Self-reported Moderate-to-vigorous Physical Activity Research Articles

Physical activity and sedentary behaviors in bariatric surgery patients: A scoping review

The present review was to evaluate the available evidences for the health impact of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SB) in obese adults at pre-and post-bariatric surgery (BS). Articles were identified through electronic search using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The search terms included “bariatric surgery,” “weight loss surgery,” “obesity surgery,” “weight reduction surgery,” “physical activity, “exercise,” “resistance training,” “weight training,” “strength training,” and “sedentary”. Inclusion terms were human, adults 18+ years, have clear description of PA, and published in a peer-reviewed English journal within the past 10 years. Potential articles were initially screened by titles and abstracts. Then, relevant articles were assessed, and data were extracted from the eligible articles. The initial search identified 833 records. However, after reading the titles and abstracts and removing duplicates, 62 articles remained. The findings showed that almost all studies on PA interventions before BS improved physical function and capacity, and quality of life. BS by itself increases PA among patients post-surgery. The increased PA during the first year of post-surgery were mostly maintained through several years later. However, in one study, PA at year seven post-surgery was still below PA recommendations. Another study observed little time spent in light intensity PA or in moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) after BS. Despite that, there appears a dose-response association between more steps/more MVPA and greater weight loss. The average steps/day was between 6375 and 9108. A substantial increase in activity energy expenditure was reported from 345.4 ± 172.8 MET-min/week preoperatively to 672.8 ± 227.8 MET-min/week at 6 months postoperatively. The correlation between self-reported and sensor-based MVPA was weak. Components of the interventions in the present review were varied; some studies involved supervised exercise programs with fair details, whilst others were counselling based trials with little monitoring of PA intensity. In some of the studies investigating weight loss caused by exercise following BS, the training program is poorly reported, and the sample size, selection criteria, and follow-up time vary greatly across studies. Most self-reported changes in PA predicted postoperative weight loss. However, their validity has been questioned. Moreover, daily time spent in SB among obese patients appears excessive. In general, research supports the importance of increased PA and reduced SB in the context of BS as each is being associated with more favorable weight loss and improved health outcomes.

Minimal Important Difference for Physical Activity and Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in Interstitial Lung Disease.

The optimal method of physical activity measurement has not been determined in patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD). To assess the validity, internal consistency, and responsiveness of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire long form (IPAQ-LF) and to estimate the minimal important difference (MID) for moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in patients with fibrotic ILD. This two-center prospective cohort study included a convenience sample of 111 outpatients with fibrotic ILD who wore waist and wrist ActiGraph accelerometers for 7 consecutive days, followed by self-administration of the IPAQ-LF. Both measurements were performed at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Spearman rank correlations were used to evaluate the IPAQ-LF validity in comparison to activity monitor data, lung function, step count, and quality of life. The internal consistency of the IPAQ-LF was determined using Cronbach's α. Self-reported changes in IPAQ-LF parameters were compared among tertiles of change measured by the waist activity monitor to assess the responsiveness of the IPAQ-LF after 6 months. Anchor- and distribution-based methods were used to estimate the MID for MVPA. Self-reported MVPA minutes, activity-related energy expenditure, sedentary time, and inactive time of the IPAQ-LF generally showed moderate to strong correlations with corresponding waist activity monitor data, step count, lung function, and quality of life. The Cronbach's α of the IPAQ-LF was 0.78. The IPAQ-LF was responsive at detecting increases in weekly MVPA and energy expenditure. The MIDs for MVPA were 8 to 26 and 13 to 58 min/wk using the anchor-based method for waist activity monitor and IPAQ-LF data, respectively. The distribution-based MID estimate for MVPA was 104 to 242 min/wk. The IPAQ-LF has acceptable validity and internal consistency for measuring daily physical activity in patients with fibrotic ILD. The IPAQ-LF was responsive at detecting increases in physical activity but limited in its ability to detect declines or changes in inactivity. Using an anchor-based approach, the MID for MVPA measured by a waist activity monitor is approximately 26 min/wk.

Objectively Measured Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Cardiac Rehabilitation: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY.

