Self-reported Motivators Research Articles

Psychosocial factors impacting barriers and motivators to cancer genetic testing.

Only a small proportion of patients who qualify for clinical genetic testing for cancer susceptibility get testing. Many patient-level barriers contribute to low uptake. In this study, we examined self-reported patient barriers and motivators for cancer genetic testing. A survey comprised of both new and existing measures related to barriers and motivators to genetic testing was emailed to patients with a diagnosis of cancer at a large academic medical center. Patients who self-reported receiving a genetic test were included in these analyses (n= 376). Responses about emotions following testing as well as barriers and motivators prior to getting testing were examined. Group differences in barriers and motivators by patient demographic characteristics were examined. Being assigned female at birth was associated with increased emotional, insurance, and family concerns as well as increased health benefits compared to patients assigned male at birth. Younger respondents had significantly higher emotional and family concerns compared to older respondents. Recently diagnosed respondents expressed fewer concerns about insurance implications and emotional concerns. Those with a BRCA-related cancer had higher scores on social and interpersonal concerns scale than those with other cancers. Participants with higher depression scores indicated increased emotional, social and interpersonal, and family concerns. Self-reported depression emerged as the most consistent factor influencing report of barriers to genetic testing. By incorporating mental health resources into clinical practice, oncologists may better identify those patients who might need more assistance following through with a referral for genetic testing and the response afterwards.

Changes in Marital Status Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy: A US Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.

Among a US cohort followed 5 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy, cumulative incidence of marriage and separation/divorce were 18% among unmarried (N=614) and 13% among married (N=827) participants, respectively. Preoperative predictors of marriage included younger age, college degree, lower BMI and cohabitating or being separated (versus single).Objectives:To describe changes in marital status following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG).Background:Spousal encouragement and finding a life partner are self-reported motivators for undergoing bariatric surgery.Methods:This study included 1441 US adults enrolled in a 6-center prospective cohort study who underwent RYGB or SG (2006–2009) and self-reported marital status preoperatively and annually postoperatively for ≤5 years. Time to change in marital status was analyzed with Kaplan–Meier estimates of cumulative incidence and Cox proportional-hazard models.Results:Preoperative, 57% of participants (79% female, median age 47 years, median body mass index [BMI] 47 kg/m2) were married, 5% cohabitating, 4% separated, 15% divorced, 2% widowed, and 17% always single. The 5-year cumulative incidence of marriage among unmarried participants (N = 614) was 18%. Cohabitating (hazard ratios [HR] = 5.25) or being separated (HR = 3.03) versus always single, younger age (HR = 1.69/10 years), having a college degree versus ≤high school (HR = 2.36), lower BMI (HR = 1.54/10kg/m2), and fewer depressive symptoms (HR = 1.47/10 Beck Depression Inventory points) preoperative independently predicted (P < 0.05) higher chance of marriage. The 5-year cumulative incidence of separation/divorce among married participants (N = 827) was 13%. Female sex (HR = 2.08), younger age (HR = 1.84/10 years), household income <$25,000 versus ≥$100,000 (HR = 2.48), smoking (HR = 1.76), and sexual desire ≥once/week versus never (HR = 2.12) preoperative independently predicted (P ≤ 0.05) separation/divorce.Conclusions:Among a cohort of US adults, the majority did not change marital status within 5 years following RYGB or SG. Cumulative incidence of marriage and separation/divorce was 18% among unmarried and 13% among married participants, respectively. Several preoperative predictors of marriage and separation/divorce were identified.

Self-reported motivators for HIV testing in the treat-all era among HIV positive patients in Johannesburg, South Africa.

