Self-reported Body Weight Research Articles

Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine in men who have sex with men: Slovenian national demonstration project.

Prevalence of HIV in Slovenia is low, and men who have sex with men (MSM) have the highest risk for infection. Rates of enrolment into HIV care, initiation of antiretroviral therapy and reaching an undetectable viral load in HIV-infected patients are very high. Prevention of HIV infection for MSM with PrEP is not formally available in Slovenia. The aim of this study was to demonstrate possible implementation of PrEP in Slovenia. Sixty-nine (n = 69) MSM with increased risk for HIV received PrEP with oral tenofovir disproxil fumarate /emtricitabine and acquisition were followed for a mean of 566.6days. They had 71 episodes of STIs (incidence 61.7 per 100 person-years). No one got acquired HIV infection. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (EGFR) was significantly lower 4 (p = 0.014) and 19 (p = 0.021) months after inclusion; however, there was no clinically significant renal failure (mean EGFR 110-115mL/min). Self-reported body weight significantly increased after 7months (p < 0.05). Overall EGFR and self-reported body weight did not change significantly. No significant change in adherence (overall mean 81.0%; 95% CI 77.5%-84.6%; p = 0.728), condom use (p = 0.077) and number of sexual partners (overall mean 2.36 per 30days; 95% CI 2.06 to 2.65; p = 0.235) was found throughout the study. Participants reported 110 graded adverse effects (AE), 104 (94.5%) grade 1-2 and 6 (5.5%) grade 3-4. No participant discontinued PrEP due to AE. The study showed successful implementation of PrEP among MSM at high risk for HIV infection in Slovenia. Based on the results of our study, PrEP should be formally available in Slovenia.

Anxiety, anhedonia and food consumption during the COVID-19 quarantine in Chile

The current epidemic of COVID-19 has gained attention and highlighted the need for a better understanding of the population's mental health. Diet has been identified as an environmental determinant of mental health. In this regard, it has been suggested that the consumption of palatable foods represents a strategy to mitigate negative emotions, such as anxiety. This study aimed to evaluate the association between symptoms of anxiety and/or anhedonia to food consumption patterns during the period of COVID-19 quarantine in Chile. We conducted a cross-sectional study with non-randomized sampling via an online survey. A total of 1725 responses were collected. Each person self-answered the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale for anhedonia, the Food Intake Questionnaire, and questions regarding type and duration of lockdown, as well as body weight and food serving variation. Significant correlations were observed between fried food consumption and self-reported body weight. The subjects who consumed fried food three times a week, had higher weight (63.5%) (χ2 = 48.5 and p < 0.001). Those who ate one and two or more pastries on a week had 1.41 and 1.49, respectively higher odds of reporting increased body weight. We found a relationship anxiety level and sugar-sweetened beverages level (χ2 = 25.5; p 0.013), fast food intake (χ2 = 63.4; p < 0.001), and pastry consumption (χ2 = 37.7; p < 0.001). In conclusion, it is important to monitor the evolution of these findings since they could represent a risk of increased health problems in the future post-lockdown period.

Factors Related to Weight Gain in Subjects with Sleeve Gastrectomy During Lockdown by the COVID-19 Pandemic.

PurposeThe COVID-19 pandemic could exacerbate the risk factors for weight gain in patients with previous bariatric surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors related to weight gain during lockdown in patients with a sleeve gastrectomy.Materials and MethodsA group of 48 obese subjects with previous bariatric surgery was enrolled. After a 7-week confinement, a telephone interview was conducted. In this phone call, self-reported body weight gain and different factors were recorded. In order to obtain the basal and pre-surgical data, biochemical and anthropometric parameters were recorded from electronic medical record.ResultsThe mean age was 45.3±8.0 years (range: 23–61) and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 32.5±7.5 kg/m2 (range: 28.6–34.2). Gender distribution was 38 females (79.2%) and 10 males (20.8%). The increase in self-reported body weight was 3.8±2.1 kg during the 7 weeks of confinement. And the self-reported body weight gain was lower in subjects with regular exercise (4.6±0.9 vs 1.1±0.3 kg; p=0.02). The number of face-to-face visits to the nutrition office that did not attend was 0.61±0.81 (range: 0–4) per patient. In the multiple regression analysis with self-reported body weight gain as a dependent variable, the physical activity (minutes/week) remained as a protective factor with a beta coefficient of −0.09 (95% CI: −0.001 to 0.016; p=0.03) and number of face-to-face appointments in the nutrition consultation missed as a risk factor with a beta coefficient of 9.65 (95% CI: 1.17–18.12; p=0.03).ConclusionsThe increase in self-reported body weight is associated with a decrease in physical activity and the loss of face-to-face visits to the Nutrition Unit.

