Adolescent Self-regulation Research Articles

Self-perception, self-regulation and metacognition in adolescents with intellectual disability

This study compares self-perception of competences in 28 typically developing children (TD) aged 7-9 years and 32 adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) aged 11-16 years in special school, matched for mental age (MA). The links between self-perception, self-regulation in problem-solving and metacognition are investigated. Overall self-perception and self-perception of competences by domain do not differ significantly between the two groups. Self-perception of competences in specific domains, self-regulation and metacognition vary depending on MA and verbal comprehension in the two groups. ID adolescents attribute more importance to social acceptance than TD children. In both groups, positive links are identified between self-perception and importance attributed to domains. Performance, self-regulation and metacognition are lower in ID adolescents than in TD children. Positive links are obtained between self-perception of competences in specific domains and certain self-regulatory and metacognitive strategies, although these links differ in the two groups.

The development of adolescent self-regulation: Reviewing the role of parent, peer, friend, and romantic relationships

Self-regulation plays an important role in adolescent development, predicting success in multiple domains including school and social relationships. While researchers have paid increasing attention to the influence of parents on the development of adolescent self-regulation, we know little about the influence of peers and friends and even less about the influence of romantic partners on adolescent development of self-regulation. Extant studies examined a unidirectional model of self-regulation development rather than a bidirectional model of self-regulation development. Given that relationships and self-regulation develop in tandem, a model of bidirectional development between relationship context and adolescent self-regulation may be relevant. This review summarizes extant literature and proposes that in order to understand how adolescent behavioral and emotional self-regulation develops in the context of social relationships one must consider that each relationship builds upon previous relationships and that self-regulation and relationship context develop bidirectionally.

Knowledge About HIV / AIDS: The Influence of Lifestyles and Self-Regulation in Adolescents

Adolescents’ vulnerability to HIV/AIDS infection arises from their immaturity, sexual risk behaviours as well as factors of a social, economic, cultural and gender nature. Adolescence is a stage of the lifecycle in which managing constant and daily temptations and gaining and maintaining healthy lifestyles are difficult tasks and a test of the powers of self-regulation. The purpose of the study is to analyze the relationship between socio-demographic variables, school context, lifestyles, self-regulation skills and knowledge about HIV/AIDS in adolescents in secondary education in Portugal. A quantitative, cross-sectional, analytical, descriptive and correlational study with a sample of 971 adolescents in secondary education was conducted. The evaluation protocol includes a socio-demographic questionnaire, the school context, lifestyles, the Reduced Questionnaire of Self-regulation, Knowledge About AIDS Scale for Adolescents. The sample consisted of 50.80% boys and 49.20% girls, 43.40% of the adolescents with or less than 16 years, 66.40% residing in rural areas and 77.30% cohabiting with parents. The correlations indicate that among adolescents’ knowledge about AIDS and the subscale setting goals there is a positive and significant correlation ( r = 0.224, p = 0.000), as well as the overall value of the Self-regulation Scale. Significant and negative correlations are presented for the impulse control subscale ( r = -0.257, p = 0.000) and not significant to the overall self-regulation value ( r = -0.041, p = 0.099), ranging in reverse, meaning that more knowledge about AIDS, better self-regulation with regard to impulses subscale. Self-regulated behaviour requires control of immediate needs, mobilization of thoughts, feelings and behaviours for purposes of long-term health, especially with regard to the prevention of HIV/AIDS.

Self-regulation of Adolescents. Gender Specifications

In our paper, we focused on the gender specifications of adolescents’ self-regulation. Our attention was concerned on research in which we worked with two research methods: Scale of Masculinity and Femininity and SPARO. Our research was realised on the sample of 150 participants who were adolescents – students of the secondary schools and university. We hypothesized that there the differences exist in self-regulation of the adolescents in the relation with their gender role. We can support the hypothesis we designated despite of that we did not found the differences among the gender types in all variables.