To explore associations between self-reported ill-health as a primary motivator for HIV-testing and socio-demographic factors.Four local primary healthcare clinics in Johannesburg, South Africa.A total of 529 newly HIV diagnosed adults (≥18 years) enrolled from October 2017 to August 2018, participated in the survey on the same day of diagnosis.Testing out of own initiative or perceived HIV exposure was categorized as asymptomatic. Reporting ill-health as the main reason for testing was categorized as symptomatic. Modified Poisson regression was used to evaluate predictors of motivators for HIV testing.Overall, 327/520 (62.9%) participants reported symptoms as the main motivator for testing. Among the asymptomatic, 17.1% reported potential HIV exposure as a reason for testing, while 20.0% just wanted to know their HIV status. Baseline predictors of symptom-related motivators for HIV testing include disclosing intention to test (aPR 1.4 for family/friend/others vs partners/spouse, 95% CI: 1.1–1.8; aPR 1.4 for not disclosing vs partners/spouse, 95% CI: 1.1–1.7), and HIV testing history (aPR 1.2 for last HIV test >12-months ago vs last test 12-months prior, 95% CI: 1.0–1.5; aPR 1.3 for never tested for HIV before vs last test 12-months prior, 95%CI:1.0–1.6).Findings indicate that newly diagnosed HIV positive patients still enter care because of ill-health, not prevention purposes. Increasing early HIV testing remains essential to maximize the benefits of expanded ART access.

Motivational Factors Associated With Physical Activity In Middle School Students

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify physical activity motivators in middle school students. METHODS: Students (n = 219) self-reported demographics and physical activity motivators via questionnaire. Predetermined options for motivators were: friends, advertisements, music, family, look good, feel good, fun, and other. Weight status was determined by the age- and gender-specific BMI percentile CDC recommendations for children: underweight (< than 5th), healthy weight (5th - 85th), overweight (85th - 95th), obese (95th or greater). RESULTS: Male students (n=113) were 12.65 (± 1.63) years old, had a BMI of 21.23 (± 6.03). For males, 53.8% were categorized as healthy weight,18.7% as obese, 17.6% as overweight, and 9.9% as underweight. Grade distribution for males was 37.2% 6th graders, 39.8% 7th graders, and 23% 8th graders. The top activity motivators for males were to look good (24.5%), friends (22.7%), and music (20.0%). Additionally, underweight and overweight male students were motivated by feeling good (22.2%; 57.%, respectively) and overweight males by advertisements (14.3%). Evaluating motivators by grade for males showed 8th graders were motivated by music (33.3%), 7th graders by looking good (26.7%), and 6th graders by friends (29.3%). Females (n=106) were 12.57 (± 1.05) years old, had a BMI of 21.43 (± 6.47). For females, 60.3% were categorized as healthy weight, 17.8% as obese, 12.3% as overweight, and 9.6% as underweight. Grade distribution for females was 44.8% 6th graders, 28.6% 7th graders, and 26.7% 8th graders. The top activity motivators for females were friends (25.0%), looking good (24.0%), and music (23.1%). Additionally, overweight students were motivated by feeling good (50.0%) and obese females were motivated by family (15.4%). Evaluating motivators by grade for females showed the top motivators for 8th graders to be looking good (36.4%) and feeling good (27.3%); while the top motivators for 7th and 6th graders were friends (32.1%, 27.7%) and looking good (21.4%, 25.5%). CONCLUSIONS: In this study of middle school students, motivators for activity were influenced by gender, grade and BMI. Recognizing and addressing population-specific motivators may enhance activity program outcome success.

Do self-reported motivators really motivate higher performance?

Self-reported motivators, i.e., stated preferences for work incentives, have been examined extensively based on the assumption that they provide valuable information for the design of compensation systems. However, the extent to which these stated preferences match performance has been overlooked. I use a field experiment with sales representatives to examine whether a higher preference for an incentive leads to a greater performance effect when that incentive is introduced. Specifically, I examine whether ex-ante self-reported incentive preferences moderate incentive effects on ex-post objective performance. Using a setting in which sales representatives receive a fixed hourly rate, the between-subjects experimental manipulations add one of three incentive motivators: (a) money (i.e., monetary incentives in the form of cash bonuses), (b) feedback, or (c) recognition. My results show that being in the money condition (i.e., being eligible to win a cash bonus) leads to an increase in performance only for those who state a low preference for this incentive. Conversely, only those who state a high preference for feedback increase their performance when they are in the feedback condition. Finally, being in the recognition condition (i.e., being eligible to win an acknowledgement award) leads to an increase in performance regardless of the initially stated preference for this incentive.

