Adult Self-Perception Profile Research Articles

Psychomotor Therapy Using the Body Schema for the Intellectually Disabled at the A.D.A.R-Tubahoze Centre

This study is the preliminary research focused on psychomotor therapy and body schemas for the intellectually disabled, hence the motor dimension with a test of balance, coordination and jumping in the pre-test and post-test of a BPM measurement at 60, 90 and 120 (BPM) with the YO and YC. The cognitive dimension with, for example, the Berces and Lezine test of body control and latero-spatial organization, the Piaget and Head tests of gesture imitation and latero-spatial organization. The affective dimension revolving around self-esteem was measured with the self-perception profile for adults with intellectual disabilities (SPPD) on physical appearance, athletic competence and psychomotor competence. At the end of the verification of research question and using methodological approach adopted on the present study on the motor dimension, the cognitive dimension and the affective dimension; it was found that with the motor dimension on the balance test, a trend on the performance of our intellectually disabled patients from A.D.A.R-Tubahoze centre during the psychomotor therapy sessions was tested positive in the post-test compared to the pre-test (BYO and BYC).With regard to the coordination test (CYO and CYC) at post-test and pre-test, the statistical frequencies with overall averages show that our intellectually impaired patients tended to obtain better results at post-test than at pre-test; this shows a success in the applicability of motor therapy to coordination disorder in intellectually impaired patients. Similarly, a positive performance trend was shown in the results of the jumping test at post-test than at pre-test. The trend in the results of the jump test (JYO and JYC) in the post-test than in the pre-test would have shown a positive result after our therapeutic-motor sessions with the IDs of the A.D.A.R. centre. From the cognitive dimension, using the test of imitation of gestures and lateral-spatial on different movements, has a score of 10 points in the test of imitation of simple gestures of hand movements, it would have been observed in MID patients that the test proved positive; with the Piaget’s Head test of latero-spatial organization administered to MID which was evaluated at a score of 40 points, had as a positive performance to all patients who took this test. The results of our work on the affective dimension of the dominant modality “Rather true”, was observed on items 12, 16, 20 and 24 of self-esteem, with physical appearance vis-à-vis items (5,10,18 and 22) and items 5 and 9 and then items 17, 13 and 1 of athletic competence; from items with a “Rather positive” modality with items 11, 3 and 2 3, 7, 15 and 19 of our MID patients that a positive trend on positive appreciation was satisfactorily observable.

The Feasibility and Challenges of Conducting Online Research to Examine Movement Behavior in Parents and Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The global pandemic of COVID-19 shifted the methodology of this research project. The purpose of this perspective article is to discuss the feasibility and challenges of converting an in-person mixed methods study that examined associations among and beliefs about physical activity, motor competence, and perceived competence to an online format with parents and children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recruitment was conducted through a University research registry, social media, and public listservs. All correspondence with participants was through email and secure platforms. Physical activity was assessed with accelerometers mailed to participants. Motor competence was assessed through participant-filmed trials of motor skills. Perceived competence was assessed with the Self-Perception Profile for Adults and Children delivered on Qualtrics. Semi- structured interviews to examine beliefs were conducted over Zoom. Approximately 200 families expressed interest in the study, 76 parent-child dyads consented and assented, and 61 parent-child dyads completed at least one component of the study. It is feasible to conduct online research that contributes to scientific knowledge and has potential advantages. However, various challenges need to be considered regarding the application of online research. These challenges included recruitment, the data collection process, and data quality. Future research needs to address these challenges by utilizing wide-reaching and diverse recruitment methods, easing participants' burden with technology, and developing motor competence and perceived competence assessments that can be administered online. The way research was conducted changed due to COVID-19 and adapting to and/or integrating online methods is both necessary and feasible, but modifications must be taken into consideration.

Factors Associated With Psychological Adjustment in Adults With Cleft Lip and/or Palate: Findings From a National Survey in the United Kingdom.

