = 1.04 [1.03–1.06]), male gender (OR = 3.33 [2.17–5.00]), daily alcohol consumption (OR = 1.96 [1.18–3.33]), depression (OR = 1.10 [1.06–1.14]), daytime sleepiness (OR = 2.94 [1.85–4.76]) and high risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD; OR = 2.63 [1.52–4.76]) were found to be significant risk factors, while high risk of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain (OR = 0.51 [0.30–0.86]) and chronic pain (OR = 0.73 [0.59–0.90]) were significant protective factors. These results were confirmed in the subsequent network analysis.ConclusionWithin the limitations of this study, no associated factor is identified for PS. For OSA, dentists should keep in mind that increased age, male gender, daily alcohol consumption, depression, daytime sleepiness and high GERD risk are associated with increased OSA risk in SB patients, while high TMD‐pain risk and chronic pain are associated with decreased OSA risk in this population.

A network analysis of self-reported sleep bruxism in the Netherlands sleep registry: its associations with insomnia and several demographic, psychological, and life-style factors

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between self-reported sleep bruxism and insomnia and their potential risk factors (eg, depression and anxiety), and to construct a network model with all these factors. MethodsWe recruited 2251 participants from the Netherlands Sleep Registry. All participants completed questionnaires on self-reported sleep bruxism, insomnia, depression, anxiety, smoking frequency, and alcohol and caffeine consumption. The associations between self-reported sleep bruxism and other variables were analyzed by univariate analysis, multivariate logistic regression, and network analysis. ResultsAlthough univariate analysis showed that there was a positive association between sleep bruxism and insomnia (P < 0.001), this association disappeared in the multivariate logistic regression model (P = 0.258). However, multivariate logistic regression did show an association between self-reported sleep bruxism and anxiety (OR = 1.087, 95% CI 1.041–1.134). The network model showed that there was no direct link between self-reported sleep bruxism and insomnia. However, there was an indirect link between self-reported sleep bruxism and insomnia via anxiety. ConclusionsAlthough self-reported sleep bruxism has no direct association with insomnia, anxiety is a bridging factor between these variables.

An Evaluation of The Relationship Between Self-Reported Sleep/Awake Bruxism and The Chronotype Profiles of The Dental Students

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible relationship between the presence/absence of the self-reported sleep and/or awake bruxism and the chronotype profiles of dental students. Materials and Methods: The dental students at Istanbul Medipol University and Istanbul Medeniyet University in the fall semester of the 2020-2021 academic year participated in this study. Along with demographic data, an 11-item questionnaire evaluating sleep quality and self-reported sleep and awake bruxism, and a 19-question Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) determining the chronotypes were applied. The significance level was set at P≤ 0.05 for statistical analysis. Results: 171 students (female:128, 74.9%; male:43, 25.1%) participated in the study. The mean age was 22.32.2. There was no statistical difference between the presence or absence of the bruxism types and the chronotype profiles of the students (P=0.815). The sleep quality in the students with the sleep bruxism was statistically lower than in other types of the bruxism (P&amp;lt;0.05). The participants with the sleep bruxism were statistically more likely to have difficulty concentrating on the daily activities than the participants with other types of the bruxism (P&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusions: There is no relationship between the presence or absence of the bruxism types and the chronotype profiles. However, the sleep bruxism negatively affects both the sleep quality and focusing on the daily activities.

ASSESSING THE INFLUENCE OF INCREASED STRESS ON BRUXISM DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Aim of the study: This study aims to evaluate the possible relationship between the occurrence of bruxism and perceived stress during the Covid-19 pandemic period. Material and methods: Two questionnaires were administered to one hundred forty-five (145) respondents randomly selected from different age groups and gender. Each patient was screened with and Perceived Stress Scale–10 (PSS-10) containing ten questions. The questionnaire assessed patients about stress related to everyday problems, personal events, and coping methods. The answers were scored using an ordinal five-point scale. In this study, a six-item self-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate self-reported awake and sleep bruxism. Results: In the present study, bruxism was not statistically significantly correlated with self-reported perceived stress based on PSS-10 (rank correlation coefficient was rho (145) = 0.080, p &lt; 0.341). There was no statistically significant difference within the study group between genders in the frequency of low, moderate, and high PSS-10 results (U = 2329.5, p = 0.339). The analysis also showed no statistically significant difference between males and females regarding bruxism score (U = 2381.5, p = 0.434). Conclusions: Results do not confirm the findings of a positive association between bruxism and perceived stress. Within the limitations of this study, the data suggest that the relationship between perceived stress and the expression of bruxism is more complex. Given the results of the current research, this issue requires further investigation.