Breastfeeding Motivators and Barriers in Women Receiving Medications for Opioid Use Disorder.

Background: Women with opioid use disorder (OUD) are encouraged to breastfeed, but have lower breastfeeding rates than the general population. Objective: We examined self-reported barriers and motivators for breastfeeding in women with OUD and the relationship between maternal/postnatal factors and breastfeeding noninitiation/discontinuation. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional design was used; 40 women with OUD who were eligible to breastfeed were included. Information about breastfeeding initiation, duration, barriers/motivators, demographic characteristics, and self-efficacy was obtained through semi-structured interviews at 4-8 weeks postpartum. Wilcoxon rank sum or Fisher's exact test was used to examine the relationship between maternal/postnatal factors and never-initiated/discontinued breastfeeding. Results: Respondents were 29.3 ± 5.3 years old; most were prescribed buprenorphine (77.5%); and 36.8% of infants were treated for neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome with methadone or morphine. Most (75.0%) participants initiated breastfeeding; 50.0% continued breastfeeding at 4-8 weeks. The most common motivators included infant health (100%) and bonding (45.0%). On average, women reported discontinuing breastfeeding at 3.3 ± 1.1 weeks postpartum. The most common barriers were concerns regarding transfer of medications or other substances to the infant (50.0%) and concerns about breast milk supply (35.0%). Mean self-efficacy scores were similar among those who continued versus never-initiated/discontinued breastfeeding (33.5 versus 33.0; p = 0.388). Neonatal intensive care unit admission was associated with never-initiated/discontinued breastfeeding (p = 0.047). Conclusion: Women with OUD share many similar motivators and barriers to breastfeeding with the general population. Unique concerns include infant exposure to medications or substances, even in those who are eligible to breastfeed, which should be addressed by targeted education for patients and providers.

Using a motivator and deterrent questionnaire to predict actual donation return behavior among first-time African-origin blood donors.

In South Africa, success in recruiting first-time African-origin blood donors at low risk for HIV infection has been tempered by lower-than-anticipated return rates. We studied whether self-reported motivators and deterrents could predict actual donor return among first-time donors. We administered a questionnaire on blood donation motivators and deterrents within 2 months after donation to a cohort of first-time African-origin blood donors in 2014 and followed their return behavior for 1 year. Survey responses associated with return within 1 year were assessed using separate multivariate logistic regression models for motivators and deterrents. A total of 2902 first-time African origin donors with median age of 23 years and female predominance (59%) were included. Within 1 year 1574 (54% of donors) attempted at least one additional donation. Donors were more likely to return if they strongly agreed with the statement "Blood donation is an easy way to make a difference" (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-2.9) and "I donated in response to advertisements on the radio, TV or newspaper" (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.1). English language preference and nonstudent employment status were also associated with donor return. Poor customer service (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.28-0.71), geographic region, and nonstudent employment status were associated with donor return in the deterrent model. Prosocial motivators and marketing communications predicted return, while poor customer experience predicted nonreturn. This novel design allowed us to study the link between donation motivators and deterrents and actual return for donation in the African context.

