Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus Research Articles

Abdominal obesity and healthcare costs related to hypertension and diabetes in older adults

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the association between excess abdominal fat and healthcare costs related to hypertension and diabetes Mellitus in older adults. Methods: These cross-sectional analyses are part of the Health, Wellbeing and Aging Study conducted in São Paulo, Brazil, with 806 older adults with self-reported hypertension and diabetes Mellitus. The study included the annual costs with medicines, hospital admissions, and outpatient services for hypertension and diabetes Mellitus control. Excess abdominal fat was diagnosed based on waist circumference. Level of physical activity, age, and gender were considered covariates. The sample was divided into two groups according to waist circumference. Multiple logistic regression analyzed the associations between annual costs and waist circumference. Results: The cost of services and hospitalizations (R$551.05; 95%CI=418.27-683.83) and total costs (R$817.77; 95%CI=669.21-966.33) were higher in the excess abdominal fat group. Older adults with high waist circumference had higher odds of increasing annual costs due to medicines (OR=2.6; 95%CI=1.13-3.77), regardless of gender, age, and level of physical activity. Conclusion: Healthcare costs for treating hypertension and diabetes Mellitus in older adults are higher in the presence of excess abdominal fat.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its associated factors in the Brazilian adult population: evidence from a population-based survey.

To estimate the prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus (DM) and its associated factors among the Brazilian adult population. The prevalence of DM was assessed in the Survey on Social Dimensions of Inequalities, a national survey with macro-regions representativeness carried out in 2008. Data were collected by a personal face-to-face interview with 12,423 individuals of both sexes, aged over 20 years. The χ2 test at 5.0% was performed in order to identify associated factors, and logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios. The prevalence of DM in Brazil was 7.5%. After adjusting for potential confounders, diabetes remained associated with age (≥ 40 years), education (< 8 years of study), marital status (non-married), obesity, sedentary lifestyle, comorbidity with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, as well as the demand for health services. Results indicate a high prevalence of DM and its associated preventable factors in Brazil. Thus, they highlight the need for a behavioral change as a strategy for prevention and control of diabetes and its complications.

Validation of self-reported diabetes in a representative sample of São Paulo city.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To validate the self-reported diabetes mellitus in adults and older adults living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.METHODS We have used data of 569 subjects (284 adults and 285 older adults), participants of the population-based cross-sectional study Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo (Health Survey of São Paulo). Fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) and/or use of drugs (oral hypoglycemic and/or insulin) defined the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. We have validated the self-reported diabetes mellitus by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values. We have used Poisson regression with robust variance to verify the factors associated with the sensitivity of the self-reported datum. For all analyses, we have considered the sample design of the study.RESULTS The sensitivity of self-reported diabetes mellitus was 63.8% (95%CI 49.2–76.3), specificity was 99.7% (95%CI 99.1–99.9), positive predictive value was 95.5% (95%CI 84.4–98.8), and negative predictive value was 96.9% (95%CI 94.9–98.2). The correct reporting of diabetes mellitus was more prevalent among older adults (PR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.2–3.5) than among adults.CONCLUSIONS The use of the datum of self-reported diabetes mellitus is valid, especially among older adults living in the city of São Paulo. The results highlight the need to track diabetes mellitus in asymptomatic subjects who have one or more risk factors for it, mainly in the adult population of this city.

Significance of inferior wall ischemia in non-dominant right coronary artery anatomy.

AIMTo investigate the relationship of inferior wall ischemia on myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with non-dominant right coronary artery anatomy.METHODSThis was a retrospective observational analysis of consecutive patients who presented to the emergency department with primary complaint of chest pain. Only patients who underwent single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) were included. Patients who showed a reversible defect on SPECT MPI and had coronary angiography during the same hospitalization was analyzed. Patients with prior history of coronary artery disease (CAD) including history of percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass graft surgerys were excluded. True positive and false positive results were identified on the basis of hemodynamically significant CAD on coronary angiography, in the same territory as identified on SPECT MPI. Coronary artery dominance was determined on coronary angiography. Patients were divided into group 1 and group 2. Group 1 included patients with non-dominant right coronary artery (RCA) (left dominant and codominant). Group 2 included patients with dominant RCA anatomy. Demographics, baseline characteristics and positive predictive value (PPV) were analyzed for the two groups.RESULTSThe mean age of the study cohort was 57.6 years. Sixty-one point seven percent of the patients were males. The prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia was 36%, 71.9% and 53.9% respectively. A comparison of baseline characteristics between the two groups showed that patients with a non-dominant RCA were more likely to be men. For inferior wall ischemia on SPECT MPI, patients in study group 2 had a significantly higher PPV, 32/42 (76.1%), compared to patients in group 1, in which only 3 out of the 29 patients (10.3%) had true positive results (P value < 0.001 Z test). The difference remained statistically significant even when only patients with left dominant coronary system (without co-dominant) were compared to patients with right dominant system (32/40, 76.1% in right dominant group, 3/19, 15.8% in left dominant group, P value < 0.001 Z test). There was no significant difference in mean hospital stay, re-hospitalization, and in-hospital mortality between the two groups.CONCLUSIONThe positive predictive value of SPECT MPI for inferior wall ischemia is affected by coronary artery dominance. More studies are needed to explain this phenomenon.

