Self-regulating System Research Articles

The system of regulatory documents in the field of professional audit ethics: current state and areas for improvement

Subject. Auditors’ compliance with professional ethics is fundamental for the reputation of the profession as a whole. Ensuring their reputation is critical to the audit institution, because without it, auditing can be quickly replaced by competing forms, such as public assurance and artificial intelligence verification procedures. In this situation, it is more appropriate to prevent risks associated with the loss of auditors’ reputations than to eliminate their consequences, which may be catastrophic for the audit market as a whole. To achieve this, the norms of professional audit ethics should be unified, established by an authoritative party, understandable for both auditors and the general public, and their violation should be suppressed and strictly punished. In this regard, it is important to ensure an up-to-date, consistent, and centralised system of documents regulating these norms. The study is devoted to the modern organisational issues facing this system in the Russian Federation.Objectives. The aim of the study was to reveal the key current problems, from the authors’ point of view, in the organisation of the system of documents establishing the norms of professional ethics of auditors in the Russian Federation, which constitute threats to the Russian audit market, and to propose potential solutions.Methodology. The research results were obtained using analysis, synthesis, analogy, logical approach, classification, etc. The above methods and approaches were applied to the mandatory requirements for auditors contained in regulatory legal acts and other regulatory documents, the system of state regulation and professional self-regulation of auditing activities in the Russian Federation, and statistical materials of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation characterising the Russian audit market. We also applied them to the established legal and auditing practices and current developments presented in specialised scientific literature.Results. We identified the issues related to the responsibility for updating the Code of Professional Ethics for Auditors and the Rules of Independence of Auditors and Audit Organisations; the prevalence of decisions of the Bank of Russia in the field of professional audit ethics in the financial market over these documents. We proposed a structure for the process of updating the Code of Professional Ethics for Auditors and the Rules of Independence of Auditors and Audit Organisations preserving the originally envisaged hierarchy of parties involved in the regulation of auditing activities.Conclusions. We came to the conclusion that there is no body responsible for updating the main documents containing mandatory requirements for auditors in terms of compliance with professional ethics; decisions of the Bank of Russia in the field of professional audit ethics in the financial sector take precedence over the relevant mandatory requirements at the federal level. We argued and proposed solutions to these problems for further professional and scientific discussion.

Self-governance at depth: The international seabed authority and verification culture of the deep-sea mining industry

Deep-sea mining requires the creation of a new set of regulations, mitigation measures, and auditing procedures for the companies operating in this sector. In this article, it is argued that the verification system proposed by the International Seabed Authority, the UN body tasked with policing this industry, fails to respond to the needs for a proactive assessment of environmental impacts. This work proposes that strict, quantitative auditing culture should be re-worked to introduce much needed flexibility to match the fast-paced evolution of deep-sea knowledge. It also highlights some structural limitations of the draft regulations, guidelines, and standards, including vaguely defined terms that could constitute major challenges once the industry enters its production cycle. The current definition of the ISA Mining Code and its related documents promotes a self-regulatory system, where companies operating in the area are wholly responsible for reporting their own adherence to regulations. Based on document analysis, as well as informal exchanges with industry operators, governments, and international organizations, it is found that the bulk of environmental systems knowledge in the mining area has been provided or sponsored by corporate actors, helping them shape the guidelines for the regulations. This self-regulation also extends to the verification process, with few truly independent mechanisms. The article concludes with a proposal of five avenues for improvement, targeting the structures in which verification is envisioned but also the ways in which data is collected.

A 915 MHz Closed-Loop Self-Regulated RF Energy Harvesting System for Batteryless Devices

Batteryless devices are essential for hard-to-reach applications such as implantable biomedical devices.Powering such devices is a difficult task, and energy harvesting from the environment is mandatory. Among the power sources available in urban areas, RF signals stand out. However, the RF power at the receiving antenna is not constant, and energy-harvesting circuits should provide a stable DC output voltage. In this paper, we present an RF energy harvestingbased power management system that provides a stable 0.4-V DC supply voltage to power low-voltage systems. A closed-loop impedance matching tuning system is used to automatically regulate the system DC output voltage by tuning the input impedance matching network. The proposed circuit is implemented at schematic level in a 65-nm standard CMOS process.The entire system power efficiency (PCE) is 48.28% at the input power level of -14.92 dBm. The proposed solution is demonstrated for powering low-voltage devices with a regulated output voltage of 0.4 V and 16 uW resistive load.