Modelling the potential for cycling in access trips to bus, train and metro in Rio de Janeiro

Most studies that address the integration of cycling and public transport (PT) focus on developed countries and deal with multi-modal bicycle-train trips. Little is known about the integration of cycling and other main modes such as bus and metro, especially in developing countries, where entirely different socio-economic and trip making conditions prevail. The aim of this study is to model the propensity of current PT users to shift to the bicycle in access trips to bus stops, train and metro stations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Interviews were conducted to collect data on the socio-economic characteristics of the interviewee, trip and spatial characteristics and self-reported barriers and motivators for bicycle use. Two binary logit models were estimated to predict the main factors affecting the propensity to use a bicycle as feeder mode to PT. The results show that socio-economic characteristics as well as barriers and motivators are important factors to explain propensity for bike and ride. The barriers’ model reveals that personal constraints, living too close to the PT boarding point, current parking conditions and public safety play a role. For the motivators’ model, changing home location, owning a bicycle, implementation of cycle ways and improvement in parking conditions are explanatory. Policy recommendations are formulated to increase bicycle ownership and improve cycling infrastructure.

IPD2.15 Self-reported motivators to treatment adherence in adults with cystic fibrosis in the UK

IPD2.15 Self-reported motivators to treatment adherence in adults with cystic fibrosis in the UK

A cross sectional observational study of research activity of allied health teams: is there a link with self-reported success, motivators and barriers to undertaking research?

BackgroundTeam-based approaches to research capacity building (RCB) may be an efficient means to promote allied health research participation and activity. In order to tailor such interventions, a clearer understanding of current patterns of research participation within allied health teams is needed. Different self-report measures exist which evaluate a team’s research capacity and participation, as well as associated barriers and motivators. However, it remains unclear how such measures are associated with a team’s actual research activity (e.g., journal publications, funding received). In response, this observational study aimed to identify the research activity, self-reported success, and motivations and barriers to undertaking research of eight allied health professional (AHP) teams and to explore whether any relationships exist between the self-reported measures and actual research activity within each team.MethodsA total of 95 AHPs from eight teams completed the research capacity and culture survey to evaluate team success, barriers and motivators to undertaking research, and an audit of research activity from January 2013 to August 2014 was undertaken within each team. Kendell’s correlation coefficients were used to determine the association between research activity (i.e., number of journal publications, ethically approved projects and funding received) and the self-reported measures.ResultsSeven out of eight teams rated their teams as having average success in research and demonstrated some form of research activity including at least two ethically approved projects. Research activity varied between teams, with funding received ranging from $0 to over $100,000, and half the teams not producing any journal publications. Team motivators demonstrated a stronger association with research activity compared to barriers, with the motivator “enhancing team credibility” being significantly associated with funding received. No significant association between self-reported research success and actual research activity was identified.ConclusionsPreliminary findings suggest that self-report measures of research success may not always correspond to actual research activity, and a combination of both these measures may be useful when planning RCB interventions. Variation in activity between teams and organisations should also be considered when tailoring RCB interventions. Reinforcing intrinsically motivating rewards of research may also be useful in promoting research participation for some teams.

How Can We Improve Retention of the First-Time Donor? A Systematic Review of the Current Evidence.

Blood products are critical to health systems and donations by voluntary nonremunerated donors are recommended. Worldwide, however, only around 5% of those eligible to donate do so and around half of those never return to donate again. This review focuses on what deters first-time donors, what predicts their retention, and what interventions may promote retention of this group. A comprehensive search of relevant databases identified 9 studies investigating motives and deterrents of first-time donors, 14 studies investigating predictors for first-time donors (13 whole blood [WB] and 2 plasmapheresis), and 15 studies (in 14 published articles) detailing interventions conducted on first-time donors. Drawing on an established blood donation taxonomy, studies were classified by 2 independent raters. Interventions were also classified into traditional, behavioral, or social science interventions. With only 2 eligible studies among first-time plasmapheresis donors, analyses focused on WB donors. First-time WB donors reported benevolent and collectivistic motivations, as well as personal benefits to commence WB donation. Self-reported deterrents have typically not been examined. Intention predicted first-time donor retention with intention determined by attitudes and a sense of (perceived behavioral) control. However, anxiety, adverse events, and deferrals all deterred retention. Traditional interventions, such as reminders and incentives, are widespread yet had only a small effect on return of first-time donors. Although behavioral science interventions such as fluid loading are effective, the strongest effect for the return of first-time donors was found when individual psychological support was provided. The purpose of this analysis was to identify the factors associated with the commencement and continuation of first WB donations. The current review revealed that self-reported motivators are typically not effective, and most successful predictive factors identified have not been translated into interventions. Future work would do well to identify, manage, and meet donors' expectations along with developing more individualized donation experiences. Blood donor research should delineate donor career stages; addressing first-time donor retention will support stable panels for blood collection agencies.