Detecting prediabetes among Hispanics/Latinos from diverse heritage groups: Does the test matter? Findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

The objectives of this analysis were to compare the ability of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), post oral load plasma glucose (2hPG), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) to identify U.S. Hispanic/Latino individuals with prediabetes, and to assess its cardiovascular risk factor correlates.This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 15,507 adults without self-reported diabetes mellitus from six Hispanic/Latino heritage groups, enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, which takes place in four U.S. communities. The prevalence of prediabetes was determined according to individual or combinations of ADA-defined cut points: FPG=5.6–7.0mmol/L, 2hPG=7.8–11.1mmol/L, and HbA1c=5.7%–6.4% (39–46mmol/mol). The sensitivity of these criteria to detect prediabetes was estimated. The prevalence ratios (PRs) for selected cardiovascular risk factors were compared among alternative categories of prediabetes versus normoglycemia [FPG<5.6mmol/L and 2hPG<7.8mmol/L and HbA1c<5.7% (39mmol/mol)].Approximately 36% of individuals met any of the ADA prediabetes criteria. Using 2hPG as the gold standard, the sensitivity of FPG was 40.1%, HbA1c was 45.6%, and that of HbA1c+FPG was 62.2%. The number of significant PRs for cardiovascular risk factors was higher among individuals with isolated 2hPG=7.8–11.1mmol/L, FPG=5.6–7.0mmol/L+HbA1c=5.7%–6.4%, or those who met the three prediabetes criteria.Assessing FPG, HbA1c, and cardiovascular risk factors in Hispanics/Latinos at risk might enhance the early prevention of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular complications in this young and growing population, independent of their heritage group.

Diabetes mellitus em Montes Claros: inquérito de prevalência autorreferida

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus in the population of Montes Claros. Methods: Cross-sectional, analytical study with population and household basis. The data collection instrument was based on the questionnaire proposed by the Ministry of Health to assess behaviors and risk factors for noncommunicable chronic diseases. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was surveyed through report made by the assessed individuals, in a northern city of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The association of self-reported diabetes to sociodemographic profile, lifestyle, use of health services, and perception of general health was evaluated through Poisson regression, with analysis of prevalence ratios. The average number of medical appointments in the public sector and hospitalization events in the year were compared between diabetics and nondiabetics. Statistical analysis considered the significance level at p<0.05 and 95% confidence interval. Results: There were 2,149 participants. Of these, 4.5% (n=96) reported having diabetes. The highest prevalence rate was related to the elderly (PR=1.047), those who consume soft drinks (PR=1.054), and those with negative self-perceived health (OR=1.017), p<0.05. The average number of medical appointments in the public sector was higher among diabetics, (2.53±3.420), as well as the average number of hospitalizations, (1.44±0.703), p<0.05. Conclusion: The prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus in this population was similar to the national scenario and showed association to the elderly, soft drink consumers and to those who perceive not having a good general health. Diabetes seems to contribute to the increased use of public health services.

Effects of Functional Disability and Depressive Symptoms on Mortality in Older Mexican-American Adults with Diabetes Mellitus.

To examine the effect of co-occurring depressive symptoms and functional disability on mortality in older Mexican-American adults with diabetes mellitus. Longitudinal cohort study. Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly (HEPESE) survey conducted in the southwestern United States (Texas, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, California). Community-dwelling Mexican Americans with self-reported diabetes mellitus participating in the HEPESE survey (N = 624). Functional disability was assessed using a modified version of the Katz activity of daily living scale. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Mortality was determined by examining death certificates and reports from relatives. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to examine the hazard of mortality as a function of co-occurring depressive symptoms and functional disability. Over a 9.2-year follow-up, 391 participants died. Co-occurring high depressive symptoms and functional disability increased the risk of mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 3.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.11-4.34). Risk was greater in men (HR = 8.11, 95% CI = 4.34-16.31) than women (HR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.42-3.43). Co-occurring depressive symptoms and functional disability in older Mexican-American adults with diabetes mellitus increases mortality risk, especially in men. These findings have important implications for research, practice, and public health interventions.