The Implications of Self-Reported Body Weight and Height for Measurement Error in BMI

We designed an experiment to explore the extent of measurement error in body mass index (BMI), when based on self-reported body weight and height. We find that there is a systematic age gradient in the reporting error in BMI, while there is limited evidence of systematic associations with gender, education and income. This is reassuring evidence for the use of self-reported BMI in studies that use it as an outcome, for example, to analyse socioeconomic gradients in obesity. However, our results suggest a complex structure of non-classical measurement error in BMI, depending on both individuals' and within-household peers' true BMI. This may bias studies that use BMI based on self-reported data as a regressor. Common methods to mitigate reporting error in BMI using predictions from corrective equations do not fully eliminate reporting heterogeneity associated with individual and within-household true BMI. Overall, the presence of non-classical error in BMI highlights the importance of collecting measured body weight and height data in large social science datasets.

PAM6 Disordered Eating Behavior Among Dietitians

Dietitians are at higher risk for orthorexia nervosa, because they have higher expectations of their appearance. The purpose of our study was to determine the association between orthorexia nervosa (ON), eating behaviours and BMI among dietitians. We conducted a quantitative, cross-sectional study among registered dietitians in Hungary by using non-random sampling (n=186). We used a self-edited questionnaire supplementing with EAT-26 and ORTO-11 questionnaire. Self-reported body height and weight were used to calculate BMI. The evaluation of the data was carried out with SPSSv22, including descriptive statistics, Student-t test, multiple linear logistic regression. More than half (61.5%) of the participants had normal body weight, but 16.57% of them had ON tendency. There was no significant difference between the mean BMI (23.87±5.03 kg/m2 vs 23.53±4.32 kg/m2; p=0.693) among the risk group and healthy participants. The mean EAT-26 score of the participants was 12.85±9.71 however 18.3% of the participants were at high risk for eating disorders. We found significant negative correlations (r= -0.483; p<0.001) between the total ORTO-11 scores and EAT-26 scores in the group with ON tendencies. Multiple linear logistic regression failed to detect any significant relationships between the total ON-score and the working experience (β = 0.043, 95%CI = -0.163 to 0.250, p = 0.68), or BMI (β = 0.096, 95%CI = 0.317 to 0.250, p =0.39). Our results demonstrated that the participants had normal nutritional status, which is essential for effective nutrition counseling. The majority of the participants had no risk for eating disorder based on their eating attitudes and behaviors.Our results showed that the risk of orthorexia is present among dietitians and really important to pay attention to prevent this disease. Also our findings suggest that the systematic screening in practice can be a good prevention.

The Accuracy of Self-Reported Body Weight Is High but Dependent on Recent Weight Change and Negative Affect in Teenage Girls.

Background: Research studies often rely on self-reported weight to calculate body mass index. The present study investigated how the accuracy of self-reported body weight in adolescent girls is affected by overweight/obesity, race/ethnicity, and mental health factors. Methods: In a cohort of girls who participated in the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls at ages 11 and 17 (n = 588), self-reported and measured weight were compared, and linear regression models were fitted to model the over- or underreporting. The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to calculate depressive symptom subscales for negative affect, anhedonia and somatic symptoms. Results: Allowing 3% difference between self-reported and measured weight for the correct reporting of body weight, 59.2% of girls reported their weight correctly, 30.3% underreported (−5.8 ± 4.8 kg), and 10.5% overreported (4.3 ± 3.5 kg). The average difference between self-reported and measured body weight was −1.5 ± 4.3 kg (p < 0.001). Factors for misreporting body weight were overweight (β ± SE − 2.60 ± 0.66%), obesity (β ± SE − 2.41 ± 0.71%), weight change between ages 11 and 17 (β ± SE − 0.35 ± 0.04% for each kg), height change between ages 11 and 17 (β ± SE 0.29 ± 0.10% for each cm), and negative affect (β ± SE − 0.18 ± 0.08% for each score unit). Conclusions: The difference between self-reported and measured body weight in adolescent girls is relatively small. However, the accuracy of self-reported body weight may be lower in girls with overweight or obesity, recent weight and height change, and higher negative affect.