Physical activity and mental health in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

BackgroundPhysical activity is prescribed as a component of primary management for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). This study investigates the association between physical activity and mental health as well as the exercise barriers, motivators and support providers for younger women with and without PCOS to assist in physical activity uptake and prescription for these women.MethodsWomen aged 18-50 years with (n = 153) and without PCOS (n = 64) completed a questionnaire at one time point. The questionnaire included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and a survey regarding levels of physical activity, physical activity barriers, motivators and supports. A MANCOVA assessed associations between physical activity, PCOS and mental health (specifically depression and anxiety). Descriptive and Chi square goodness of fit statistics assessed the differences in perceived barriers, motivators and support providers amongst women with and without PCOS.ResultsWomen with PCOS displayed higher severity of depression (F(1,210) = 8.32, p = 0.004) and anxiety (F(1,210) = 17.37, p < 0.001) symptoms compared to controls. Overall, for physically active women, depression was significantly less severe than in their inactive counterparts (F(2,210) = 13.62, p < 0.001). There were no differences in anxiety by physical activity status and no interaction effects between PCOS and activity status for depression or anxiety. Women with PCOS were more likely to report a lack of confidence about maintaining physical activity (Χ 2 = 3.65; p = 0.046), fear of injury (Χ 2 = 4.08; p = 0.043) and physical limitations (Χ 2 = 11.92; p = 0.001) as barriers to physical activity and were more likely to be motivated to be active to control a medical condition (Χ 2 = 7.48; p = 0.006). Women with PCOS identified more sources of support compared to women without PCOS.ConclusionsPhysical activity is associated with lower depression in women with PCOS and differences exist in the self-reported physical activity barriers, motivators and support providers, compared to controls. Being more active may offer mental health benefits in managing PCOS. Prescribing physical activity to women with PCOS should be individualized and consider both common and PCOS-specific barriers and motivators for successful engagement.

The youth form of the Motivators of and Barriers to Health-Smart Behaviors Inventory.

To develop a youth form of the Motivators of and Barriers to Health-Smart Behaviors Inventory (MB-HSBI-Youth) for use in identifying self-reported motivators of and barriers to the following health-promoting behaviors (called health-smart behaviors): eating a healthy breakfast, eating healthy foods and snacks, drinking healthy drinks, and engaging in physical activity. The MB-HSBI-Youth was developed through several research phases as part of a larger, multisite, and multicomponent study on modifying and preventing obesity in families. A critical aspect of the larger study was to identify the motivators of and barriers to the above-identified health-smart behaviors among African American, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino American, and non-Hispanic White American adults and youth. After preliminary research involving content validity, item analyses, and pilot testing, a pilot version of the MB-HSBI-Youth was administered to a national sample of 567 culturally diverse youth ranging from 9 to 17 years old. Factor analyses and internal consistency results revealed the existence of multiple subscales measuring motivators of and barriers to each of the above-specified health-smart behaviors. Scores on the MB-HSBI-Youth correlated in expected directions with health self-efficacy scores and with ratings of the importance of health-related behavioral goals. The MB-HSBI-Youth may be a useful and novel tool for developing assessment-based, culturally sensitive health promotion programs customized to be responsive to the motivators of and barriers to health-smart behaviors identified in target communities, particularly those communities whose members are mostly racial/ethnic minorities.

Children's active play: self-reported motivators, barriers and facilitators.