OS 27-06 INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS, DIASTOLIC FUNCTION, AND FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE

Objective: To explore the independent prognostic value of left ventricular (LV) mass, diastolic function, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) for the prediction of incident cardiac events in a random population sample. Design and Method: 415 women and 999 men aged 56–79 years, included between 2002-2006, underwent echocardiography based on groups defined by FPG, i.e. normal (NFG): FPG ≤ 6.0 mmol/L; impaired (IFG): FPG 6.1–6.9 mmol/L; and diabetes mellitus (DM): FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, self-reported DM, and/or on anti-diabetic drugs. Additive prognostic value of FPG category and echocardiography (LV mass index (LVMI), LV hypertrophy (LVH), averaged E/e, and diastolic function graded as normal, grade 1, or grade 2 + 3 diastolic dysfunction) to a prediction model with traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Cardiac events were defined as myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, or heart failure. Results: 37 % were classified as NFG, 26 % as IFG, and 37 % as DM. Median LVMI and E/e were 86 [74–102] g/m2 and 8 [6–10], respectively. Over a median follow-up time of 7.8 [7.2–8.7] years, 181 events occurred. The simple prediction model included age, gender, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, previous CV disease, and use of CV medication. Addition of averaged E/e (likelihood-ratio c2 11.69, p Conclusions: LVMI and E/e, but not FPG category provided additional adverse prognostic value on top of traditional CV risk factors. The combination of both glucometabolic and echocardiographic abnormalities was associated with a progressively greater risk of cardiac events.

A multilevel analysis of the ecological association between air pollution and self-reported diabetes mellitus

A multilevel analysis of the ecological association between air pollution and self-reported diabetes mellitus

Preterm Delivery and Metabolic Syndrome in Women Followed From Prepregnancy Through 25 Years Later.

To investigate whether women who deliver preterm have excess risk for metabolic dysregulation independent of prepregnancy factors. We conducted a multicenter, longitudinal, observational study of 1,205 women (50% black) in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study with at least one birth between baseline (1985-1986) and year 25 and no metabolic syndrome or diabetes before pregnancy. Cardiometabolic factors were measured prepregnancy and at up to five subsequent examinations. We estimated the relative hazards of incident metabolic syndrome in women with one or more preterm births (less than 37 weeks of gestation, n=295) compared with only term births (37 weeks of gestation or greater, n=910). Self-reported gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertension during pregnancy, and time-dependent weight gain were also considered as covariates. Of 315 cases of metabolic syndrome in 17,717 person-years of follow-up, the incidence rate was higher among women with preterm compared with term births (22.0 compared with 16.4 per 1,000 person-years; relative hazard 2.91 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.75-3.09]). After adjustment for prepregnancy cardiometabolic factors and covariates, the relative hazard (95% CI) for metabolic syndrome was 1.52 (1.22-1.88) for women with preterm compared with term births. Gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertension during pregnancy, and weight gain only modestly attenuated this association. Elevated blood pressure (36.3% compared with 26.7%, P=.002) and central adiposity (51.5% compared with 44.0%, P=.02) were the individual metabolic syndrome components that were different in women with preterm compared with term births. Women with a history of preterm birth have increased risk of incident metabolic syndrome compared with those with term births, independent of the prepregnancy metabolic status and pregnancy complications.

Identification of higher hospital costs and more frequent admissions among mid-aged Australian women who self-report diabetes mellitus

ObjectiveTo ascertain whether the hospital costs for mid-aged Australian women who self-reported diabetes mellitus (DM) and who had one or more hospital admission during an eight and a half year period were higher than the hospital costs for other similarly aged non-DM women. MethodsThe sample comprised 2,392 mid-aged women, resident in New South Wales (NSW) Australia and participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH), who had any NSW hospital admissions during the eight and a half year period 1 July 2000 to 31 December 2008. Analyses were conducted on linked data from ALSWH surveys and the NSW Admitted Patient Data Collection (APDC). Hospital costs were compared for the DM and non-DM cohorts of women. A generalized linear model measured the association between hospital costs and self-reported DM. ResultsEight and a half year hospital costs were 41% higher for women who self-reported DM in the ALSWH surveys (p<0.0001). On average, women who self-reported DM had significantly (p<0.0001) more hospital admissions (5.3) than women with no reported DM (3.4). The average hospital stay per admission was not significantly different between the two groups of women. ConclusionsSelf-reported DM status in mid-aged Australian women is a predictor of higher hospital costs. This simple measure can be a useful indicator for public policy makers planning early-stage interventions that target people in the population at risk of DM.