Brain Responses to Food Odors Associated With BMI Change at 2-Year Follow-Up.

The understanding of food cue associated neural activations that predict future weight variability may guide the design of effective prevention programs and treatments for overeating and obesity. The current study investigated the association between brain response to different food odors with varied energy density and individual changes of body mass index (BMI) over 2 years. Twenty-five participants received high-fat (chocolate and peanut), low-fat (bread and peach) food odors, and a nonfood odor (rose) while the brain activation was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). BMIs were calculated with participant’s self-reported body weight and height collected at the time of the fMRI scan and again at 2 years later. Regression analyses revealed significant negative correlations between BMI increase over 2 years and brain activation of the bilateral precuneus and the right posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in response to high-fat vs. low-fat food odors. Also, brain activation of the right supplementary motor area (SMA) in response to food vs. non-food odor was negatively correlated to subsequent BMI increase over 2 years. Taken together, the current findings suggest that individual differences in neural responsivity to (high calorie) food odors in brain regions of the default mode and motor control network serve as a neural marker for future BMI change.

Usability and experience testing to refine an online intervention to prevent weight gain in new kidney transplant recipients.

Weight gain in the first year following kidney transplantation increases the risk of adverse health outcomes. Currently, there is no recognized intervention available to prevent weight gain after kidney transplantation. An online kidney transplant-specific resource, entitled Exercise in Renal Transplant Online (ExeRTiOn), has been co-created by a multi-professional team, including patients, to assist with weight prevention. This study aimed to evaluate patient and health care professional usability and experience of the ExeRTiOn online resource. Qualitative study utilizing 'Think-Aloud' and semi-structured interviews. Participants (n=17) were purposively sampled to include new kidney transplant recipients (n=11) and transplant health care professionals (n=6). Kidney transplant recipient participants were from a spread of physical activity levels based on scores from the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ). 'Think-Aloud' interviews assessed the usability of ExeRTiOn. Semi-structured interviews explored participants' experience of ExeRTiOn, weight gain, and physical activity. The data set were analysed thematically. Participant characteristics, including login data and self-reported body weight, were collected. Data analyses identified valued intervention content and usability aspects which were summarized by two themes. The first theme 'You need to know how to manage yourself' included subthemes: (1) the resource filled a guidance gap, (2) expert patient content resonated, and (3) the importance of goal setting and monitoring progress. The second theme 'room for improvement' included subthemes: (2) web support and (2) content and operational change suggestions. Results have allowed for identification of potential areas for resource refinement. This has facilitated iterative enhancement of ExeRTiOn in preparation for a randomized controlled feasibility trial.

20-year trends in overweight, nutrition and physical activity habits among Lithuanian population