Research has identified adults born with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) to be at risk of poorer psychological outcomes compared to the general population. This study investigated factors that may contribute to positive and negative adjustment in adults born with CL/P. A survey was designed and distributed by the Cleft Lip and Palate Association in collaboration with the Centre for Appearance Research CAR at the University of the West of England (UWE). There were 207 eligible responses (95% completed online) received between July and October 2018. Dependent variables included the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults, Harter's Self Perception Profile for Adults (Global Self-Worth, Social Competence, and Intimacy subscales), the Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale, and the Revised Adult Attachment Scale. Independent variables were the Revised Life Orientation Test, biodemographic data, and self-reported single-item questions. Factors associated with positive adjustment included reports of a happy childhood, talking about CL/P with family, close friendships, comfort in public spaces, satisfaction with appearance, and a positive life orientation. Psychological distress was associated with a desire for further surgery to improve appearance and/or function. Several factors were identified that may influence psychological adjustment in adults with CL/P. Throughout childhood, family-centered practice to support family cohesion and an open dialogue about CL/P is indicated, as is support for young people to develop social confidence. For adults returning to the cleft service, treatment options for appearance and/or functional concerns should be explored, with access to psychological support when indicated. Interventions to increase optimism, resilience, and self-acceptance may also be warranted throughout the life span.

Mejorar la competencia motriz no predice un cambio en la autopercepción en adultos

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to determine whether improving motor performance predicts self-perception in adults. Methods: A total of 55 participants (M = 20 ± 2 years old) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: blocked practice, random practice, and the control group. To evaluate self-perception, The Self-Perception Profile for Adults was used in the sports skills and physical appearance domains. The Test of Fundamental Motor Skills in Adults was used to evaluate motor performance in jumping and throwing skills. A seven-session motor intervention was applied, using blocked and random practice. Results: The results showed that the groups that performed blocked or random practice significantly improved their jump and throw performances and were superior to the control group in the post-test. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the improvement in motor performance, sex or type of practice performed did not significantly predict a change in perceived competence in sports skills (R2 = .038; p = .739), nor in self-perception of physical appearance (R2 = .008; p = .366). Conclusion: In conclusion, the blocked practice and random practice improved the performance in the motor skill, but this improvement does not predict changes in the self-perception of this sample.

Narcissism but Not Criminality Is Associated With Aggression in Women: A Study Among Female Prisoners and Women Without a Criminal Record

Aggression has drawn research attention during the past decades. It remains unclear how self-esteem, self-perception, narcissism and certain socio-demographic factors impact the course of aggression. Female aggression is considered to differ in its origins and is understudied. Only few studies have attempted to examine the aforementioned variables among females, while none of them included a comparison between delinquent and non-delinquent individuals. The present study examines the effect of self-esteem, self-perception, narcissism, and socio-demographic factors on aggression among female inmates and women without criminal record (non-delinquents). One hundred fifty-seven female inmates in the Attica's Korydallos Female Prison and 150 women with no criminal record were assessed with Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale, Narcissistic Personality Inventory-40 and the Self-Perception Profile for Adults. When inmates were compared to non-delinquent women, it emerged that higher aggression could be independently predicted by higher levels of narcissistic personality traits and sociability, as well as lower age, lower education, lower self-esteem, and lower levels of self-perception items including nurturance, job competence and athletic abilities. Aggression was not predicted by the participants' group (inmates vs. non-delinquents). Within female inmates, independently of the type of their offense (convicted for violent vs. non-violent crimes), it was found that lower job competence, higher narcissistic personality traits and a history of childhood maltreatment could predict higher aggression. Our results support the notion that female aggression differs from male and highlight the significant parameters that may predict aggression either among women (inmates and non-delinquent women) or among female inmates (violent or non-violent crimes). It is the presence of narcissistic traits which predict aggression rather than criminality in general, including violent and non-violent crimes.

Self-Esteem Links in Families with 12-Year-Old Children and in Separated Spouses

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study is to map associations of self-esteem in families with 12-year-old children and in separated spouses. The authors assessed self-esteem using the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Adults (B. Messer & S. Harter, 1986) and the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Children (S. Harter, 1988; L. Wichstrom, 1995) in (a) 1,236 pairs of spouses and their 12-year-old children and (b) 159 pairs of ex-spouses. The authors found links for all aspects of self-esteem for married and cohabiting spouses in contrast with ex-spouses who lacked such associations. Ex-spouses had a lower global self-worth than did married and cohabiting spouses. The authors also found parent–child associations for self-esteem. Girls resembled their mothers' global self-worth more than their fathers' and more than the boys. Family members manifest similar levels of self-esteem. The spouses’ similarity can be due to assortative mating, a convergence over time, or both. For children, environmental influence in the family context can contribute to the formation of self-esteem. The stronger mother–girl link suggests that maternal identification of self-esteem is an environmental factor for girls in particular.