Physical inactivity and sedentary behavior (SB) are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. No studies appear to have investigated whether SB in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) participants changes over time. The aim of this study was to objectively assess physical activity (PA) and SB of CR participants over 6 wks. Using a prospective cohort study design, 72 CR participants, age = 64.2 ± 9.6 y (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) (79% male), wore an ActiGraph ActiSleep accelerometer for 7 consecutive days at the beginning and end of a 6-wk program to assess daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and SB (<100 counts/min). Other outcomes collected were self-reported MVPA (Active Australia Survey) and SB (Past-Day Adults' Sedentary Time Questionnaire), body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, lipid profile, blood glucose level, quality of life (MacNew), exercise capacity (6-min walk test), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Time spent in MVPA and SB did not change over 6 wks. However, exercise capacity and light-intensity PA significantly improved (P < .01). On average, participants spent 11.8 ± 1.1 hr daily in SB, with 9.5 ± 14.7 min daily in MVPA at the end of the CR program. There was some evidence that males and females had different movement patterns. Levels of PA are low and SB is high in CR participants despite changes in exercise capacity over 6 wks. Participants in CR did increase their PA but only in the light-intensity range. Alternative approaches in CR should be considered to encourage participants to move more and sit less.

Predictors of Physical Activity in Middle Childhood. A Fixed-Effects Regression Approach.

Background: Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) has a range of health benefits across the life span. Although many putative determinants of children's MVPA have been identified, their causal status is uncertain due to difficulties in adjusting for potential confounders.Objective: To inform promotion of children's MVPA we therefore aimed to examine well-known child-, family- and contextual predictors of MVPA in middle childhood, by applying a fixed effects regression approach, which rules out the influence of all unmeasured time-invariant confounders.Methods: Two birth cohorts of children living in the city of Trondheim, Norway were invited to participate (82.0% consented). The participants were followed-up biennially from age 6 to 10 years (n = 800) between 2009 and 2014. MVPA in children was recorded by accelerometers and child-, family- and contextual factors were obtained through interviews and questionnaires. Predictors included (i) child-level factors: the child's time outdoors, organized sports participation, athletic self-concept, self-reported screen time and objectively measured sedentariness; (ii) family factors: self-reported parental MVPA and actively transporting the child to school; and (iii) contextual factors: parental socio-economic status (SES), access to playgrounds and ballparks, traffic safety, and having a garden. A three-wave prospective study was conducted with a hybrid fixed effects regressions analysis adjusting for all time-invariant confounders to examine predictors of MVPA.Results: Children evidenced increased MVPA when they spent more time outside, spent less time being sedentary and when the family had a garden and lived in a traffic-safe area.Conclusion: Adjusting for measured time-varying and all unmeasured time-invariant confounders renders many previously identified child and family factors without impact on MVPA in children. However, several contextual factors may promote MVPA in middle childhood, and efforts to facilitate children being outside in environments that promote physical activity (e.g., being outside, in gardens, or otherwise traffic safe areas) may prove important.

Characterizing Self-Monitoring Behavior and Its Association With Physical Activity and Weight Loss Maintenance.

Introduction: Reviewing gaps in self-monitoring during weight loss interventions may help identify individuals demonstrating signs of disengagement in behaviors, including moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), associated with weight loss maintenance. This study examined the associations of different aspects of self-monitoring during a weight loss intervention with 24-month MVPA and weight. Methods: Secondary data analysis from the Tracking Study, a trial comparing weight-tracking frequency during a lifestyle weight loss program, was conducted. Self-monitoring logs from n =339 participants were used to define 4 characteristics and 4 specific gap lengths: short (1-4 weeks), medium (5-8 weeks), long (9-12 weeks), and extra long (>12 weeks). Self-reported MVPA and staff-measured weight were measured at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Generalized estimating equation modeling examined the association between self-monitoring characteristics and reported MVPA and weight. Results: Participants with gaps in self-monitoring as early as the second week of the intervention reported less MVPA and weighed more at 24 months. Furthermore, consistent tracking of MVPA was associated with higher reported MVPA and lower weight. Conclusions: Behavior tracking provides important information about behavioral disengagement early in the intervention process. Future work should test intervention augmentations to improve behavior change when disengagement is detected.

The Role of Social Support and the Neighborhood Environment on Physical Activity in Low-income, Mexican-American Women in South Texas.