Abstract Background Changes in diet and physical activity can affect the prevalence of overweight. The study aimed to evaluate trends in overweight and lifestyle factors among Lithuanian population considering socio-demographic factors. Methods The data were obtained from eleven cross-sectional postal surveys of Lithuanian Health Behaviour Monitoring, carried out in 1994-2014. For every survey, a nationally representative random sample of 3000-4000 individuals aged 20-64 was drawn from the National Population Register. In total, 8738 men and 11822 women participated in these surveys. Self-reported body weight and height were used to calculate BMI. Questions about food consumption and physical activity were included in questionnaires. Results Between 1994 and 2014, the proportion of men with overweight (BMI≥25 kg/m2) increased from 47.5% to 58.6 and the proportion of men with obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2) - from 10.7% to 19.5%. The increasing trends were observed in all socio-demographic groups. In women, the prevalence of overweight decreased from 51.7% in 1994 to 46.0% in 2014; the prevalence of obesity has not changed significantly and was 17.3% in 2014. The most remarkable decrease in BMI was observed in women of the youngest age group and with university education. Socio-demographic differences in the trends in nutrition habits were in line with changes in BMI. The highest decrease in fatty meat and milk products consumption and an increase in fresh vegetable consumption were reported by younger, highly educated and living in city women. Since 1994, the proportion of men and women having leisure-time physical activity at least four times a week has increased, however, only to 29.1% of men and 24.5% of women. Older people and those with lower education were less physically active. Conclusions Over 20 years, the prevalence of overweight increased in Lithuanian men and decreased in women. These trends were related to trends in diet and physical activity habits. Key messages Over 20 years, the increasing trends in the prevalence of overweight were observed in all socio-demographic groups of men and decreasing trends in the youngest age group and high-educated women. Positive changes in BMI were associated with improvement in food habits and physical activity level.

Abstract 5746: Lifetime body mass index trajectory and pancreatic cancer risk in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial

Abstract Pancreatic cancer is the third-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women in the United States and has the lowest 5-year survival rate among all common cancers. The etiology of pancreatic cancer virtually remains elusive, with cigarette smoking and family history as the only well-established risk factors. Therefore, it is critical to identify lifestyle and other modifiable risk factors to reduce incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer. It is biologically plausible that overweight and obesity modulate the risk of pancreatic cancer as they induce chronic inflammation and promote the occurrence of type-2 diabetes. However, previous studies on the association between longitudinal changes in weight status and pancreatic cancer risk are inconsistent. The present study was conducted to investigate the association between lifetime trajectory of body mass index (BMI) and risk of pancreatic cancer among participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. BMI (kg/m2) was calculated from self-reported body weight and height of the participants at age 20, age 50, and time of entry into the cohort (ages 55-74). Of 148,447 men and women who completed a valid baseline questionnaire, 711 developed pancreatic cancer during a median follow-up period of 12 years. Using SAS Proc Traj, we identified 5 BMI trajectory groups: normal-steady, normal-overweight-normal, normal-overweight, normal-obese, and overweight-obese. Normal weight, overweight, and obesity were defined as BMI≤25, 25&amp;lt;BMI&amp;lt;30, and BMI≥30, respectively. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for pancreatic cancer risk in relation to BMI trajectory group were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. After adjustment for age, sex, race, family history of pancreatic cancer, cigarette smoking, and randomization, BMI trajectory was not significantly associated with pancreatic cancer risk. Compared with normal-steady group, HRs (95% CIs) were 1.09, (0.73, 1.62), 0.99 (0.79, 1.25), 1.02 (0.84, 1.23), and 1.21 (0.95, 1.54) for normal-overweight-normal, normal-overweight, normal-obese, and overweight-obese groups, respectively. However, a marginally increased risk of pancreatic cancer was observed for overweight-obese group when analysis was confined to localized and surgically resectable tumor [1.52 (0.97, 2.67)] and metastatic tumor [1.33 (0.99, 1.80)]. Subjects who were overweight at age 20 exhibited an increased risk of pancreatic cancer [1.23 (1.00, 1.52)] compared with those who had a normal weight at the same age. Similar results were not obtained for weight status reflected by BMI at age 50 and study enrollment. In conclusion, the present study reveals that lifetime BMI trajectory does not significantly alter pancreatic cancer risk but suggests that overweight early in life may confer an elevated risk for this fatal malignancy. Citation Format: Jianjun Zhang, Margaret Hoyt. Lifetime body mass index trajectory and pancreatic cancer risk in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5746.