A three-wave longitudinal study of self-evaluations during young adulthood

This investigation provides much needed data on stability and change in self-evaluations during young adulthood. The Messer and Harter [Messer, B. & Harter, S. (1986). Manual for the adult self-perception profile. Unpublished manuscript. Department of Psychology, University of Denver] Adult Self-Perception Profile was given to a sample of over 400 young adults in 1999, 2001, and 2003. Several conclusions emerged from this study. Generally speaking, domain-specific self-evaluations showed rank-order consistency and very small normative changes during this interval. Nonetheless, there were individual differences in change in self-evaluations that warrant additional theoretical and empirical attention. In terms of the prediction of global self-esteem, physical self-esteem was one of the strongest independent predictors of global self-esteem. Finally, weighting domain specific self-evaluations by importance ratings did not consistently improve the prediction of global self-esteem. The implications of these results for understanding the psychological nature of young adulthood and for designing future studies using importance ratings are discussed.

Self-concept in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a cooperative Children's Cancer Group and National Institutes of Health study.

Self-concept was compared between adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and sibling controls. Adult survivor subgroups at greatest risk for negative self-concept were identified. Survivors (n = 578) aged > or =18 years, treated before age 20 years on Children's Cancer Group (CCG) ALL protocols, and 396 sibling controls completed a telephone interview and the Harter Adult Self-Perception Profile (ASPP). Survivors global self-worth scores were significantly lower than sibling controls (mean 3.09 vs. 3.18; P = 0.022). Unemployed survivors reported lower global self-worth scores than employed (mean 2.77 vs. 3.12; P = 0.0001), whereas employment status was not associated with self-worth in controls. Among survivors, predictors of negative self-concept included unemployment (odds ratio (OR) = 2.87; 95% CI: 1.50-5.50), and believing that cancer treatment limited employability (OR = 3.17; 95% CI: 1.79-5.62). Unemployment increased the odds for negative self-concept among survivors who received combinations of central nervous system (CNS) irradiation (CRT) and intrathecal methotrexate (IT-MTX), except high CRT with no or low dose IT-MTX. Employed survivors who perceived that treatment limited their employability showed increased odds of negative self-concept for all treatment groups compared to those who did not. Minority ethnic group membership was a borderline significant predictor of negative self-concept (OR = 1.79; 95% CI: 0.94-3.33). Global self-worth was significantly lower in ALL survivors than sibling controls, however, 81% of survivors had positive self-concept. Survivor subgroups most vulnerable to negative self-concept were the unemployed survivors, believing that cancer treatment affected employability, and ethnic minority group members. Targeted intervention may have greater clinical relevance for these subgroups.

Self‐esteem, appraisal and coping: a comparison of unemployed and re‐employed people

AbstractThe negative effects of unemployment on psychological health are well documented, yet Kasl's (1982) reverse causation hypothesis is that positive psychological health, and in particular self‐esteem, facilitates re‐employment. The aim of this study was to investigate this proposal by assessing levels of self‐esteem, cognitive appraisals and coping efforts among unemployed persons and relating these factors to their employment status six months later. Two hundred and one unemployed (49 per cent female, 51 per cent male; mean age = 32.41 ± 10.18 years) and 128 employed respondents (59 per cent female, 41 per cent male; mean age = 35.0 ± 11.73 years) participated in the study. Participants completed the Adult Self‐Perception Profile, Access to Categories of Experience, Locus of Control, Deakin Coping Scale, and the Meaningful Leisure Activities Questionnaire at baseline and at six‐month follow‐up using a mail‐out survey. Comparison of baseline appraisals revealed that future re‐employed participants rated their latent deprivation lower and their internal locus of control higher than those continuously unemployed, and they also derived more internal meaning from leisure activities. Overall, the results provide support for Kasl's reverse causation hypothesis extended to these other domains of psychological health. Intervention strategies designed to incorporate the promotion of these factors are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Reducing latent deprivation during unemployment: The role of meaningful leisure activity

