Ability Of Self-recognition Research Articles

Investigating individual differences in chimpanzee mirror self-recognition and cortical thickness: A vertex-based and region-of-interest analysis

Mirror self-recognition (MSR), a recently evolved cognitive trait, is one of the most significant abilities that separate humans and great apes from more distantly related nonhuman primates. MSR may serve as the foundation for a number of related but more complex social cognitive abilities unique to humans and great apes including imitation, empathy, theory-of-mind, perspective taking and deception. However, our understanding of the neural basis of MSR in nonhuman primates remains largely unknown. The current study aimed to begin to fill this gap in the literature by investigating the neuroanatomical foundations of MSR in a sample of 67 captive chimpanzees. Vertex-based and region-of-interest analysis revealed significant differences in cortical thickness, particularly in males, in the cingulate cortex, inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal and frontal cortex. The current study provides further evidence for the neuroanatomical foundations of mirror self-recognition abilities in chimpanzees.

Artificial Immune-based Algorithm for Academic Leadership Assessment

Artificial Immune-based algorithm is inspired by the biological immune system as computational intelligence approach in data analysis. Negative selection algorithm is derived from immune-based algorithm’s family that used to recognize the pattern’s changes perform by the gene detectors in complementary state. Due to the self-recognition ability, this algorithm is widely used to recognize the abnormal data or non-self especially for fault diagnosis, pattern recognition, network security etc. In this study, the self-recognition performance proposed by the negative selection algorithm been considered as a potential technique in classifying employee’s competency. Assessing the employee’s performance in organization is an important task for human resource management people to identify the right candidate in job promotion assessment. Thus, this study attempts to propose an immune-based model in assessing academic leadership performance. There are three phases involved in experimental phase i.e. data acquisition and preparation; model development; and analysis and evaluation. The data consists of academic leadership proficiency was prepared as data-set for learning and detection processes. Several experiments were conducted using cross validation process on different model to identify the most accurate model. Therefore, the accuracy of NS classifier is considered acceptable enough for this academic leadership assessment case study. For enhancement, other immune-based algorithm or bio-inspired algorithms, such as genetic algorithm, particle swam optimization, ant colony optimization would also be considered as a potential algorithm for performance assessment.

Recent Advances in Targeted Tumor Chemotherapy Based on Smart Nanomedicines.

Efficacy and safety of chemotherapeutic drugs constitute two major criteria in tumor chemotherapy. Nanomedicines with tumor-targeted properties hold great promise for improving the efficacy and safety. To design targeted nanomedicines, the pathological characteristics of tumors are extensively and deeply excavated. Here, the rationale, principles, and advantages of exploiting these pathological characteristics to develop targeted nanoplatforms for tumor chemotherapy are discussed. Homotypic targeting with the ability of self-recognition to source tumors is reviewed individually. In the meanwhile, the limitations and perspective of these targeted nanomedicines are also discussed.

Peningkatan Bodily Kinesthetic dan Intra Personal Skill melalui Pendekatan Saintifik pada Pembelajaran IPA

Understanding the potential of self is very necessary to be given in an effort to prepare a tough generation of 21 century who have adequate skills. The fundamental problem is the low ability of self-recognition of kinesthetic response and communication between person and person in his group. Marginal children as well as groups of children The changes and demands of school curricula are directed to the development of the 21st-century generation. The study of kinesthetic and interpersonal skill indicators as part of the development of basic skills is developed in both formal and non-formal education. This study aims to analyze the increase of bodily-kinesthetic and interpersonal skill in science learning in MTs through the application of the scientific approach. The design of this research is quasi-experiment (Quasi-Experimental Design) which form Posttest-Only Control Design. The population in this research is all students of class VIII MTs Negeri Mranggen. The sample consists of two classes taken with simple random sampling technique. There is a significant difference between bodily-kinesthetic and interpersonal skills that use learners' worksheets with the teaching materials used in the school. The difference is indicated by the average bodily-kinesthetic and interpersonal skill values between experiment classes that have a higher value than the control class. Data were analyzed by using the right side t-test. Based on the results of data analysis can be concluded that the application of the scientific approach has an effect on the increase of bodily-kinesthetic and interpersonal skill of MTs students.

Chiral self‐discrimination of the enantiomers of α‐phenylethylamine derivatives in proton NMR

Two types of chiral analytes, the urea and amide derivatives of alpha-phenylethylamine, were prepared. The effect of inter-molecular hydrogen-bonding interaction on self-discrimination of the enantiomers of analytes has been investigated using high-resolution (1)H NMR. It was found that the urea derivatives with double-hydrogen-bonding interaction exhibit not only the stronger hydrogen-bonding interaction but also better self-recognition abilities than the amide derivatives (except for one bearing two NO(2) groups). The present results suggest that double-hydrogen-bonding interaction promotes the self-discrimination ability of the chiral compounds.