Система Я в ментальной регуляции психических состояний

The study’s theoretical basis was the concepts of the central role of the self-regulatory system in mental regulation of mental states. The mental regulatory system is a structure of relations between characteristics of consciousness: representation, reflection, experiences, semantic structures, mental (subjective) experience, whereas the self-system serves as an integrator in stipulating the regulation of one’s states by the structures of consciousness. The researchers used 24 techniques of diagnostics of mental structures and personality characteristics, as well as an originally developed questionnaires. In their study of mental states and their self-regulation efficiency the authors used as an example students’ various educational activity: classes, workshops, and exams.
 The research revealed that a high level of self-esteem and self-assessment are connected with constructive coping strategies, which contributes to the overall efficiency of the students’ self-regulation of their states. The study revealed the specifics of how the components of the self-system interrelate with reflexive, meaningful structures affecting regulatory processes: students with high self-esteem achieve the maximum self-regulation efficiency if they combine a high level of meaningful-life orientations and retrospective reflection. The authors gained data that a person’s psychological qualities and the self-system are connected: the res­pondents with a high level of self-concept typically have such personality traits as sociabi­lity, emotional stability, expressiveness and effective self-control. The authors found that the correlation between the structures of consciousness, indicators of regulatory processes, and personality traits are different in different situations depending on the stress: in the everyday classroom situation, the indicators of the current mental state and self-regulation efficiency are mostly connected with the self-system components, while at exams the role of the perso­nal self-actualization strengthens.

3D Printed Carbon Framework with the Graphene Aerogel for Microbial Fuel Cell Application

There is a high interest in living organism-compatible materials associated with electrically active interfaces. Bacteria/electrode interfaces implement smart, functional systems with responses, based on which it is possible to elaborate self-regulating energy generation systems. Carbon materials have a number of advantages, such as biocompatibility, low electrical resistance, and the possibility of increasing the electrode surface on an industrial scale. The most promising approach for the industrial production of electrodes is 3D printing. We propose a 3D-printed carbon electrode – a novel lightweight material for electrodes in bioelectrochemical systems for efficient bioelectricity utilization.The pyrolytic process for manufacturing carbon electrodes is promising for upscaling and industrial applications. However, there is a problem of volume loss when 3D-printed polymers are pyrolyzed in an inert environment. We propose a new strategy for the thermal treatment of 3D-printed polymers that allow for reduced volume loss under pyrolytic carbonization. In addition, to achieve a higher electrode surface area, the graphene aerogel could be impregnated into the 3D-printed scaffolds. Chemical modification of graphene surface can enhance biocompatibility. Specifically, the oxidation of graphene leads to forming a hydrophilic and biocompatible material. We tune graphene hydrophilic properties and electrical conductivity via control over the thermal reduction of the oxidized form of graphene–graphene oxide1.Such sponge morphology affords 3D-printed carbon scaffolds an excellent lightweight host scaffold for microorganisms, in which the graphene nanowalls are homogeneously occupied by S. oneidensis MR-1. We demonstrate a novel sustainable method to produce graphene-based lightweight 3D printed electrode materials for green energy production from biomass. The proposed technology creates the opportunity for novel, innovative, disruptive graphene applications that can lead to the establishment of new energy-related industries and facilitate many startups in the ecosystem. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Ministry of Education (Singapore) through the Research Centre of Excellence program (grant EDUN C-33-18-279-V12, I-FIM). References Xuanye Leng, Ricardo J. Vazquez, Samantha R. McCuskey, Glenn Quek, Yude Su, Konstantin G. Nikolaev, Mariana C.F. Costa, Siyu Chen, Musen Chen, Kou Yang, Jinpei Zhao, Mo Lin, Zhaolong Chen, Guillermo C. Bazan, Kostya S. Novoselov, Daria V. Andreeva, Carbon, 205, 2023, 33-39.

Perception and attitude toward the regulation of online video streaming (in South Korea)

Abstract As the production and consumption of live video streaming have increased, a general concern is that live video streaming might yield social problems. This paper investigated how people perceived the current status of live video streaming through a nationwide survey. The survey was conducted with 825 users and 335 non-users in South Korea. The results demonstrate that people perceived live video streaming has more impact on adolescents than themselves, which confirms that the previous study of third-person perception. Respondents also evaluated that the current self-regulatory system is not functioning properly and regulation of live video streaming is required. Especially non-users are more supportive of regulation than users. The perception bias, the difference between the perceived influence on self and adolescents, is the strongest predictor of the need for regulation. Because of the difference between users and non-users regarding the perception of live video streaming, this study recommends that the policymakers should consider the actual status of live video streaming and not perception-based biases in orienting regulation.