Prevalence, awareness, and management of bruxism in Thai dental students: A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence of self-reported bruxism, awareness of bruxism’s adverse effects, and bruxism management among Thai undergraduate dental students. Methods An online self-reported questionnaire was designed and tested for validity and reliability and then distributed to dental students at 12 universities in Thailand from September 2020 to January 2021. Results There were 464 respondents (338 females and 126 males) with an average age of 21.42 ± 2.06 years. The prevalence of self-reported awake and sleep bruxism was 35.78% and 37.28%, respectively, and 19.40% had both awake and sleep bruxism. Awareness scores were higher for dentists than for patients (p< 0.001). Only 12.14% of sleep bruxers still wear an occlusal splint for bruxism management. Conclusion The prevalence of self-reported awake and sleep bruxism was high among Thai dental students. They are well aware of the adverse effects of bruxism with inappropriate management of the condition.

Asociación entre bruxismo autorreportado y rendimiento académico de los estudiantes universitarios.

Objective: To evaluate the association between self-reported bruxism and academic performance in students at a university in Lima, Peru. Material and Methods: A total of 203 students were evaluated in this study, between the ages of 19 and 35 years. Self-reported bruxism was measured using the Bruxism Assessment Questionnaire. Academic performance was evaluated using the Approval Index Scale. In addition, other variables were included such as employment status, socioeconomic level, stress, anxiety, among others. The association of variables were factored in using the chi-square test and the logistic regression presented the unadjusted and adjusted analisis. Results: The frequency of self-reported awake bruxism and sleep bruxism was 53.20% and 36.45%, respectively. Evidence revealed there was a statistically significant association between awake bruxism with stress and anxiety, and sleep bruxism with anxiety. Students with high academic performance (OR=2.36; IC del 95%:1.06-5.23) and low academic performance (OR=5.72; IC del 95%:1.28-25.57) were found to be more likely to have awake bruxism than those with medium academic performance. Conclusion: This study revealed a statistically significant association between self-reported awake bruxism and academic performance. However, in the future it is suggested to carry out a study with focus only on students with bruxism and with a larger sample of participants with low academic performance to confirm the association found between these variables.

Possible sleep and awake bruxism, chronotype profile and TMD symptoms among Turkish dental students

ABSTRACT It was hypothesized that an individual’s chronotype profile has an effect on the performance of work or study tasks. Dental students have to cope with both academic and clinical workloads, and the latter requires extra concentration. The first aim was to evaluate the association of sleep bruxism (SB) and awake bruxism (AB) with sleep related items, temporomandibular disorder (TMD) complaints, and chronotype profile; the second aim was to evaluate the association between complaints of TMD and chronotype profile among dental students. The present cross-sectional descriptive study involved 218 dental students whose ages ranged between 18 and 30 years. In order to gather data, students were required to respond to a questionnaire, which aimed to evaluate possible SB and possible AB occurrence and demographics, sleep-related items and complaints of TMD. For the assessment of the chronotype profile, the morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) was used. The chi-square test, the Mann–Whitney U test, and t-test analyses were performed to evaluate the factors associated with SB, AB and chronotype profile. The frequency of self-reported SB was 25.2% and AB was 28.9%. The prevalence in the eveningness profile who reported possible AB was 45.3%, while it was 24.2% in intermediate individuals and 18.8% in the morningness profile. An association was also found between possible AB and eveningness chronotype profile (p = .009). No association was found between other temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain and noise and chronotype profiles (p > .05). An association was found between possible AB and eveningness chronotype profile but no association was found between possible SB and chronotype profile. Moreover, complaint of TMD (face, head, neck pain) was observed particularly in students with an eveningness profile.