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of meaningful leisure activity in reducing latent deprivation during unemployment. Samples of unemployed (N =201) and employed (N =128) participants were asked to rate their levels of latent deprivation using the Access to Categories of Experience Scale. They were also asked to complete the Profile of Mood States depression subscale, Adult Self‐Perception Profile, Meaningful Leisure Activities Questionnaire, and to rate the frequency with which they engaged in social and solitary leisure activities. Results indicate that unemployed participants engaged in social leisure activities less frequently than employed participants and solitary leisure activities more frequently; and they reported higher perceived latent deprivation, higher depressive affect and lower self‐esteem. Structural Equation Modelling revealed that a sense of latent deprivation contributed to depressive affect and reduced self‐esteem in both unemployed and employed samples, although the impact of latent deprivation upon depressive affect and self‐esteem was significantly greater in the unemployed sample. The meaning attained through social and solitary leisure activities acted to reduce perceived latent deprivation, and thus psychological distress, in unemployed participants. However, only social leisure activities had an impact upon latent deprivation and psychological health in the employed sample. Overall, these findings suggest that participation in leisure activities that are meaningful, rather than simply frequent, may be a constructive and readily achievable coping response during unemployment.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED COMPETENCE AND OBJECTIVE MEASURES OF PHYSICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE IN OLDER ADULTS 628

In recent years increasing attention has focused on the assessment of an individual's perceived competence in physical, intellectual, and social arenas. A variety of instruments have been developed to assess both general self-competence, as well as more specific dimensions of perceived competence, such as, physical appearance, athleticism, sociability, and functional ability. It is increasingly clear that an individual's perception of their own competence can impact on both their willingness and ability to perform a specific task (Fox, 1987). Unfortunately, little is known about the relationship between perceptions of competence and more objective measures of physical and functional ability. This study examined the relationship between perceived competence and selected measures of functional performance in healthy older adults. Twenty males and eighteen females (mean age = 67.7 years, age range 61-85 years) participated in the study. Global and specific self-competence was evaluated using the Adult Self-Perception Profile (Messer& Harter, 1986) and the modified Physical Self-Perception Profile (Chase, 1991). The performance tests included the AAHPERD (Osness et al., 1987) fitness test for older adults (agility/dynamic balance, coordination, flexibility, arm endurance, and aerobic endurance), measures of grip strength, static balance, manual dexterity, shoulder mobility, and a submaximal exercise stress test using a bicycle ergometer protocol. Results revealed that perceived competence was unrelated to either stress test performance or to any of the field tests of functional fitness. For example, when subjects were classified into discrete high and low perceived competence groups, none of the functional performance items significantly discriminated between the high and low perceived competence groups. Our data suggest that, in the older adult population studied, perceived competence is unrelated to actual physical and/or functional ability

Validation of the MMPI-2 Low Self-Esteem Content Scale.

We explored the concurrent validity of the MMPI-2 Low Self-Esteem (LSE) Content scale by asking 216 undergraduate students to complete the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1991), Harter Adult Self-Perception Profile (Harter, 1986a) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). Results suggest the LSE renders a good assessment of global self-esteem as well as being a measure of three distinct components of self-esteem. These specific subscales, identified by factor analysis, were labeled Ineptitude, Negative Self-Value, and Negative Comparison with Others. The LSE and its subscales produced good internal consistency (alpha and Gutman Split Half) coefficients.

Adult Self-Perception Profile (ASPP) Spanish translation and reassessment for a rural, minority population.

Research has identified problems with self-concept in abused women, and past studies have been conducted, primarily within urban populations. Rural and minority women also constitute subgroups of women at risk for abuse. This study was conducted to reassess reliability and validity of the Adult Self-Perception Profile (ASPP), for investigation of relationships between self-concept and woman abuse in rural communities, and to develop and perform initial psychometric evaluation of a Spanish-language version of the ASPP as a tool to enable investigation of self-concept and abuse for rural Mexican American women. ASPP development is projected for database formation of theoretically based interventions and outcome measurement for woman abuse.