ObjectivesTo determine the relationships between physical activity (PA), the neighborhood environment support for PA, and social support for PA among Mexican-American women living in South Texas. The Enlace study was a randomized controlled trial that tested the effectiveness of a promotora-led PA intervention among low-income Mexican origin women (n=614) living in colonias.MethodsThe dependent measures included accelerometer-measured average moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary breaks and the Community Health Activities Model Program for Seniors PA 41-item questionnaire. The independent measures included the Physical Activity and Neighborhood Environment Scale (PANES) and the 13-item Physical Activity Social Support (PASS) scale.ResultsEnlace participants were on average 40.4 (standard deviation, 10.3) years old, born in Mexico (86.1%), and uninsured (83.1%). Adjusted linear regression results indicated that each 1-point increment in the PANES overall score was associated with 0.050 (p<0.001) unit increase in sedentary break and a −0.043 (p=0.001) unit decrease in sedentary break duration. Both PANES (β=0.296; p=0.002) and PASS scores (β=0.076; p<0.001) were associated with weekly average self-reported MVPA. Interaction effects were observed between PASS scores and accelerometer-measured frequency of sedentary breaks and sedentary time duration.ConclusionsThe findings of this study indicate that the relationships between PA and built environment and social support are measure-dependent and suggest that reducing sedentary time in this population may require a closer assessment of social support for PA.

Weight Loss, Physical Activity, And Conception In Obese Infertile Women

PURPOSE: To compare weight loss and physical activity in obese infertile women who did or did not become pregnant following completion of a weight loss program. METHODS: Obese infertile women, referred by a reproductive endocrinologist, completed the University of Kansas Weight Management Program (KWMP). This program included reduced energy intake (portion controlled entrees, low calorie shakes), increased moderate-to- vigorous physical activity (MVPA) targeting 300 min•wk. and lifestyle strategies were provided. Participants were asked to monitor weekly MVPA (self-report) and pedometer step counts. Height and weight were assessed by trained staff in the clinic. The cumulative average of MVPA and steps over the last 3-wks. of participation were used in the analysis. Pregnancy outcomes were obtained from a review of medical records. The Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was used to compare differences in percent weight loss, physical activity (MVPA min•wk.-1, steps•wk.-1 ), and time in the KWMP between women who did, or did not become pregnant. RESULTS: Obese infertile women (n = 14, BMI=40.0 + 5.9 kg•m2, age = 33.4+ 4.5 yrs.) completed an average of 17 wks. of the KWMP. Eight of 14 women (57%) became pregnant. Weight loss was greater in women who became (-15.4 ± 7.7 %) compared with those who did not become pregnant (-10.9 ± 11.3 %); however, the differences were not statistically significant (p= 0.17). Physical activity assessed by pedometer was significantly higher in women who became pregnant (64,774 ± 13,798 steps•wk.-1 ) compare with those who did not (51,207 ± 5,060 steps•wk.-1, p =0.02). Self-reported MVPA was not significantly higher in women who became pregnant (212 ± 89 min•wk.-1) compared with those who did not (175 ± 106 min•wk.-1 , p = 0.37. Women who became pregnant participated in the KWMP 11 wks. longer than those who did not (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Length of treatment and reported step counts were associated with increased pregnancy rates. Additional investigation with larger samples is warranted to evaluate the magnitude of weight loss and the potential independent contributions of weight loss and physical activity to improve conception.

Abstract P288: The Association Between Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Hispanic/Latino Adults in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

Background: Self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) has been associated with better health-related quality of life (HRQoL), however research on quantitative MVPA in relation to HRQoL has been limited. In addition, the association of PA with physical and mental health components of HRQoL has not been examined. Hypothesis: Higher accelerometer-measured MVPA will be associated with better mental and physical HRQoL. Methods: Cross-sectional data from 12,179 adults ages 18-74 in 2008-11, who participated in HCHS/SOL and had complete data on key study variables. MVPA (minutes/week), measured by accelerometer, was grouped into 4 levels: inactive, low, moderate, and high. HRQoL was assessed using the Short-Form 12 (SF-12) questionnaire; the SF-12 mental and physical component summary (MCS; PCS) scores were computed (standardized to general US population norms with mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10; higher scores indicate better HRQoL). Multivariable linear regression models were used to derive adjusted means with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and to assess linear trends. All models were adjusted for covariates. The analyses were weighted for the study design and non-response. Results: PCS adjusted mean scores ranged from 46.8 (CI: 44.9, 48.6) among inactive persons to 51.3 (CI: 50.8, 51.8) among those with high levels of MVPA (p trend &lt;0.001). No significant differences in MCS scores were observed across MVPA levels (p = 0.64). Conclusion: MVPA was positively associated with better self-perceived physical health-related quality of life. Our findings align with studies examining self-reported MVPA and HRQoL. Future prospective studies should evaluate whether increasing MVPA can lead to improvements in HRQoL among the US Hispanic/Latino population.