Responses of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium, Paraburkholderia fungorum JT-M8, to Cd (II) under P-limited oligotrophic conditions

For the bioremediation of mixed-contamination sites, studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation or Cd (II) tolerance in bacteria are commonly implemented in nutrient-rich media. In contrast, in the field, inocula usually encounter harsh oligotrophic habitats. In this study, the environmental strain Paraburkholderia fungorum JT-M8 was used to explore the overlooked Cd (II) defense mechanism during PAH dissipation under P-limited oligotrophic condition. The results showed that the growth and PAH degradation ability of JT-M8 under Cd (II) stress were correlated with phosphate contents and exhibited self-regulating properties. Phosphates mainly affected the Cd (II) content in solution, while the cellular distribution of Cd (II) depended on Cd (II) levels; Cd (II) was mainly located in the cytoplasm when exposed to less Cd (II), and vice versa. The unique Cd (II) detoxification pathways could be classified into three aspects: (i) Cd (II) ionic equilibrium and dose–response effects regulated by environmental matrices (phosphate contents); (ii) bacterial physiological self-regulation, e.g., cell surface-binding, protein secretion and active transport systems; and (iii) specific adaptive responses (flagellum aggregation). This study emphasizes the importance of considering culture conditions when assessing the metal tolerance and provides new insight into the bacterial detoxification process of complex PAH-Cd (II) pollutants.

A.F. Samoilov: from synapse to systemic organization of functions

One of the world’s leading physiologists of the late 19th — the first third of the 20th centuries, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of the Department of Physiology of Kazan University, Lenin Prize winner, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR Alexander Filippovich Samoilov (1867, Odessa — 1930, Kazan) is known as one of the creators of the theory and practice of electrocardiography, introduction of this method into the clinic. In 1924, A. F. Samoilov proved the chemical nature of the transition of excitation from a nerve to a muscle. Many fundamental works of the scientist are devoted to spinal and central nervous mechanisms. As a student and follower of I. M. Sechenov, A. F. Samoilov proceeded to formulate the principles of systematic organization of functions in animals and humans based on the material of his works. The scientists studied the systems of coding characters in the notation of notes. On the example of the circular rhythm of muscle excitation described by him in 1929, A. F. Samoilov anticipated the model of an automatic self-regulating system and systemic social circular interaction.

The H i-rich ultra-diffuse galaxies follow the extended Schmidt law

ABSTRACT The ${\rm H\, {\small I}}$-rich ultra-diffuse galaxies (HUDGs) offer a unique case for studies of star formation laws as they host low star formation efficiency and low-metallicity environments where gas is predominantly atomic. We collect a sample of six HUDGs in the field and investigate their location in the extended Schmidt law ($\Sigma _{\text{SFR }} \propto \left(\Sigma _{\text{star}}^{0.5} \Sigma _{\text{gas}}\right)^{1.09}$). They are consistent with this relationship well (with deviations of only 1.1σ). Furthermore, we find that HUDGs follow the tight correlation between the hydrostatic pressure in the galaxy mid-plane and the quantity on the x-axis ($\rm log(\Sigma _{star}^{0.5}\Sigma _{gas})$) of the extended Schmidt law. This result indicates that these HUDGs can be self-regulated systems that reach the dynamical and thermal equilibrium. In this framework, the stellar gravity compresses the disc vertically and counteracts the gas pressure in the galaxy mid-plane to regulate the star formation as suggested by some theoretical models.

Can L2 motivation be modelled as a self-system? A critical assessment

Some two decades ago, Dörnyei (2005) proposed that motivation for L2 learning could be modelled as a self-system. Despite the profound influence of Dörnyei's scholarship and impact of the L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS) model, the fundamental premise that motivation for L2 learning can constitute a self-system has escaped critical scrutiny. Highlighting how the self-system constitutes a framework within which self-referential cognition is organized, and that self-appraisal occurs in relation to socially-derived standards (Bandura, 1978; Higgins, 1990), this article critically assesses the utility of a self-system conceptualization. This is accomplished by addressing five problem areas connected with the L2MSS and which relate to the model's self-system conceptualization: the “fantasy problem” (nondifferentiation of desire and fantasy), the “ought-to L2 self problem” (unspecificity of relevant others and internalization processes), the “integrativeness problem” (difficulty of incorporating affiliation motives), the “learning experience problem” (failure to account for relational and biographical influences), and the “context problem” (inadequate modelling of learner–environment interactions). Critical engagement with these problem areas demonstrates how the self-system conceptualization embodied in the L2MSS is tightly circumscribed, and how a self-regulatory system framework can provide greater utility.