Knowledge About HIV / AIDS: The Influence of Lifestyles And Self-Regulation in Adolescents

Background: Adolescents’ vulnerability to HIV/AIDS infection arises from their immaturity, sexual risk behaviours as well as factors of a social, economic, cultural and gender nature (Ministério da Saúde, 2012). Adolescence is a stage of the lifecycle in which managing constant and daily temptations and gaining and maintaining healthy lifestyles are difficult tasks and a test of the powers of self-regulation. Purpose: To analyze the relationship between socio-demographic variables, school context, lifestyles, self-regulation skills and knowledge about HIV/AIDS in adolescents in secondary education in Portugal. Methods: Quantitative, cross-sectional, analytical, descriptive and correlational study with a sample of 971 adolescents in secondary education. The evaluation protocol includes a socio-demographic questionnaire, the school context, lifestyles, the Reduced Questionnaire of Self-regulation (Carey, Neal Collins, 2004 adapted by Castillo Dias, 2009), Knowledge About AIDS Scale for Adolescents (Zimet et al., 1989). Results: sample of 50.80% boys, ages equal to or less than 16 years (43.40%), residing in rural areas (66.40%), cohabiting with parents (77.30%). The correlations indicate that among adolescents’ knowledge about AIDS and the subscale setting goals there is a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.224, p = 0.000), as well as the overall value of the Self-regulation Scale. Significant and negative correlations are presented for the impulse control subscale (r = -0.257, p = 0.000) and not significant to the overall self-regulation value (r = -0.041, p = 0.099), ranging in reverse, meaning that more knowledge about AIDS, better self-regulation with regard to impulses subscale. Conclusion: Self-regulated behaviour requires control of immediate needs, mobilization of thoughts, feelings and behaviours for purposes of long-term health, especially with regard to the prevention of HIV/AIDS.

Hubungan Regulasi Diri Dengan Status Gizi pada Remaja Akhir di Kota Denpasar

One of the nutritional problem in adolescent is about health which it’s also major concern in the health sector. Obesity and anemia are two things that vulnerable adolescents facing problem related to nutritional problem. Proliferation of fast food restaurant are very contradictory to the widespread phenomenon of obesity which it’s been a global epidemiology and body image distortion is concerned with anemia which it’s related with losing body weight. Nutrition fulfillment can be seen through optimal nutrition status as related to the ability of people to control their behavior, emotion and mind (drives). The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between self-regulation with nutritional status of fulfillment. This research used quantitative methods. The subject of this research are 280 late adolescents in Denpasar. Data was gathered by using self-regulation scale (r=0,936; ?=0,273-0,625) Physical measurement with Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to measure nutritional status. Data analysis is performed by Spearman analysis. The result shows that there is correlation coefficient score (p) is 0,822. It means there is no significant relationship between self-regulation and nutritional status of late adolescents in Denpasar. Therefore, alternative hypothesis is rejected, it can caused by the theory that used in this research hasn’t been much tested in other studies, the sampling technique is less representative and there are internal and external factor which are more related with nutritional status and it will be discussed later. Key words: self-regulation, nutritional status, late adolescent.Hubungan Regulasi Diri Dengan Status Gizi pada Remaja Akhir di Kota Denpasar

Intensitas Komunikasi Antara Anak Dengan Orang Tua Dan Self Regulation pada Remaja Pesantren

Abstract. This research is to find out if anything there is a relationship between the intensity of parent-child communication with adolescent self-regulation in schools. The population used in this study is a teenage boarding school educated men who are MTS / Junior High School, class VIII, as many as 84 people. Sampling using purposive sampling. Methods of data collection using the Likert method to scale communication and self-regulation. The results of data analysis showed no association between communication with the self-regulation of rhitung = 0.510 with rtabel = 0.220, where rhitung (0.510)> rtabel (.220). The hypothesis stating no connection between the intensity of parent-child communication with adolescent self-regulation on schools received a correlation coeffi-cient of 51%). Keywords: Intensity of Communication, Self Regulation

СТИЛЕВЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ САМОРЕГУЛЯЦИИ ПОВЕДЕНИЯ ЛИЧНОСТИ В СТАРШЕМ ПОДРОСТКОВОМ ВОЗРАСТЕ

The results of the study on stylistic peculiarities of personality behavior self-regulation in late adolescence are stated. The data of analysis of psychological concepts of conscious activity and behavior self-regulation are given (after C. Sherrington, I. M. Sechenov, L. S. Vygotsky, O. A. Konopkin, V. I. Morosanova). The work concentrates on understanding of stylistic peculiarities of self-regulation as being typical for a person and most essential individual peculiarities of self-organization and controlling external and internal goal-oriented activity which consistently shows itself in different types of one. Empiric research is made on the sample of senior school children of general educational schools of Saratov (n = 180, age 15–16). Complex of methods was applied: sixteen personality factor questionnaire by Cattel, Bass - Darky questionnaire, Zung Depression Scale (adapted by T. I. Balashova), “Anxiety state” test (C. D. Spielberg, L. Yu. Khanin), “Style of behavior selfregulation” questionnaire by V. I. Morosanova; method of correlative analysis allowed pointing out the structure of self-regulation stylistic peculiarities depending on personal characteristics of adolescent. The peculiarities of interrelations between self-regulation components and a variety of personal characteristics are represented. Thus, for instance, it is typical for the adolescents with high rate of distrust to other people to carefully premeditate his/her ways of actions towards objectives, circumstantiate and expand programs under development with account of significance of the external and internal conditions of his/her activity. The applied aspect of the problem under study can be actualized by solving tasks of psychological follow-up for school children’s personal development.