Is self-reported time spent sedentary and in physical activity differentially biased by age, gender, body mass index, and low-back pain?

Objectives This study aimed to determine the extent to which age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and low-back pain (LBP) influence bias in self-reported sedentary behavior and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among blue-collar workers. Methods For 2-4 consecutive working days, 147 workers wore an Actigraph accelerometer on the thigh. Proportional time spent sedentary and in MVPA was determined using the Acti4 software. The same variables were also self-reported in a questionnaire. The difference between self-reported and accelerometer-based sedentary time and MVPA was calculated and linearly regressed against age, gender, BMI, and self-reported LBP intensity as main effects, as well as interaction terms combining each of these factors with objectively measured exposure. Results Workers objectively spent 64% of their time sedentary and 9% in MVPA. On average, self-reports underestimated sedentary time by 1.5% and overestimated MVPA by 5.5%. Workers with mild/no LBP appeared to have the same size of self-report bias in MVPA regardless of how much MVPA they actually had, while workers with high LBP overestimated MVPA to an increasing extent with increasing exposure [interaction: B=0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05-0.53]. Age was positively associated with self-report bias in sedentary time (B=0.31, 95% CI 0.09-0.54) regardless of actual sedentary time. Conclusions LBP and age, but not BMI and gender, introduced differential bias in self-reported information on sedentary behavior and MVPA among blue-collar workers. This result suggests that bias correction in future studies based on self-reports of sedentary time and MVPA should account for LBP and age.

Exercise to preserve β-cell function in recent-onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus (EXTOD) - a randomized controlled pilot trial.

Residual β-cell function is present at the time of diagnosis with Type 1 diabetes. Preserving this β-cell function reduces complications. We hypothesized that exercise preserves β-cell function in Type 1 diabetes and undertook a pilot trial to address the key uncertainties in designing a definitive trial to test this hypothesis. A randomized controlled pilot trial in adults aged 16-60 years diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes within the previous 3 months was undertaken. Participants were assigned to control (usual care) or intervention (exercise consultation every month), in a 1 : 1 ratio for 12 months. The primary outcomes were recruitment rate, drop out, exercise adherence [weeks with ≥ 150 min of self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA)], and exercise uptake in the control group. The secondary outcomes were differences in insulin sensitivity and rate of loss of β-cell function between intervention and control at 6 and 12 months. Of 507 individuals who were approached, 58 (28 control, 30 intervention) entered the study and 41 completed it. Participants were largely white European males, BMI 24.8 ± 3.8 kg/m2 , HbA1c 75 ± 25 mmol/mol (9 ± 2%). Mean level of objectively measured MVPA increased in the intervention group (mean 243 to 273 min/week) and 61% of intervention participants reached the target of ≥ 150 min/week of self-reported MVPA on at least 42 weeks of the year. Physical activity levels fell slightly in the control group (mean 277 to 235 min of MVPA/week). There was exploratory evidence that intervention group became more insulin sensitive and required less insulin. However, the rate of loss of β-cell function appeared similar between the groups, although the change in insulin sensitivity may have affected this. We show that it is possible to recruit and randomize people with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes to a trial of an exercise intervention, and increase and maintain their exercise levels for 12 months. Future trials need to incorporate measures of greater adherence to exercise training targets, and include more appropriate measures of β-cell function. (Clinical Trials Registry No; ISRCTN91388505).

The Utility of the Health Action Process Approach Model for Predicting Physical Activity Intentions and Behavior in Schizophrenia.