Polygenic risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus among individuals with psychosis and their relatives

BackgroundAn elevated prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been observed in people with psychotic disorders and their relatives compared to the general population. It is not known whether this population also has increased genetic risk for T2D. MethodsSubjects included probands with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or psychotic bipolar I disorder, their first-degree relatives without psychotic disorders, and healthy controls, who participated in the Bipolar Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes study. We constructed sets of polygenic risk scores for T2D (PGRST2D) and schizophrenia (PGRSSCHIZ) using publicly available data from genome-wide association studies. We then explored the correlation of PGRST2D with psychiatric proband or relative status, and with self-reported diabetes. Caucasians and African–Americans were analyzed separately. We also evaluated correlations between PGRSSCHIZ and diabetes mellitus among Caucasian probands and their relatives. ResultsIn Caucasians, PGRST2D was correlated with self-reported diabetes mellitus within probands, but was not correlated with proband or relative status in the whole sample. In African–Americans, a PGRST2D based on selected risk alleles for T2D in this population did not correlate with proband or relative status. PGRSSCHIZ was not correlated with self-reported diabetes within Caucasian probands. ConclusionDifferences in polygenic risk for T2D do not explain the increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus observed in psychosis probands and their relatives.

Association between Self-Reported Habitual Snoring and Diabetes Mellitus: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Aim. Several studies have reported an association between self-reported habitual snoring and diabetes mellitus (DM); however, the results are inconsistent. Methods. Electronic databases including PubMed and EMBASE were searched. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of the association between snoring and DM using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses were also evaluated. Begg's, Egger's tests and funnel plots were used to evaluate publication bias. Results. A total of eight studies (six cross sectional and two prospective cohort studies) pooling 101,246 participants were included. Of the six cross sectional studies, the summary OR and 95% CI of DM in individuals that snore compared with nonsnorers were 1.37 (95% CI: 1.20–1.57, p < 0.001). There was no heterogeneity across the included studies (I 2 = 2.9%, p = 0.408). When stratified by gender, the pooled OR (95% CI) was 1.59 (1.20–2.11) in females (n = 12298), and 0.89 (0.65–1.22) in males (n = 4276). Of the two prospective studies, the pooled RR was 1.65 (95% CI, 1.30–2.08). Conclusions. Self-reported habitual snoring is statistically associated with DM in females, but not in males. This meta-analysis indicates a need to paying attention to the effect of snoring on the occurrence of DM in females.

Preconception care in Saudi women with diabetes mellitus.

Background:The rate of preexisting diabetes mellitus (DM) in Saudi Arabia is one of the highest in the world. The role of preconception care (PCC) is well-established as a means of improving pregnancy outcomes in DM.Objectives:To assess the rate of preconception counseling, the level of PCC knowledge, and the rate of unplanned pregnancies in Saudi women with DM.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 355 Saudi women aged 18–49 years with self-reported DM. The study questionnaire contained variables about the provision of preconception counseling, knowledge of PCC facts, and the number of unplanned pregnancies after developing DM. The level of PCC knowledge was evaluated using a modified Likert scale. Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20 was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation, and percentages were calculated; t-test was used for statistical significance.Results:About one-third of the participants had received preconception counseling after being diagnosed with DM. Counseling on PCC for older and married participants was significantly less. Of the 355 participants, 42.8% had little or no PCC knowledge. All pregnancies that occurred after developing DM were unplanned.Conclusions:The rate of preconception counseling, the level of PCC knowledge in the studied Saudi women with DM is suboptimal, and none of the pregnancies that occurred after developing DM was planned. The study highlights the need for PCC programs that target all Saudi women of child-bearing age with DM, and their families starting at the age of puberty and at diagnosis of type 2DM, to optimize women's health and improve pregnancy outcomes.

Oral Glucose Tolerance Testing identifies HIV+ infected women with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) not captured by standard DM definition.