Toward an interdisciplinary science of adolescence: Insights from schizophrenia research

Unlike other primates, humans can regulate their own minds and brains and establish the self, which are based on language acquisition and social reciprocity. This capacity for self-regulation is evolutionarily realized by the highly developed neocortex and developmentally matures during adolescence. Inappropriate maturation of the neural systems responsible for self-regulation in adolescence could lead to the emergence of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric disorder, the onset of which usually takes place during adolescence/youth; one of its core features is disturbance of self-related information processing. Although schizophrenia has been associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities during the perinatal period, recently improved neuroimaging techniques have shown progressive deterioration in the structure and function of neocortical regions in the prodromal and first-episode stages of the disorder. These reconsiderations have stimulated neurobiological investigations into the normal developmental process and its disturbance of the glutamatergic/synaptic system in adolescence. Of late, clinical psychiatry has been seeking early intervention strategies by integrating biological and psychosocial approaches. By integrating epidemiology, social neuroscience, and psychiatry, we aim to establish a new interdisciplinary science to uncover the developmental mechanisms of self-regulation in adolescence and create supportive and preventive strategies, which will ultimately contribute to education and society.

Getting access to the self: Effects of self-management therapy on the development of self-regulation and inhibitory control in obese adolescents.

This study investigated the role of self-regulation competencies in general and specifically in a food-related context for the control of body weight in a three-year weight loss program. The sample consisted of 30 male and female adolescents (age range: 11-18 years) who participated in a three-year therapy program for severe obesity (mean BMI at the beginning of the intervention was 33.6). Assessment of self-regulation competencies was conducted at three different stages (1(st)-3(rd) graduation/class year). Therefore, three independent groups of adolescents (N = 10) at these different stages were tested (initial-to final-stage of therapy). At the time of testing the BMI of these groups significantly differed from 38.8 to 28.7. Analyses of covariance were performed to determine whether the adolescents also differed in self-regulation skills like "resistance to temptation" and food-related Stroop interference along with ameliorating their energy-balance regulation. In addition to the main effects of age and body mass index, adolescents further displayed significant improvements of executive functions with respect to resistance to temptation and inhibition. Interventions aimed at enhancing energy-balance regulation in adolescents may further benefit from efforts to facilitate executive functions such as self-regulation and food-related cognitive inhibition.

Substance Use Progression from Adolescence to Early Adulthood: Effortful Control in the Context of Friendship Influence and Early-Onset Use

In a sample of 998 ethnically diverse adolescents, a multiagent, multimethod approach to the measurement of adolescent effortful control, adolescent substance use, and friendship influence was used to predict escalations to early-adult tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use by ages 22-23. Structural equation modeling revealed that adolescent substance use and friends' substance use tended to be highly correlated and together were robust predictors of a problematic pattern of usage for all substances in early adulthood. In addition, the adolescent effortful control construct directly predicted progressions to problematic use of tobacco and marijuana, but not for alcohol. In the alcohol model, effortful control interacted with the construct of substance use lifestyle (based on adolescent alcohol use and friends' substance use) when predicting problematic alcohol use in early adulthood. Results held when comparing across genders and across ethnic groups. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing adolescent self-regulation in interventions designed to treat and prevent early-adult substance abuse.

Fetal sleep organization: A biological precursor of self-regulation in childhood and adolescence?

Fetal sleep states emerge during the third trimester of pregnancy and involve multiple interconnected neuronal networks. We examined whether fetal sleep characteristics predict child and adolescent self-regulation in a non-clinical sample (study group, n=25; reference group, n=48). Combined recordings of three sleep variables (fetal heart rate, body movements and rapid eye movements) were made for 2h at 36–38 weeks’ gestation. Fetuses showing synchronous change of sleep variables (i.e. within 3min) at transition from quiet into active sleep reached a higher level of effortful control, both at 8–9 and 14–15 years, than fetuses not making synchronous transitions and compared with the reference group. Results are discussed from a Developmental Origins of Behavior, Health and Disease (DOBHaD) point of view. It is concluded that studying sleep ontogeny offers the possibility to gain insight into brain maturational processes and/or environmental adaptive processes that may have long term behavioral developmental consequences.