Research is needed to develop evidence-based behavioral interventions for preventing and treating obesity that are specific to the schizophrenia population. This study is the precursor to such intervention research where we examined the utility of the social cognitions outlined within the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model for predicting moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) intentions and behavior among individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. A prospective cohort design [baseline (T1), week 2 (T2), and week 4 (T3)] was used to examine the HAPA constructs and MVPA across a sample of 101 adults (Mage = 41.5 ± 11.7 years; MBMI = 31.2 ± 7.8 kg/m2; 59% male). Two hierarchical regression analyses were conducted controlling for age, gender, BMI, and previous self-reported MVPA. In the first regression, intentions at T1 were regressed onto the T1 motivational HAPA constructs (risk perception, affective attitudes, task self-efficacy) and social support; MVPA status (meeting vs. not meeting the MVPA guidelines) assessed via accelerometry at T3 was regressed onto T1 social support and intentions followed by T2 action and coping planning, and maintenance self-efficacy in the second analysis. Overall, the motivational and social support variables accounted for 28% of the variance in intentions, with affective attitudes (β = 0.33, p < 0.01) and task self-efficacy (β = 0.25, p < 0.05) exhibiting significant, positive relationships. For MVPA status, the model as a whole explained 39% of the variance, with the volitional HAPA constructs explaining a non-significant 3% of this total variance. These findings suggest a need for interventions targeting self-efficacy and affective attitudes within this clinical population.

Physical activity levels in Portuguese adolescents: A 10-year trend analysis (2006–2016)

ObjectivesPrevious studies have indicated that only a small proportion of Portuguese adolescents attain sufficient levels of physical activity for health. However, it is unknown whether the levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) have changed over a considerable time period in this country. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to examine the 10-year trend changes in self-reported MVPA among adolescents and also investigate differences by sex and age. Design and methodThis study compared two cross-sectional cohorts of youngsters aged 12–18 years, recruited in 2006 (N=1010; 461 boys and 549 girls) and in 2016 (N=1096; 461 boys and 635 girls), using identical procedures and instruments. The outcome variable, MVPA, was assessed by using the PACE+ screening measure. ResultsMain results showed a considerable decline in the overall levels of physical activity between 2006 and 2016 (−10.8%), as well as a small and declining proportion of adolescents achieving the international physical activity recommendations (2006: 10.7%; 2016: 8.1%). Age and sex-specific comparisons by time periods indicated that the 13- and 14-year-old male adolescents reported lower levels of MVPA in 2016 than their counterparts in 2006, and that the MVPA decline between the subgroups of 12- and 18-year-olds was higher in girls, in both 2006 and 2016. ConclusionsThis study provides evidence of a secular decrease in self-reported MVPA levels among Portuguese adolescents. These results reinforce the need for interventions and policies aimed at promoting a more active lifestyle throughout adolescence.

The roles of negative affect and goal adjustment capacities in breast cancer survivors: Associations with physical activity and diurnal cortisol secretion.

This study examined whether within-person changes of breast cancer survivors' high-arousal negative affect (e.g., feeling scared, upset, anxious, or guilty) could predict high levels of diurnal cortisol secretion and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). In addition, goal adjustment capacities (goal disengagement and goal reengagement) were expected to buffer the effect of negative affect on cortisol and to increase its effect on MVPA. High-arousal negative affect, self-reported MVPA, area-under-the-curve of diurnal cortisol secretion, and goal adjustment capacities were assessed in a longitudinal sample of 145 female breast cancer survivors. Based on hierarchical linear modeling, breast cancer survivors reported increased levels of both MVPA and cortisol secretion if they experienced higher (as compared with lower) levels of high-arousal negative affect than their personal average. Furthermore, within-person negative affect was associated with: (a) higher MVPA among participants with high (but not low) goal reengagement capacities; and (b) elevated cortisol secretion among participants with low (but not high) goal reengagement capacities. High-arousal negative affect may exert differing functions among breast cancer survivors in that it can trigger adaptive health behaviors, yet simultaneously elevate diurnal cortisol secretion. In addition, being able to engage in new goals may be a necessary condition for breast cancer survivors to experience the beneficial behavioral effects of high-arousal negative affect, and it may prevent the adverse effect of negative affect on enhanced cortisol output. (PsycINFO Database Record

Domain-Specific Self-Reported and Objectively Measured Physical Activity in Children.