Exploring Body Image In Breast Cancer

Treatments for breast cancer are invasive, causing visible changes such as loss of the breast, weight gain, and hair loss. These changes in conjunction with the societal pressure for women to conform to feminine beauty ideals may lead to body image disturbance in breast cancer survivors (BCS). Exercise is a positive health strategy that has shown promise in improving body image perception in both general and cancer populations. PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of body image and body weight concerns in BCS participating in an exercise program and to see if a program focussing on fitness and cancer related symptoms results in improvements in self-reported body image and body weight. METHODS: The study took place at Wellspring Edmonton; a nonprofit centre that offers supportive programs to meet the psychological, emotional and educational needs of individuals and families living with cancer in Canada. Participants were BCS taking part in the Alberta Cancer Exercise (ACE) Program at the Wellspring site, twice weekly for 12 weeks. Patient-reported outcomes, including questions related to body appearance and weight concerns were collected before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed to compare the proportion of women reporting issues at baseline and post-intervention. Data collection began January 2017 and ended June 2019. RESULTS: Eighty-six BCS enrolled and completed the ACE program (100%), with an exercise attendance rate of 84%. Twenty-five (29%) BCS reported body appearance disturbance and 42 (49%) reported issues with body weight. Significant reductions were seen post-intervention in the proportion of BCS reporting issues with both body appearance (n = 14; p<0.05) and body weight (n=31; p<0.05), representing reductions of 44% and 26% respectively. Similar to findings of previous research, no significant changes (p >0.05) were observed in BMI or body weight. CONCLUSION: Issues with body appearance and weight are common among BCS at our Wellspring site. Although benefit was seen in some BCS from exercise alone; given that body image can affect BCS physically, psychologically and socially, research involving a multi-disciplinary approach is warranted. Wellspring provides an ideal setting for future research involving multimodal interventions. Supported by the University of Alberta

Effect of BMI and Perceived Importance of Health on the Health Behavior of College Students: Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundBoth body mass index (BMI) and the perceived importance of health have received a lot of attention, but few studies have fully investigated the interaction of their effects on health behaviors.ObjectiveThis study investigates the effects of BMI and the perceived importance of health on health behaviors (patterns of eating, sleeping, and exercising) among college students in Taiwan.MethodsA survey was conducted with 334 students to assess their perception of the importance of health (using indicators) and their health behavior (using the Health Behaviors Scale). Respondent BMI was calculated from self-reported body weight and height. Descriptive statistical analysis, independent t test analysis, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and one-way ANOVA were conducted.ResultsThe results showed a significant difference between genders in health behaviors among college students (eating: t332=2.17, P=.03; exercise: t332=5.57, P<.001; sleep: t332=2.58, P=.01). Moreover, there was an interaction between BMI and perception (of the importance of health) for exercise behaviors (F2,328=3.50, P=.03), but not for eating behaviors (F2,328=0.12, P=.89) or sleep behaviors (F2,328=1.64, P=.20).ConclusionsThis study establishes, for the first time, the interaction of BMI and the perceived importance of health on health behaviors. The perception of health was found to have a significant effect on exercise behaviors. Thus, the perception of health plays a significant role in the exercise behaviors of college students in Taiwan. This finding provides researchers, policy makers, and practitioners with evidence, and consequently, opportunities for focusing on preventive actions. The findings suggest that increasing the importance of health in the perception of college students, should be the focus of efforts to help students exercise more regularly.

Validation of self-reported weight among users of the Belo Horizonte Health Fitness Center Program, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2017.

to validate self-reported body weight of Programa Academia da Saúde (PAS) users in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, and to identify factors associated with weight error. self-reported body weight, obtained by telephone interview, was compared to measured weight; we used Student's t-test, ANOVA, Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, the Bland-Altman method and Kappa coefficient; women's self-reported weight was corrected according to measured weight using multiple regression. 441 users participated; weight self-reported by men was valid (error=0; p=0.15); overweight classification concordance was 94.3% (Kappa=0.88); errors were greater in the case of self-reported weight by women over 30 years old and overweight women (-0.8kg; error≠0; p<0.01); after correction using multiple regression, self-reported weight validity was satisfactory (error=0; p=0.99). self-reported weight of men can be used for research and health surveillance, but for women correction is required.

A U-Shaped Relationship Between the Prevalence of Frailty and Body Mass Index in Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults: The Kyoto-Kameoka Study.