ObjectiveHIV-infected (HIV+) individuals may have differential risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) compared to the general population, and the optimal diagnostic algorithm for DM in HIV+ persons remains unclear. We aimed to assess the utility of oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) for DM diagnosis in a cohort of women with or at risk for HIV infection.MethodsUsing American Diabetic Association DM definitions, DM prevalence and incidence were assessed among women enrolled in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study. DM was defined by 2-hour OGTT ≥ 200 mg/dL (DM_OGTT) or a clinical definition (DM_C) that included any of the following: (i) anti-diabetic medication use or self-reported DM confirmed by either fasting glucose (FG) ≥126 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, (ii) FG ≥ 126 mg/dL confirmed by a second FG ≥ 126 mg/dL or HbA1c 6.5%, or (iii) HbA1c 6.5% confirmed by FG ≥ 126 mg/dL cohort.ResultsOverall, 390 women (285 HIV+, median age 43 years; 105 HIV−, median age 37 years) were enrolled between 2003-2006. Over half of all women were African American. Using DM_C, DM prevalence rates were 5.6% and 2.8% among HIV+ and HIV− women, respectively. Among HIV+ women, adding DM_OGTT to DM_C increased DM prevalence from 5.6% to 7.4%, a 31% increase in the number of diabetes cases diagnosed (p=0.02). In HIV− women, no additional cases were diagnosed by DM-OGTT.ConclusionIn HIV+ women, OGTT identified DM cases that were not identified by a standardized clinical definition. Further investigation is needed to determine whether OGTT should be considered as an adjunctive tool for DM diagnosis in the setting of HIV infection.

Diabetes Mellitus and Site-specific Colorectal Cancer Risk in Korea: A Case-control Study.

Objectives:Previous large-scale cohort studies conducted in Korea have found a positive association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and colorectal cancer (CRC) in men only, in contrast to studies of other populations that have found significant associations in both men and women.Methods:A total of 1070 CRC cases and 2775 controls were recruited from the National Cancer Center, Korea between August 2010 and June 2013. Self-reported DM history and the duration of DM were compared between cases and controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by binary and polytomous logistic regression models.Results:DM was associated with an elevated risk of CRC in both men (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.90) and women (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.24 to 2.98). This association remained when we controlled for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and physical activity level. In sub-site analyses, DM was associated with distal colon cancer risk in both men (multivariate OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.39 to 3.00) and women (multivariate ORs, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.05 to 3.79), while DM was only associated with rectal cancer risk in women (multivariate OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.10 to 3.82). No significant association was found between DM and proximal colon cancer risk in either men (multivariate OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.88 to 2.41) or women (multivariate OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 0.78 to 4.08).Conclusions:Overall, DM was associated with an increased risk of CRC in Koreans. However, potential over-estimation of the ORs should be considered due to potential biases from the case-control design.

Health care among adults with self-reported diabetes mellitus in Brazil, National Health Survey, 2013.

To describe the care measurements provided to patients with self-reported diabetes mellitus in Brazil. Data from the Brazilian National Health Survey (2013) were used. This is a cross-sectional population-based study in which the subjects with self-reported diabetes mellitus answered questions concerning their use of health services and access to medicine. The prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus was 6.2%, while 11.5% of the population had never undergone a glucose testing. From the adults with diabetes mellitus, 80.2% had taken medications two weeks before the interview, 57.4% used the Popular Pharmacy Program, 73.2% received medical care, and 47.1% were cared for in the Health Basic Units. In 65.2%, the physician who cared for them in the last appointment was the same from previous ones, 95.3% of the patients were able to perform the required complementary examinations, and 83.3% could go to the appointments with a specialist. About 35.6 and 29.1% of the subjects with diabetes mellitus reported feet and eyes examination, respectively. About 13.4% declared previous hospitalization owing to diabetes or any complications, and 7.0% mentioned limitations in their daily activities owing to the disease. In general, women and the elderly people, those with higher education levels, white, and those living in the south and southeastern regions showed a higher prevalence of the disease and greater access to services, medicine, and appointments. The care reported by patients with diabetes, which is essential to maintain their quality of life and prevent serious outcomes, seemed, in most cases, to be adequate.

Older Adults Reporting More Diabetes Mellitus Care Have Greater 9-Year Survival.