Autorregulação e consumo de substâncias na adolescência

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o papel da autorregulação desenvolvimental na adolescência como fator diferenciador do consumo de tabaco e álcool. Para isso, foi utilizada uma amostra de 407 alunos do Ensino Médio, avaliada com o recurso a um conjunto de questões sobre o consumo destas substâncias e ao Inventário de Autorregulação Adolescente (Moilanen, 2007), um instrumento baseado na teoria desenvolvimental sobre a autorregulação. Os resultados sugerem que a autorregulação é um fator diferenciador entre adolescentes que consomem, ou não, substâncias e a intensidade deste consumo. Adolescentes que consomem tendem a apresentar, consistentemente, pontuações mais baixas na autorregulação a curto e longo-prazo. As limitações e implicações dos resultados são apresentadas e discutidas.

Cumulative risk and adolescent's internalizing and externalizing problems: The mediating roles of maternal responsiveness and self-regulation.

The purpose of the present study was to examine longitudinal associations among maternal responsiveness, self-regulation, and behavioral adjustment in adolescents. The authors used structural equation modeling to test a model that demonstrates that the effects of early cumulative risk on behavioral problems is mediated by maternal responsiveness and self-regulation. Furthermore, the authors examine the contributions of cumulative risk and maternal responsiveness on children's self-regulatory abilities. The study uses a 3-wave longitudinal design with multiple measures of risk and self-regulation from multiple observers. Data were collected from adolescents (N = 265, male = 140) and their parents at age 9, 13, and 17. Results suggest that the mediation hypothesis held true for externalizing, but not internalizing problems. Furthermore, cumulative risk and maternal responsiveness contributed uniquely to children's self-regulation abilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).

Developmental trajectories of intentional self regulation in adolescence: The role of parenting and implications for positive and problematic outcomes among diverse youth

This study assessed 1574 Grades 5 to 11 youth (63.6% female) from the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD), a longitudinal study involving U.S. adolescents, to assess if patterns of intentional self regulation (ISR) existed; whether these trajectories differed in relation to several Grade 5 parenting characteristics; and whether ISR trajectories were linked to positive and negative developmental outcomes at Grade 11. Growth mixture modeling identified a four-group solution of ISR trajectories: Steady Decline, Elevated, Late Onset, and Pronounced Decline. Most adolescents reported an incremental decrease in ISR from Grades 5 to 11 (Steady Decline). Lower levels of parental warmth, monitoring, and school involvement at Grade 5 predicted Late-Onset ISR development while Pronounced Decline adolescents reported lower levels of PYD and Contribution at Grade 11. We discuss the finding that youth at initially similar levels of ISR diverged over adolescence, while youth at initially disparate levels converged.

Behavioral Self-Regulation and Weight-Related Behaviors in Inner-City Adolescents: A Model of Direct and Indirect Effects

BACKGROUND: This study examined the association of two distinct self-regulation constructs, effortful control and dysregulation, with weight-related behaviors in adolescents and tested whether these effects were mediated by self-efficacy variables. METHODS: A school-based survey was conducted with 1771 adolescents from 11 public schools in the Bronx, New York. Self-regulation was assessed by multiple indicators and defined as two latent constructs. Dependent variables included fruit/vegetable intake, intake of snack/junk food, frequency of physical activity, and time spent in sedentary behaviors. Structural equation modeling examined the relation of effortful control and dysregulation to lifestyle behaviors, with self-efficacy variables as possible mediators. RESULTS: Study results showed that effortful control had a positive indirect effect on fruit and vegetable intake, mediated by self-efficacy, as well as a direct effect. Effortful control also had a positive indirect effect on physical activity, mediated by self-efficacy. Dysregulation had direct effects on intake of junk food/snacks and time spent in sedentary behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that self-regulation characteristics are related to diet and physical activity and that some of these effects are mediated by self-efficacy. Different effects were noted for the two domains of self-regulation. Prevention researchers should consider including self-regulation processes in programs to improve health behaviors in adolescents.