DECODING OF NOUNS IN RELATION TO THE VERBAL MODALITY SOLLEN: THE SYNERGETICQUANTITATIVE APPROACH

The presented work is one of the stages of noun research within a certain verbal modality. The focus of the article lies in the study of the generating noun content in relation to the verbal modality sollen in German from the perspective of linguosynergetic scientific paradigm, which considers language as a complex dynamic system capable of self-organization and self-regulation. In this study methodologically important is the position that the synergetic law of making the least effort and conservation of speech energy is the driving factor of language development. In a synergetic sense, the author of the article draws parallels between the dictionary as a representative of the linguistic generalization of the structured amount of knowledge of the learned extraverbal reality and the mental lexicon, which is not an arbitrary accumulation of contributions, but constitutes a structured hierarchical system of such contributions. If lexical units in the synergetic sense and their meanings at the language level contain coded structured information, then in the same aspect the paper considers the implementation of the word in one of its meanings at the speech level as information decoding. The linguosynergetic format of the research proposed in this article assumes that language as a self-regulating system under the influence of external energy and information has developed a mechanism of different representations of nouns in syntactic constructions with different verbal modality in German-language fiction and press. The results obtained on the basis of the synergetic-quantitative approach are extrapolated to linguosynergetic models of self-organization of noun names according to the principle of minimization of efforts, which directs the human mental lexicon to optimal decoding of semantic volume of polysemic or monosemic nouns in relation to the verbal modality sollen in German-language fiction and press. Once again it was proved that since the closest distances in the lexical structure of a word at the linguistic level are the closest in comparison with the structures of knowledge of the human mental lexicon, the construction of noun content in modern German on the synergetic principle of conservation of speech energy and minimization of efforts is the most optimal way of directing the mental lexicon of a person to decoding the semantic scope of the closets meanings of the polysemic and unambiguous monosemic word models.

Flexible performance constraint-based control of a quadrotor UAV-suspended payload system under input saturation

In this article, a flexible performance constraint-based tracking control scheme is proposed for the anti-swing control of a quadrotor UAV-suspended payload system under external disturbance and input saturation. By applying system coupling relations and positive system theory, a self-regulating auxiliary system is constructed to generate correction signals to achieve the ability to regulate a prescribed performance function. The disturbance interval observer is employed to estimate the unknown disturbance. The interval width of the disturbance is used to design a continuous robust signal, enhancing the system's robustness. Additionally, it is with the intention of designing the controller for the under-actuated system to achieve effective tracking that the backstepping control scheme is used. It can always track the reference signal and satisfy flexible performance constraints based on theoretical analysis. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified by experimental studies.

The Dialectical Sociology of Michel Freitag and the Critique of Communication Society

Michel Freitag developed a ground-breaking sociological theory synthesizing the thought of sociology’s founders into the form of a dialectical sociology that conceives of the symbolic as ontological to social reality. After outlining his conceptualization of the historical evolution of society through its ‘modes of reproduction’, we will see how his analysis of contemporary societal transformations rests on a critical theory of communication and technology that, while entering a dialogue with the works of the Frankfurt school, especially those of Habermas, seeks to overcome their inherent contradictions. According to Freitag, the development of capitalist globalization alters the very substance of society as it tends to morph itself into a self-regulating cybernetic system. His sociology allows us to apprehend phenomena tied to the development of contemporary digital technologies such as the drive towards a new form of algorithmic governmentality fueled by digital oligopolies that increasingly dominate globalized capitalism, the rise of fake news in the era of post-truth and the transformation of subjectivity. Finally, his critique enables potent reflection on the dialectical possibilities of overcoming the dynamics of contemporary alienation.