The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and frailty remains unclear. Using two validated frailty assessment tools, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the prevalence of frailty and BMI in Japanese older adults. This cross-sectional study used baseline data of 7191 individuals aged ≥65 years, living in Kameoka City, Kyoto, Japan. The BMI was calculated based on self-reported height and body weight, and classified into six categories. Frailty was defined using two validated assessment tools, the Fried phenotype (FP) model and Kihon Checklist (KCL). We evaluated the relationship between frailty and BMI using a multivariate restricted cubic spline logistic regression. The prevalence of frailty defined using the FP model was 25.3%, 19.6%, 14.3%, 12.4%, 12.6%, and 19.4% for each BMI category of <18.5, 18.5–19.9, 20.0–22.4, 22.5–24.9, 25.0–27.4, and ≥27.5 kg/m2, respectively. The spline model showed a significant U-shaped relationship between BMI and the prevalence of frailty defined using both, KCL and FP models. This study found that the BMI range corresponding to lowest prevalence of frailty defined using both tools was 21.4–25.7 kg/m2. Thus, a healthy BMI may reduce the prevalence of frailty, and the risk of frailty needs to be evaluated in individuals who are underweight or overweight.

Effects of Bariatric Surgery in Early- and Adult-Onset Obesity in the Prospective Controlled Swedish Obese Subjects Study.

Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for obesity, but it is unknown if outcomes differ between adults with early- versus adult-onset obesity. We investigated how obesity status at 20 years of age affects outcomes after bariatric surgery later in life. The Swedish Obese Subjects study is a prospective matched study performed at 25 surgical departments and 480 primary health care centers. Participants aged 37-60 years with BMI ≥34 kg/m2 (men) or ≥38 kg/m2 (women) were recruited between 1987 and 2001; 2,007 participants received bariatric surgery and 2,040 usual care. Self-reported body weight at 20 years of age was used to stratify patients into subgroups with normal BMI (<25 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2), or obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Body weight, energy intake, and type 2 diabetes status were examined over 10 years, and incidence of cardiovascular and microvascular disease was determined over up to 26 years using data from health registers. There were small but statistically significant differences in reduction of body weight among the subgroups after bariatric surgery (interaction P = 0.032), with the largest reductions among those with obesity aged 20 years. Bariatric surgery increased type 2 diabetes remission (odds ratios 4.51, 4.90, and 5.58 in subgroups with normal BMI, overweight, or obesity at 20 years of age, respectively; interaction P = 0.951), reduced type 2 diabetes incidence (odds ratios 0.15, 0.13, and 0.15, respectively; interaction P = 0.972), and reduced microvascular complications independent of obesity status at 20 years of age (interaction P = 0.650). The association between bariatric surgery and cardiovascular disease was similar in the subgroups (interaction P = 0.674). Surgical complications were similar in the subgroups. The treatment benefits of bariatric surgery in adults are similar regardless of obesity status at 20 years of age.

Effect of lockdown for COVID-19 on self-reported body weight gain in a sample of obese patients.

Objective: the COVID-19 pandemic, by restricting population mobility, may exacerbate the risk factors for weight gain associated with physical inactivity and increased consumption of calorie-dense foods. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the risk factors related to self-reported body weight gain among obese subjects. Methods: the study involved a population of 284 adult obese subjects. After a 7-week confinement period starting on March 17, a telephone interview (May 4 through 7) was conducted. In this phone call, self-reported body weight gain and a number of factors were recorded. In order to obtain the baseline data of this population, biochemical and anthropometric parameters were collected from electronic medical records. Results: mean age was 60.4 ± 10.8 years (range: 23-71) and mean body mass index (BMI) was 35.4 ± 4.7 kg/m2 (range: 30.6-41.2). Gender distribution was 211 females (74.3 %) and 73 males (25.7 %). Self-reported body weight gain was 1.62 ± 0.2 kg. Among patients who reported doing a lot of exercise self-reported body weight gain was lower (1.62 ± 0.2 vs 1.12 ± 0.3 kg; p = 0.02). Regarding eating habits, patients recognized snacking in 17 % of the sample. Patients who reported snacking had higher self-reported body weight gains (2.60 ± 0.36 vs 1.30 ± 0.17 kg; p = 0.001). The remaining variables did not influence self-reported body weight gain. In the multiple regression analysis with self-reported body weight gain as dependent variable, adjusted for age, sex, and physical activity, the snaking habit remained a risk factor: beta = 1.21 (95 % CI: 1.11-2.13; p = 0.01). Conclusions: the lockdown decreed during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has produced an increase in self-reported body weight among obese subjects, which was related to the habit of taking snacks.