Cumulative-genetic plasticity, parenting and adolescent self-regulation

The capacity to control or regulate one's emotions, cognitions and behavior is central to competent functioning, with limitations in these abilities associated with developmental problems. Parenting appears to influence such self-regulation. Here the differential-susceptibility hypothesis is tested that the more putative 'plasticity alleles' adolescents carry, the more positively and negatively influenced they will be by, respectively, supportive and unsupportive parenting. One thousand, five hundred and eighty-six (1586) adolescents (n = 754 males; n = 832 females) enrolled in the American Add Health project were scored in terms of how many of 5 putative 'plasticity alleles' they carried - the 10R allele of DAT1, the A1 allele of DRD2, the 7R allele of DRD4, the short allele of 5HTTLPR, and the 2R/3R alleles of MAOA. Then the effect of the resultant index (ranging from 0 to 5) of cumulative-genetic plasticity in moderating effects of parenting on adolescent self-regulation was evaluated. Consistent with differential susceptibility, the more plasticity alleles males (but not females) carried, the more and less self-regulation they manifested under, respectively, supportive and unsupportive parenting conditions. Adolescent males appear to vary for genetic reasons in their susceptibility to parenting vis-à-vis self-regulation, perhaps due to epistatic and/or epigenetic processes. G×E research may benefit from compositing candidate genes. To afford comparative evaluation of differential-susceptibility vs. diathesis-stress models of environmental action, future G×E work should focus on positive as well as negative environmental conditions and developmental outcomes.

Intentional Self Regulation in Middle Adolescence: The Emerging Role of Loss-based Selection in Positive Youth Development

Intentional self regulation describes how people make choices, plan actions to reach their goals, and regulate the execution of their actions, making processes of intentional self regulation central to healthy human functioning. Prior research has confirmed the presence of three processes of intentional self regulation-elective selection (ES), optimization (O), and compensation (C)-in middle adolescence (Grades 8 through 10) and concurrent and predictive relationships with measures of Positive Youth Development (PYD). A fourth process, loss-based selection (LBS), should also develop by the end of middle adolescence. The present study used data from the 4-H Study of PYD to confirm the presence of a four-scale structure of intentional self regulation (ES, O, C, and LBS) in a sample of 2,357 racially diverse Grade 10 youth (63% female) and examine its covariation with indicators of positive and problematic development. Results supported the identification of a four-part structure of intentional self regulation, and scores covaried positively with indicators of PYD and negatively with substance use, delinquency, and depressive symptoms. Implications of the findings for the understanding of self-regulatory actions in adolescence and for future research are discussed.

Patterns of place‐based self‐regulation and associated mental health of urban adolescents

AbstractEfforts to simultaneously address adolescent self‐regulation, activity space (routine locations), and mental health represent a promising social ecological approach aimed at understanding the lives and development of urban youth. This type of examination of contextual influences on self‐regulation is considered an important area of developmental research, yet one that is understudied (McCabe, Cunnington, & Brooks‐Gunn,2004). Little is known about the self‐regulatory experiences that might link specific types of locations with mental health problems, particularly with urban youth who live in areas characterized by chronic and severe stressors such as personal violence, criminal activity, and poverty. Recent research has demonstrated the “power of context” (Tolan, Gorman‐Smith, Henry, Chung, & Hunt,2002) to influence coping styles and has demonstrated that without detailed and specified knowledge of the social ecology of urban youth, measurement of critical variables and interpretation of results are likely to be misinformed (Tolan & Grant,2009). Given the importance of understanding youth through an interactive and contextual framework (Bronfenbrenner,1979; Szapocznik & Coatsworth,1999), the present study examined self‐regulatory experiences, specified favorite locations, and mental health with urban adolescents residing in low‐resource and high‐risk environments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Self-Regulation in Early Adolescence: Relations with Mother–Son Relationship Quality and Maternal Regulatory Support and Antagonism

The purpose of the current investigation was to examine relations among maternal regulatory support, maternal antagonism, and mother-son relationship quality in relation to boys' self-regulation during early adolescence. As part of a larger longitudinal study on 263 low-income, ethnically diverse boys, multiple informants and methods were used to examine associations among parenting practices and mother-son relationship quality in relation to boys' self-regulation at ages 10 and 11. Multivariate analyses indicated that high levels of regulatory supportive parenting and relationship quality and low levels of antagonistic parenting independently predicted high levels of boys' self-regulation at age 10. Only antagonistic parenting and relationship quality explained variance in levels of boys' self-regulation at age 11 after accounting for prior self-regulation. The findings suggest that parenting and the context of the parent-child relationship are linked to self-regulation during early adolescence; however, it appears that parental antagonism and relationship quality, not maternal regulatory supportive parenting, contribute to rank-order change in self-regulation abilities. Implications of these results for research and practice are discussed.