DOUBLE ASPECT AND PECULIARITY OF THE PERSON DISEASE MANIFESTATIONS

The results of the analysis of psychological factor importance in the development and course of somatic pathology are considered in this paper.
 The authors of this scientific publication point out that the symptoms of any disease can be a direct expression of mental experiences of the person and indicate the correct understanding of the disease as a process caused primarily by psychological factors and that the emotional state of the person affects both the occurrence and overcoming the disease , and the conventional line separating the concept of “organic disease of internal organs and systems” and “psychosomatic disorder” is rather blurred.
 The importance of understanding the human organism as a complete self-regulating system in all its complexity of physical and mental manifestations and in close interdependence with specific life conditions for each person is noted.
 The data of numerous investigations, which testify that psychosocial factors have significant impact on the occurrence and spread of diseases are summarized in this paper.
 The importance of trusting the psychologist or doctor in the person’s attitude to disease, which is considered as the moral choice and gives permission to act in extremely difficult circumstances for the ill person is highlighted.
 The authors emphasize the importance of mastering “Medical Psychology” discipline (or, in our opinion, “Psychology of Medicine”) by the students of higher educational institutions specializing in “Psychology”.

Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Analysis of Peculiarities of Spatial Distribution of Endemic Diseases of a Geochemical Nature

Over millions of years of geological history (Phanerozoic), the co-evolution of all living organisms took place in condtions of fierce competition for resources and opportunities for maximum reproduction, which, given the geochemical heterogeneity of the primary (pre-Quaternary) biosphere, resulted in a self-regulating ecological niche system, within which all local biocenoses and their animal and plant species were adapted to the parameters of the habitat to the maximum extent. However, with the development of the brain and the emergence of reason, the situation changed radically. Humans became the dominant species and began to develop new territories, including geochemically unfavourable ones, which caused the formation of zones of persistent endemic diseases. Based on this premise, for all existing species, there must be territories with physiologically optimal habitat conditions, i.e. those in which the species was formed in its present form. This implies that by being able to determine the geochemical parameters of the undisturbed biosphere, it is possible to obtain characteristics corresponding to the ecologically ideal ones for local animal and plant species. In theoretical terms it has allowed to put forward the hypothesis that by fixing the difference between the observed and ideal geochemical conditions it is possible to build maps of risk of diseases of geochemical nature, including those caused by technogenic pollution. The article presents a methodology and examples of such mapping. The results obtained may have an important practical value in improving the system of sanitary and epidemiological services, in solving problems of carrying out preventive measures to minimize endemic morbidity eliminating endemic diseases.

Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Analysis of the Spatial Distribution of Endemic Diseases of Geochemical Nature

—Throughout millions of years of geological history (in the Phanerozoic), the coevolution of all living organisms took place in a fierce competition for resources and opportunities for the maximum reproduction. Due to the geochemical heterogeneity of the primary (pre-Quaternary) biosphere, this resulted in a self-regulating system of ecological niches, within which all local biocenoses and their animal and plant species were maximally adapted to the parameters of the habitat. However, with the emergence of reason, the situation changed fundamentally. Human beings became the dominant species and began the conscious development of new territories, including geochemically unfavorable ones, which led to the formation of zones of stable endemic diseases. Based on this premise, for all existing species, there should be areas with physiologically optimal habitat conditions, i.e., those under which the species has evolved to its present state. It follows that, by being able to record the geochemical parameters of the undisturbed biosphere, it is possible to obtain characteristics that are ecologically ideal for local animal and plant species. In theoretical terms, this allowed us to put forward the hypothesis that by fixing the difference between observed and ideal geochemical conditions, it is possible to build maps of risk of diseases of geochemical nature, including in areas subjected to anthropogenic pollution. The paper outlines the methodology and gives examples of construction of such maps. The obtained results can have an important practical value in organizing the system of sanitary–epidemiological service, in solving the problems of liquidation of the consequences of anthropogenic pollution, and in carrying out preventive measures to minimize the risk of diseases of geochemical nature.

Publications about Scientific Schools in Legal Publications: Statistic Data and its Analysis

Introduction. Despite the high importance of scientific schools in jurisprudence, there is a lack of objective data confirming or refuting the role of associations of this type for the social sciences. To determine the importance of long-term associations of scientists for conducting research, to demonstrate the effectiveness of various groups of journals that inform the legal community about the importance of collective cognitive activity. Theoretical Basis. Methods. Based on statistical research methods of publications published in the Scientific Electronic Library “eLIBRARY.RU”, the conclusion is made about the importance of scientific schools for conducting research activities in the fields of natural, technical, medical, agricultural and socio-humanitarian sciences. Results. A pattern has been revealed: if the object of study is a person as a biological unit (for medical sciences) or a social unit (for social sciences and humanities), the number of mentions of scientific schools in publications on the relevant topic is generally higher compared to natural, technical or agricultural sciences. The scientific school is of the highest importance for such a fundamental legal discipline as the history of state and law. According to the frequency of appeals to the phenomenon of the scientific school, the science of the history of state and law is closer to the historical sciences than to the legal ones. The importance of collective research in the field of law and collective knowledge of reality is not sufficiently communicated to practicing lawyers in periodicals aimed at the appropriate audience. Discussion and Conclusions. Complex self-regulating systems as objects of research, whose behavior is characterized by the property of low predictability, have another system as one of the tools and measurement parameters – the scientific school and its founder. The society is one of the most complex self-regulating systems, which explains the role played by the scientific school in the field of jurisprudence. Practitioners should be involved in the work of research teams, whose work contributes to increasing the degree of reliability of research results, increases the practical significance and accessibility for the consumer of scientific products.