To determine whether receiving more recommended diabetes mellitus (DM) care processes (tests and screenings) would translate into better 9-year survival for middle-aged and older adults. Longitudinal mortality analysis using the Health and Retirement Study Diabetes Mailout Survey. Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Individuals aged 51 and older (n=1,879; mean age 68.8±8.7, 26.5% aged ≥75) with self-reported DM who completed the Diabetes Mailout Survey and the core 2002 HRS survey. A composite measure of five self-reported diabetes mellitus care process measures were dichotomized as greater (3-5 processes) versus fewer (0-2 processes) care processes provided. Cox proportional hazards models were used to test relationships between reported measures and mortality, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, function, comorbidities, geriatric conditions, and insulin use. Prevalence of self-reported care processes was 80.1% for glycosylated hemoglobin test, 75.9% for urine test, 67.5% for eye examination, 67.7% for aspirin counseling, and 48.2% for diabetes education. In 9years, 32.1% respondents died. Greater care correlated with 24% lower risk of dying (adjusted hazard ratio=0.76, 95% confidence interval=0.64-0.91) at 9-year follow up. When respondents were age-stratified (≥75 vs <75) longer survival was statistically significant only in the older age group. Although it is not possible to account for differences in adherence to care that may also affect survival, this study demonstrates that monitoring of and counseling about types of DM care processes are associated with long-term survival benefit even in individuals aged 75 and older with DM.

Prevalence of hypertension among federal ministry civil servants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a call for a workplace-screening program.

BackgroundThe prevalence of hypertension (HTN) is increasing rapidly in Ethiopia, but data are limited on hypertension prevalence in specific workplaces. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among federal ministry civil servants.MethodsInstitutional based cross sectional study was conducted from February to April 2014. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 655study participants. A standardized questionnaire adapted from The World Health Organization’s (WHO) STEP tool was used to collect the data. In this study, HTN was defined as mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 140/90 mmHg and above, and patients on regular drug therapy for H. Data were entered into EPI-Info 3.5.2 and analyzed by SPSS version 20. Binary logistic regression model was used to identify associated factors. Odds ratio with 95 % CI was computed to assess the strength of the association and significant level.ResultThe prevalence of hypertension was found to be 27.3 % (95 % CI 23.3 – 31 %). Civil servants of age 48 years and above [AOR = 5.88, 95 % CI: 2.36-14.67], age 38-47 years [AOR = 2.80, 95 % CI: 1.18-6.60] and age 28-37 years [AOR = 2.35, 95 % CI: 1.00-5.56]) were more likely to be hypertensive. Similarly, ever cigarette smoking [AOR =2.34(1.31-4.17), family history of hypertension [AOR = 3.26, 95 % CI 1.96-5.40], self-reported Diabetes Mellitus (DM) [AOR = 13.56, 95 % CI: 6.91-26.6], and body mass index (BMI > 25 kg/m2) [AOR = 7.36, 95 % CI: 2.36-14.67] were found to be significantly associated with hypertension.ConclusionThe prevalence of hypertension among federal ministry civil servants was found to be high; which is an indication for institution based hypertension-screening programs especially focusing on those aged 28 years and above, obese, DM patients and cigarette smokers.

Prevalência e perfil das pessoas com diabetes cadastradas no sistema de Informação Da Atenção Básica (SIAB)

Objective: To assess the prevalence and profile of people with self-reported diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study conducted with secondary data extracted from the Sistema de Informacao da Atencao Basica - SIAB (Primary Care Information System). Data were obtained from the Municipal Health Secretariat during March and April 2014. SIAB data collected referred to the population with self-reported diabetes (15 years and older) of the municipality of Lajeado, RS, for the period between 2011 and 2013 and underwent descriptive statistical analysis using the SPSS 21.0 software. Results: We found that the prevalence of people with DM remained the same throughout the years studied (3.0% in 2011, 3.1% in 2012, and 3.0% in 2013). This population was mostly aged over 60 (60% in 2011, 58% in 2012, and 60% in 2013), literate (88% in 2011, 89.9% in 2012, and 90.7% in 2013), and predominantly female (63.2% in 2011, 62.9% in 2012, and 63.7% in 2013) and hypertensive (77.5% in 2011, 76.1% in 2012, and 76.9% in 2013). The prevalence of pregnant women with diabetes was of 0.5% in 2012 and of 0.3% in 2013, with no cases in 2011. Conclusion: The prevalence of self-reported DM in the municipality is around 3% for the years analyzed, which is below the national average. It was found that the majority of the population with DM is older, female, literate and hypertensive, and there is a low prevalence DM among pregnant women.