Obesity, dietary sugar and dental caries in Australian adults

Objectives: To determine the association of overweight/obesity, dental caries and dietary sugars in Australian adults. Materials and methods: The National Survey of Adult Oral Health (NSAOH) 2004–2006 provided data for analysis of dental caries experience. Self-reported body weight and height were used to calculate body mass index (BMI) for a subsample (n = 3,745, 89.8%) of the NSAOH data. A self-report questionnaire of 13 food items estimated the daily intake of added sugar, total sugars and total carbohydrate, using food composition estimates from the AUSNUT2011–2013. Bivariate analyses (Pearson’s Chi-square with Rao–Scott adjustment and Student’s t-tests) were used to determine the association of overweight/obesity, dental caries, sugar variables and putative confounders. Poisson regression models for the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth Index and individual measures of decayed, missing and filled teeth were constructed, with models containing BMI, dietary added sugar, total sugar and total carbohydrate, controlling for putative confounders. Results: There was a positive association between dental caries experience and being overweight or obese compared with having normal weight or being underweight as well as between sugar consumption with all four dental caries outcome measures. When controlled for putative confounders where sugar consumption was identified as a key determinant, the statistical significance between dental caries experience and being overweight or obese disappeared. The demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with dental caries experience were age, sex, education, smoking status and usual reason for dental visit. Conclusion: Analysis of the relationship between dental caries and obesity must include data about sugar and carbohydrate consumption.

A co-designed mHealth programme to support healthy lifestyles in Māori and Pasifika peoples in New Zealand (OL@-OR@): a cluster-randomised controlled trial

The OL@-OR@ mobile health programme was co-designed with Māori and Pasifika communities in New Zealand, to support healthy lifestyle behaviours. We aimed to determine whether use of the programme improved adherence to health-related guidelines among Māori and Pasifika communities in New Zealand compared with a control group on a waiting list for the programme. The OL@-OR@ trial was a 12-week, two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial. A cluster was defined as any distinct location or setting in New Zealand where people with shared interests or contexts congregated, such as churches, sports clubs, and community groups. Members of a cluster were eligible to participate if they were aged 18 years or older, had regular access to a mobile device or computer, and had regular internet access. Clusters of Māori and of Pasifika (separately) were randomly assigned (1:1) to either the intervention or control condition. The intervention group received the OL@-OR@ mHealth programme (smartphone app and website). The control group received a control version of the app that only collected baseline and outcome data. The primary outcome was self-reported adherence to health-related guidelines, which were measured with a composite health behaviour score (of physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, and fruit and vegetable intake) at 12 weeks. The secondary outcomes were self-reported adherence to health-related behaviour guidelines at 4 weeks; self-reported bodyweight at 12 weeks; and holistic health and wellbeing status at 12 weeks, in all enrolled individuals in eligible clusters; and user engagement with the app, in individuals allocated to the intervention. Adverse events were not collected. This study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12617001484336. Between Jan 24 and Aug 14, 2018, we enrolled 337 Māori participants from 19 clusters and 389 Pasifika participants from 18 clusters (n=726 participants) in the intervention group and 320 Māori participants from 15 clusters and 405 Pasifika participants from 17 clusters (n=725 participants) in the control group. Of these participants, 227 (67%) Māori participants and 347 (89%) Pasifika participants (n=574 participants) in the intervention group and 281 (88%) Māori participants and 369 (91%) Pasifika participants (n=650 participants) in the control group completed the 12-week follow-up and were included in the final analysis. Relative to baseline, adherence to health-related behaviour guidelines increased at 12 weeks in both groups (315 [43%] of 726 participants at baseline to 329 [57%] of 574 participants in the intervention group; 331 [46%] of 725 participants to 369 [57%] of 650 participants in the control group); however, there was no significant difference between intervention and control groups in adherence at 12 weeks (odds ratio [OR] 1·13; 95% CI 0·84-1·52; p=0·42). Furthermore, the proportion of participants adhering to guidelines on physical activity (351 [61%] of 574 intervention group participants vs 407 [63%] of 650 control group participants; OR 1·03, 95% CI 0·73-1·45; p=0·88), smoking (434 [76%] participants vs 501 [77%] participants; 1·12, 0·67-1·87; p=0·66), alcohol consumption (518 [90%] participants vs 596 [92%] participants; 0·73, 0·37-1·44; p=0·36), and fruit and vegetable intake (194 [34%] participants vs 196 [30%] participants; 1·08, 0·79-1·49; p=0·64) did not differ between groups. We found no significant differences between the intervention and control groups in any secondary outcome. 147 (26%) intervention group participants engaged with the OL@-OR@ programme (ie, set at least one behaviour change goal online). The OL@-OR@ mobile health programme did not improve adherence to health-related behaviour guidelines amongst Māori and Pasifika individuals. Healthier Lives He Oranga Hauora National Science Challenge.