Regulating misleading political advertising on online platforms: an example of regulatory mercantilism in digital policy

ABSTRACT Since its Joint Communication on Hybrid Threats, the EU has publicly recognized the risks to its security posed by non-traditional means aimed at undermining its legitimacy. The propagation of disinformation including misleading political advertising serves as a key example of how the Commission’s perception of the EU’s vulnerability to hybrid threats in times of geopolitical instability is shaping its regulatory policies. This article uses the framework of regulatory mercantilism, which argues that in conditions of perceived vulnerability, a state-like actor will reassert regulatory control based on a security logic in areas previously characterized by self-regulatory regimes. This article considers the Commission’s 2019–2024 priorities, and how the spheres of technology, security, and democracy policies are intersecting as a response to hybrid threats. As a result, online platform governance in the EU is being substantially restructured with a move from systems of self-regulation to co-regulation backed by sanction as a means of combating hybrid threats online. The Commission’s “taking back control” from platforms in the context of a digital sovereignty agenda serves as an example of regulatory mercantilism in digital policy, which sees the Commission seek to promote regulatory strength in response to perceived vulnerability.

Self-Sufficiency as a Factor in the Development of the System of Psychological Self-Regulation of Personality

Self-Sufficiency as a Factor in the Development of the System of Psychological Self-Regulation of Personality

의료분야 부패의 현황과 부패방지 방안

In May 2023, the SBS ‘Model Taxi 2’ drama, which aired on the theme of corruption in the medical field, recorded a fairly high viewership rating. ‘Model Taxi 2’ was aired with the theme of medical personnel who committed various medical accidents and corruption, such as surrogate surgery by mobilizing pharmaceutical company employees and surgery under the influence of alcohol. It is suspected that such corruption is frequent in the medical field.
 The Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission has voted to consider false and fraudulent claims by doctors and medical institutions as corruption. However, the Korean Medical Association systematically protested the decision on the grounds that it fostered mutual distrust among the public, doctors, medical workers, staff and doctors, and the medical field. The medical community is taking a tolerant attitude towards anti-corruption activities, such as internal public interest whistleblowing and fighting to block the implementation of the compensation system.
 In this reality, this study began with the purpose of preventing some medical institutions or medical personnel who commit corruption from committing corruption any more, and protecting medical institutions and medical personnel performing normal medical activities. In addition, based on various data collected by the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission through internal public interest reporting newly established in 2003 and the reward system introduced in 2008, the current status and types of corruption in the medical field were analyzed and improvement plans were presented.
 According to the data of the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission, first, cases of violation of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act are not diverse. In general, these are excessive claims for insurance benefits, hiring unqualified people, lending licenses, or receiving kickbacks rom pharmaceutical companies. Second, compared to the cases of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, corruption related to healthcare takes on quite a variety of forms, and the number of cases is large. Among many acts of corruption, there are many fraudulent claims for insurance benefit costs, and the methods of fraudulent claims for insurance benefit costs vary. In addition, medical personnel directly commit corruption, mobilize employees of medical institutions, or commit themselves by themselves. Corruption such as lending a doctor’s license, acting on behalf of an unqualified person, corruption in bidding, corruption in hiring, bribery, receiving kickbacks, embezzlement, etc. It is no exaggeration to say that it is a department store of corruption. Of course, the same is true for other occupations, but we cannot help but be surprised at the phenomena occurring in the medical field, which requires a high degree of professionalism and strict medical ethics.
 As measures to improve the system to prevent such acts of corruption, the self-regulatory system, strengthening punishment, acceptance of medical ethics laws to strengthen medical ethics, and expansion of targets for ‘corrupt acts’ in the medical field were proposed.