Elephant cognition

Elephant cognition

A pre-reflective indicator of an impaired sense of agency in patients with Schizophrenia

In schizophrenia, passivity phenomenon are clinically related to an abnormal sense of agency, which has been experimentally studied through self-recognition tasks. However, Tsakiris et al. (Cognition 96(3):215-231, 2005) have recently shown in healthy controls that the sense of agency is distinct from self-recognition abilities. We propose a simple motor task to obtain an implicit indicator of the working status of the pre-reflective sense of agency in schizophrenia. Collision dynamics gave us the means to further dissociate agency from motor prediction. Twenty-four patients and a group of matched controls used a hand-held object to stop the fall of a pendulum that was released either by the Subject (task S) or by the Experimenter (task E). The objective indicator of the sense of agency was taken as the efficiency difference between tasks S and E, before the availability of afferent information from collision. Qualitative feedback was provided to assess the top-down effect of explicit information. Motor prediction was as accurate in patients as in controls in tasks E and S. Controls were more efficient in S than in E. Patients revealed similar efficiency levels in both tasks. Qualitative feedback helped but did not affect the efficiency difference between tasks. Our results suggest an impairment of a pure efferent-driven sense of agency in schizophrenia, which is (1) distinct from motor prediction and (2) not under voluntary control. The abnormal judgments previously reported in schizophrenia for self-recognition abilities might be the consequence of a low order deficit of a pre-reflective sense of agency.

Dinuclear Triple-Stranded Helicates from Rigid Oligo-p-phenylene Ligands: Self-Assembly and Ligand Self-Recognition

The rigid rod oligo-p-phenylene type dicatechol ligands 1-3-H4 form dinuclear triple-stranded helicates M4[(1−3)3Ti2] in the presence of appropriate counterions (M = Li, Na, K, or NH4). Studies on the self-recognition ability of the ligands show that self-recognition takes place if mixtures of ligands with significantly different sizes (1/2) are used in coordination studies, or if ligands are used which do not match for geometric reasons (1/4). Mixtures of ligands with a similar geometric preference (2/5) do not lead to self-recognition, but instead give mixtures of hetero- and homoleptic complexes. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)

Self-awareness and other-awareness. II: Mirror self-recognition, social contingency awareness, and synchronic imitation.

During the second year of life, children's social-cognitive competence shows a dramatic increase. They begin (a) to recognize themselves in mirrors (Lewis & Brooks-Gunn, 1979), (b) to react self-consciously when in the center of others' attention (Lewis, Sullivan, Stanger, & Weiss, 1989), (c) to react with empathic behavior to victims of distress (Zahn-Waxier, RadkeYarrow, & King, 1979), (d) to communicate with peers preverbally through the synchronic imitation of each other's activity (Nadel-Brulfert & Baudonniere, 1982), and (e) to cooperate with peers (Brownell&Carriger, 1990). We (Asendorpf & Baudonniere, 1993) have attempted to integrate these findings within a social-cognitive framework. The five rapidly developing abilities are instances of two particular kinds of cognition: self-awareness (self-recognition ability) and other-awareness (self-consciousness, empathy, communication through synchronic imitation, and cooperation). We have proposed that these two kinds of cognition develop in close synchrony during the second year because both types of cognition are based on one common cognitive capacity: the capacity for secondary representation.

Self-recognition in autistic children.

The hypothesis that the autistic child's impairment in social relatedness stems in part from underlying deficits in self-recognition was explored. Fifteen autistic children ranging from 4 to 6 years of age were assessed for visual self-recognition ability, as well as for skills in two cognitive areas that are believed to be related to the development of self-recognition--object permanence and gestural imitation. It was found that 13 of 15 autistic children showed evidence of self-recognition. The two autistic children who lacked self-recognition were the only two children to perform poorly on the object permanence tasks, which suggests that these two cognitive domains may be closely linked in development. In contrast, there appeared to be no consistent relationship between motor imitation ability and self-recognition. It was concluded that the autistic child's social deficits are not due to a basic lack of differentiation between self and other.

Self-recognition ability in mentally retarded adolescents.

Self-recognition abilities of 30 mentally retarded adolescents were measured using an optical system and a psychophysical scaling procedure that results in a recognition threshold. Compared with college freshmen, the experimental group had significantly higher thresholds (p = .00003). Males were better than females at recognizing full-face self-images (p = .0238). Results were discussed in terms of the retarded adolescents' greater dependency on specific visual cues. The method is discussed as an advance over previous self-recognition methods because of accuracy and the capability of measuring a range of self-recognition abilities.