Little is known about the extent that different domains contribute to total sedentary (SED), light (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). We aimed to identify domain-specific physical activity (PA) patterns in school-aged children who were assessed by questionnaire and accelerometry. For the study, 298 German school children and adolescents aged 6–17 years wore an accelerometer for one week and completed a PA recall-questionnaire for the same period. Spearman coefficients (r) were used to evaluate the agreement between self-reported and objectively measured PA in five domains (transport, school hours, physical education, leisure-time, organized sports activities). School hours mainly contributed to the total objectively measured SED, LPA and MVPA (55%, 53% and 46%, respectively), whilst sports activities contributed only 24% to total MVPA. Compared to accelerometry, the proportion of self-reported LPA and MVPA during school hours was substantially underestimated but overestimated during leisure-time. The agreement of self-reported and objectively measured PA was low for total LPA (r = 0.09, 95% CI (confidence interval): −0.03–0.20) and total MVPA (r = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.10–0.32), while moderate agreement was only found for total SED (r = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.34–0.53), LPA during transport (r = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.49–0.67) and MVPA during organized sports activities (r = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.38–0.67). Since school hours mainly contribute to total SED, LPA and MVPA and self-reported LPA and MVPA during school were importantly underestimated compared to objectively measured LPA and MVPA, the application of objective measurements is compulsory to characterize the entire activity pattern of school-aged children.

Ten-year change in sedentary behaviour, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic risk: independent associations and mediation analysis

BackgroundWe aimed to study the independent associations of 10-year change in sedentary behaviour (SB), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and objectively measured cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), with concurrent change in clustered cardiometabolic...

Ten-year Change In Sedentary Behavior And Cardiorespiratory Fitness Are Independently Associated With Clustered Cardio-metabolic Risk

PURPOSE: We aimed to study the independent associations between change in sedentary behavior (SB), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and objectively measured cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) over 10 years, and concurrent change in clustered cardio-metabolic risk and its individual components (waist circumference, fasting glucose, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure). We also determined whether any associations were mediated by change in waist circumference or dietary intake. METHODS: A population-based sample of 425 adults (age (mean±SD) 55.83±9.40; 65%men) were followed prospectively for 9.6±0.52 years. Participants self-reported SB and MVPA and performed a maximal cycle ergometer test to estimate peak oxygen uptake at baseline (2002–2004) and follow up (2012–2014). Multiple linear regression and the product of coefficients method were used to examine independent associations and mediation effects, respectively. RESULTS: Greater increase in SB was associated with more detrimental change in clustered cardio-metabolic risk (standardized β = 0.12, p<0.01) and triglycerides (standardized β = 0.12, p<0.05), independently of baseline and change in MVPA and CRF. Greater increase in MVPA was associated with greater increase in HDL-cholesterol, independent of baseline and change in SB and CRF (standardized β = 0.15, p<0.01). Greater decrease in CRF was associated with more detrimental change in clustered cardio-metabolic risk and all other individual components, independently of baseline and change in SB (absolute standardized β ranging from 0.12 to 0.38, p<0.05). Change in waist circumference mediated the relationship between change in CRF and change in fasting glucose, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides (a*b [95% CI]: fasting glucose: −0.11 [−0.18, −0.04]; HDL-cholesterol: 0.15 [0.08, 0.22]; triglycerides: −0.40 [−0.81, −0.01]). CONCLUSIONS: A combination of decreasing SB and increasing MVPA and CRF is most beneficial towards cardio-metabolic health. However, some associations between changes in CRF and changes in cardio-metabolic risk were mediated through changes in waist circumference. Therefore, from a public health perspective, lifestyle intervention programs need to focus on all three components, which is decreasing SB, increasing MVPA and CRF.

Comparison of Self-Reported and Accelerometer-Assessed Physical Activity in Older Women

BackgroundSelf-reported physical activity measures continue to be validated against accelerometers; however, the absence of standardized, accelerometer moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) definitions has made comparisons across studies difficult. Furthermore, recent accelerometer models assess accelerations in three axes, instead of only the vertical axis, but validation studies have yet to take incorporate triaxial data.MethodsParticipants (n = 10 115) from the Women’s Health Study wore a hip-worn accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+) for seven days during waking hours (2011–2014). Women then completed a physical activity questionnaire. We compared self-reported with accelerometer-assessed MVPA, using four established cutpoints for MVPA: three using only vertical axis data (760, 1041 and 1952 counts per minute (cpm)) and one using triaxial data (2690 cpm).ResultsAccording to self-reported physical activity, 66.6% of women met the US federal physical activity guidelines, engaging in ≥150 minutes per week of MVPA. The percent of women who met guidelines varied widely depending on the accelerometer MVPA definition (760 cpm: 50.0%, 1041 cpm: 33.0%, 1952 cpm: 13.4%, and 2690 cpm: 19.3%).ConclusionsTriaxial count data do not substantially reduce the difference between self-reported and accelerometer-assessed MVPA.

Light Physical Activity Is Associated with Quality of Life after Colorectal Cancer.