BackgroundPhysical activity has important benefits for children's physical health and mental wellbeing, but many children do not meet recommended levels. Research suggests that active play has the potential to make a valuable contribution to children's overall physical activity, whilst providing additional cognitive, social and emotional benefits. However, relatively little is known about the determinants of UK children's active play. Understanding these factors provides the critical first step in developing interventions to increase children's active play, and therefore overall physical activity.MethodsEleven focus groups were conducted with 77, 10-11 year old children from four primary schools in Bristol, UK. Focus groups examined: (i) factors which motivate children to take part in active play; (ii) factors which limit children's active play and (iii) factors which facilitate children's active play. All focus groups were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using a thematic approach.ResultsChildren were motivated to engage in active play because they perceived it to be enjoyable, to prevent boredom, to have physical and mental health benefits and to provide freedom from adult control, rules and structure. However, children's active play was constrained by a number of factors, including rainy weather and fear of groups of teenagers in their play spaces. Some features of the physical environment facilitated children's active play, including the presence of green spaces and cul-de-sacs in the neighbourhood. Additionally, children's use of mobile phones when playing away from home was reported to help to alleviate parents' safety fears, and therefore assist children's active play.ConclusionsChildren express a range of motivational and environmental factors that constrain and facilitate their active play. Consideration of these factors should improve effectiveness of interventions designed to increase active play.

Donating Blood: A Meta-Analytic Review of Self-Reported Motivators and Deterrents

Although research on blood donor motivation abounds, most studies have typically focused on small sets of variables, used different terminology to label equivalent constructs, and have not attempted to generalize findings beyond their individual settings. The current study sought to synthesize past findings into a unified taxonomy of blood donation drivers and deterrents and to estimate the prevalence of each factor across the worldwide population of donors and eligible nondonors. Primary studies were collected, and cross-validated categories of donation motivators and deterrents were developed. Proportions of first-time, repeat, lapsed, apheresis, and eligible nondonors endorsing each category were calculated. In terms of motivators, first-time and repeat donors most frequently cited convenience, prosocial motivation, and personal values; apheresis donors similarly cited the latter 2 motivators and money. Conversely, lapsed donors more often cited collection agency reputation, perceived need for donation, and marketing communication as motivators. In terms of deterrents, both donors and nondonors most frequently referred to low self-efficacy to donate, low involvement, inconvenience, absence of marketing communication, ineffective incentives, lack of knowledge about donating, negative service experiences, and fear. The integration of past findings has yielded a comprehensive taxonomy of factors influencing blood donation and has provided insight into the prevalence of each factor across multiple stages of donors' careers. Implications for collection agencies are discussed.

Development of the Motivators of and Barriers to Health-Smart Behaviors Inventory.

The Motivators of and Barriers to Health-Smart Behaviors Inventory (MB-HSBI) was developed for use in identifying self-reported motivators of and barriers to the following health-promoting behaviors (called health-smart behaviors) that should occur daily to help promote health and overcome illnesses/diseases: eating a healthy breakfast, eating healthy foods and snacks, drinking healthy drinks, and engaging in physical activity. The MB-HSBI was developed through several phases as part of a multisite study on modifying and preventing obesity. A central aspect of the larger study was to identify motivators of and barriers to the targeted health-smart behaviors among African American, Asian, Hispanic, and White adults. After establishing content validity and preliminary pilot testing, the MB-HSBI was administered to a national sample of 926 culturally diverse adults. Factor analyses and most of the internal consistency results supported multiple scales and subscales measuring motivators of and barriers to each of the targeted health-smart behavior domains. Scores correlated in expected directions with health self-efficacy and with importance of health-related behavioral goals. Pending further psychometric support of the MB-HSBI, this inventory or selected scales from it may serve as flexible and novel tools for (a) assessing motivators of and barriers to health-smart behaviors in community and clinical health promotion research studies and (b) developing assessment-based, culturally sensitive intervention programs that are customized to address the motivators of and barriers to health-smart behaviors identified in target communities, particularly those communities whose members are mostly racial/ethnic minorities and/or have low family incomes.