Associations between self-reported bruxism, sleep quality, and psychological status among dental students in Turkey

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess sleep quality among dental students and to identify psychological factors associated with self-reported sleep bruxism (SB). Methods A total of 212 dentistry students from the Usak University Faculty of Dentistry participated in this study. A self-report questionnaire was administered to identify possible SB. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) questionnaire was administered to evaluate psychological factors, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate sleep quality. Results Possible SB was more frequently observed in females than in males. The mean DASS-21 score in those with possible SB was significantly higher than in those without SB (p< 0.001). The mean PSQI (total) score was also significantly higher in those with possible SB than in those without SB (5.0 ± 2.4) (p= 0.007). Conclusion The findings revealed that psychological factors and sleep quality significantly affected the prevalence of self-reported SB among dental students.

Comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea: characterization of the syndrome and understanding its associations with comorbid sleep conditions

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is traditionally associated with excessive daytime sleepiness. Insomnia is characterized by hyperarousal, and is seen as a predominant feature in a subgroup of patients with OSA. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea (COMISA) in a sleep apnea population and to characterize its features. This was a chart review of patients who underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG). All patients completed questionnaires with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and symptoms of insomnia and other sleep-related comorbidities. Patients with OSA on the PSG were included. A total of 296 patients withOSA were included, of which 80% reported at least 1 major symptom of insomnia: 57% reported sleep onset insomnia, 68% sleep maintenance insomnia, and 48% had early morning awakenings. COMISA (OSA plus 2 or more major symptoms of insomnia) was seen in 63%. These patients were more likely to report an abnormal ESS score, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), and restless legs (RL) than those without; no difference was seen in self-reported sleep bruxism. Among the patients with COMISA, 85% reported at least 1 representative symptom of psychophysiological insomnia (PPI); each of the 5 PPI symptoms was present in at least 40% of patients with COMISA. Insomnia is extremely prevalent in our population of patients with OSA, accompanied by daytime sleepiness and symptoms of PPI, GER, and RL. Further study is needed to determine the interactions between symptoms and OSA treatments in these patients.

Self-reported sleep bruxism is associated with vitamin D deficiency and low dietary calcium intake: a case-control study

BackgroundSleep bruxism may result in deleterious effects including loss of tooth enamel,fracture of teeth or restorations, teeth hypersensitivity or pain, and headache. The aim was to study the link between sleep bruxism, low serum vitamin D, low consumption of dietary calcium, psychological symptoms, and frequent headache.MethodsThis case-controlled study included 50 individuals with sleep bruxism and 50 age and gender matched controls. 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured in serum. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to measure anxiety and depression. Data about dietary calcium and frequent headache were self-reported.ResultsParticipants with sleep bruxism had lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D and higher scores of anxiety and depression compared to controls (p < 0.05). Vitamin D deficiency, abnormal scores of anxiety and depression, low calcium consumption (< 323 mg/day), and frequent headache were reported in higher % of individuals with sleep bruxism compared to controls (p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression showed that sleep bruxism was significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency (OR = 6.66, p = 0.02), low consumption of dietary calcium (OR = 5.94, p = 0.01), and frequent headache (OR = 9.24, p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression showed that anxiety was significantly associated with decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D (p = 0.03), increased scores of depression (p < 0.001) and female sex (p = 0.01). Binary logistic regression also showed that frequent headache was significantly associated with sleep bruxism (OR = 5.51, p < 0.01).ConclusionsSleep bruxism was associated with vitamin D deficiency and low consumption of calcium and was also associated with increased scores of anxiety and depression. Further investigations should be performed to check if vitamin D and calcium supplementation could relieve sleep bruxism.

Self-reported sleep bruxism among Finnish symphony orchestra musicians: Associations with perceived sleep-related problems and psychological stress

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to evaluate whether self-reported sleep bruxism among musicians is associated with sleep-related problems and/or psychological stress. Methods Eight hundred-thirty-one Finnish orchestra musicians completed a questionnaire that covered, among others, indicators of sleep-related problems, possible sleep bruxism, and stress. Results In total, 488 questionnaires were completed. The single variable ordinal logistic regression models revealed at least moderate associations between frequency of sleep bruxism and female gender, shorter sleep duration, longer sleep latency, problems in sleeping during concert season, feeling more often tired during the daytime, restless legs, a poor self-rated sleep quality, and more stress experience. The variables that remained in the final model were sleep duration, gender, and stress. Conclusion Musicians who sleep 7 hours or less per night report more sleep bruxism, as compared to those who sleep 8 hours or more. Female gender and high-stress experience were associated with more sleep bruxism.