Emerging evidence suggests that light physical activity (LPA), besides moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), may beneficially influence physical functioning of colorectal cancer survivors, but its relation with other health-related outcomes is unknown. We applied a biopsychosocial approach to investigate independent associations between self-reported LPA, MVPA, and multiple health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes in 2- to 10-yr postdiagnosis colorectal cancer survivors. Stage I-III colorectal cancer survivors diagnosed between 2002 and 2010 at Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands, were included in a cross-sectional study (n = 151). Time spent in LPA and MVPA (h·wk⁻¹), and HRQoL outcome scores (0-100 points) were assessed by validated questionnaires. Median time spent in LPA and MVPA was 10.0 (interquartile range, 2.0-22.0) and 8.7 h·wk⁻¹ (4.5-15.0), respectively. In multivariable linear regression models, both LPA and MVPA were significantly and independently associated with higher physical functioning (mean difference [MD] between highest and lowest quartile, 10.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2-20.3; and 14.5; 5.1-23.9, respectively; both P-trend < 0.05). In addition, LPA was significantly associated with higher role functioning (MD, 19.5; 95% CI, 6.9-32.1; P-trend < 0.01) and lower disability (MD, -9.9; 95% CI, -17.8 to -1.9; P-trend = 0.02), independent from MVPA. Subgroup analyses showed that beneficial associations between LPA and HRQoL were mainly observed in women and participants with multiple comorbidities. Self-reported LPA, besides MVPA, was beneficially associated with multiple HRQoL outcomes in colorectal cancer survivors, especially in women and survivors with multiple comorbidities. Prospective studies are warranted to establish whether LPA is a suitable target for personalized lifestyle interventions to improve the HRQoL of colorectal cancer survivors.

Dose–response association of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity with cardiovascular biomarkers and all-cause mortality: Considerations by individual sports, exercise and recreational physical activities

BackgroundPrevious research demonstrates that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with reduced all-cause mortality risk. Our understanding of whether individual physical activities are associated with all-cause mortality is less understood. MethodsData from the 1999–2006 NHANES were employed, with follow-up through 2011. 48 different individual physical activities (e.g., swimming, running, bicycling) were assessed, and total MVPA MET-min-month was calculated based on their responses to these 48 individual physical activities. ResultsGreater engagement in MVPA was associated with more favorable cardiovascular biomarkers, particularly for men. Even after adjustment for total MVPA, different individual physical activities were associated with cardiovascular biomarkers across gender. When compared to those not meeting guidelines (0–1999 MVPA MET-min-month), a dose–response association between MVPA and mortality was observed, with those engaging in 5 times the guideline level having the lowest risk of all-cause mortality (45% reduced risk). There was no evidence of a harmful effect of very high MVPA (e.g., 20,000+ MVPA MET-min-month). ConclusionsEngaging in MVPA even below the minimum recommendation was associated with survival benefits, and the greatest survival effects occurred at a dose of approximately 5 times the minimum recommendation. Although very high levels (e.g., 10 times the minimum recommendation) of self-reported MVPA did not demonstrate the greatest survival effects, high levels of physical activity did not appear to have harmful effects.

Family Cohesion and Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Among Mexican Origin Adolescents: A Longitudinal Perspective.

Existing racial/ethnic disparities in physical activity during childhood increase Hispanics' risk of developing chronic diseases, which serves to increase health disparities. This study examined associations of family cohesion and conflict with self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), controlling for psychosocial covariates such as subjective social status, anxiety, and sensation-seeking. 1000 Mexican origin adolescents reported their MVPA levels approximately 2 years apart. Psychosocial covariates, family cohesion and conflict were measured at the first assessment. Generalized Linear Models were used to prospectively examine the relationship between family cohesion and conflict and subsequent MVPA based on 711 participants who had low levels of baseline MVPA. 35% of boys and 24% of girls reported adequate MVPA levels at follow-up; girls were less likely to report adequate MVPA (RR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.61-0.93) than boys. Overall, family cohesion was associated with MVPA (P = .01), but family cohesion was not (P = .41). Gender-based analyses revealed that adequate MVPA was associated with family cohesion (RR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.03-1.88), sensation seeking (RR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.00-1.10), and age (RR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.74-0.98) among girls and with subjective social status (RR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.08-1.33) among boys. The family social environment and gender differences should be addressed in health promotion programs targeting MVPA.