Body Mass Index and Risks of Incident Ischemic Stroke Subtypes: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective (JPHC) Study.

BackgroundThe association of body mass index (BMI) with risks of ischemic stroke subtypes have not been established.MethodsCumulative average BMI was calculated using self-reported body weight and height obtained from baseline (Cohort I in 1990, and Cohort II from 1993–1994) and 5- and 10-year questionnaire surveys of Japan Public Health Center-based prospective (JPHC) study. A total of 42,343 men and 46,413 women aged 40–69 years were followed-up for the incidence of lacunar, large-artery occlusive, and cardioembolic strokes. A sub-distribution hazard model was used to estimate sub-distribution hazard ratios (SHRs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsDuring a median of 20.0 years of follow-up, we documented 809 and 481 lacunar, 395 and 218 large-artery occlusive, and 568 and 298 cardioembolic strokes in men and women, respectively. After adjustment for baseline age, updated smoking, alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity, and histories of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, cumulative average BMI was positively linearly associated with lacunar (trend P = 0.007), large-artery occlusive (trend P = 0.002), and cardioembolic (trend P < 0.001) strokes in men, and with lacunar (trend P < 0.001) and large-artery occlusive (trend P = 0.003) strokes in women. There were approximately two-fold excess risk of cardioembolic stroke in both sexes and of lacunar and large-artery occlusive strokes in women for cumulative average BMI ≥30 kg/m2 compared to BMI 23–<25 kg/m2.ConclusionCumulative average BMI showed a positive linear effect on sub-distribution hazards of lacunar, large-artery occlusive, and cardioembolic strokes in both sexes, except for cardioembolic stroke in women.

Insatisfação com a imagem corporal em professores de Educação Física atuantes na Educação Infantil

Introdução: as condições de trabalho atuais podem ter inúmeras repercussões na saúde física e mental, destacando-se a imagem corporal de professores. Objetivo: analisar a insatisfação com a imagem corporal em professores de Educação Física atuantes na Educação Infantil. Método: participaram 38 professores (30 mulheres) da rede municipal de ensino de Florianópolis/SC, com média de idade de 35,7(9,0) anos. Foram coletadas informações demográficas, laborais, sobre imagem corporal (escala de silhuetas) e medidas antropométricas (massa corporal e estatura autorreferidas). Resultados: a insatisfação com a imagem corporal foi verificada em 68,4% dos professores. Aqueles que atuavam há dez anos ou mais no magistério (p= 0,040) e que trabalhavam até 40 horas por semana (p= 0,005) foram os mais insatisfeitos com a imagem corporal. Quanto ao status do peso, independentemente de apresentarem peso normal ou sobrepeso (p= 0,027), os professores estavam insatisfeitos. Conclusão: a maioria dos professores de Educação Física estava insatisfeita com sua imagem corporal, sendo que os mais insatisfeitos foram aqueles que atuavam na profissão há mais tempo, com maior carga horária semanal de trabalho e, independentemente, do status de peso.