Self-Perception Profile For Adolescents Research Articles

Explaining the Creativity Model of Students Based on the Perception of Competence with the Role of Perfectionism

Objective: Students endowed with creative and critical thinking, alongside their unique intellectual and behavioral styles, confront academic and social life challenges. They efficiently fulfill their duties by optimally utilizing their existential forces and spirituality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of a model of student creativity based on perceived competence with the mediation of perfectionism. Methods and Materials: The design of this study was descriptive-correlational. For this purpose, 300 students were selected using cluster random sampling and responded to the Abedi Creativity Scale (1993), the Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (1982), and the Frost, Marten, Lahart, and Rosenblate Perfectionism Scale (1995). Data analysis was performed using path analysis. Additionally, SPSS 24 and AMOS 24 software were utilized for classification, processing, data analysis, and hypothesis testing. Findings: The evaluation of the hypothesized model using fit indices showed that the model fits the measurement model (CFI=0.93, NFI=0.91, RMSEA=0.07). Overall, in the proposed model of the study, the results indicated that perceived competence is related to creativity both directly and indirectly through perfectionism (p<0.05). Moreover, the results showed a positive and significant relationship between perceived competence and perfectionism. Conclusion: Therefore, to enhance student creativity, intervening in perceived competence and perfectionism could be significant.

Mediators of Social Acceptance Among Emerging Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer.

Purpose: Examine associations of social developmental factors (e.g., peer/parent social attachment, romantic relationships) and perceptions of social acceptance among emerging adult survivors of childhood cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional, within-group design was used. Questionnaires included the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, Adolescent Social Self-Efficacy Scale, Personal Evaluation Inventory, Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, and demographics. Correlations were utilized to determine associations between general demographic, cancer-specific, and the psychosocial outcome variables. Peer and romantic relationship self-efficacy were assessed as potential mediators of social acceptance in three mediation models. Relationships between perceived physical attractiveness, peer attachment, parental attachment, and social acceptance were assessed. Results: Data were collected from N = 52 adult participants (Mage = 21.38 years, standard deviation = 3.11 years) diagnosed with cancer as a child. The first mediation model demonstrated a significant direct effect of perceived physical attraction on perceived social acceptance and retained significance after adjusting for indirect effects of the mediators. The second model demonstrated a significant direct effect of peer attachment on perceived social acceptance; however, significance was not retained after adjusting for peer self-efficacy, suggesting the relationship is partially mediated by peer relationship self-efficacy. The third model demonstrated a significant direct effect of parent attachment on perceived social acceptance; however, significance was not retained after adjusting for peer self-efficacy, suggesting the relationship is partially mediated by peer self-efficacy. Conclusion: Relationships between social developmental factors (e.g., parental and peer attachment) and perceived social acceptance are likely mediated by peer relationship self-efficacy in emerging adult survivors of childhood cancer.

Self-Perception of Transgender Adolescents After Gender-Affirming Treatment: A Follow-Up Study into Young Adulthood.

Purpose: Early medical treatment for transgender adolescents should contribute to healthy psychological development, including the development of positive self-perception. However, at present, there are no longitudinal studies that have examined whether current treatment approaches meet this expectation. Therefore, the aim of this single-arm retrospective study was to examine transgender adolescents' self-perception changes over the course of irreversible medical gender-affirming treatment. Methods: The total study sample consisted of 70 adolescents (49 trans men and 21 trans women). Self-perception was assessed before the start of gender-affirming hormone treatment (mean age = 14.65, standard deviation (SD) = 2.08) and at least 6 months after gender-affirming surgeries (mean age = 20.70, SD = 1.49) by Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (SPPA). The SPPA is a self-report measure that examines self-perception on seven different domains: Scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, physical appearance, behavioral conduct, close friendship, and global self-worth. Multilevel modeling (random intercepts model) was conducted to determine the effect of time for all domains of self-perception. Results: It was found that the domains of physical appearance and global self-worth improved significantly over the course of treatment. No domain worsened significantly over the course of treatment. The domains of scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, and close friendship remained stable over time. Conclusion: This study provides the first suggestive evidence that irreversible gender-affirming treatment for adolescents could contribute to the development of a more positive self-perception.

Study regarding the introduction of modern technology in the physical education class

Modern technologies increase the attractiveness of the physical education lesson. Different tools (for example, HOPSports and Brain Breaks systems) can also be used as means of recreation in the breaks between classes. The objectives of the research were to identify differences between teenagers in terms of selfperception and attitudes towards the new technologies applied during physical education (PE) classes and also to establish the relationship between self-perception and attitudes towards the new technologies applied during PE classes. The study was conducted on 69 children (preadolescents) and teenagers (adolescents) aged between 12 and 19 years, M = 16.36, SD = 1.96. Self-perception was measured with the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (SPPA) (Harter, 2012). The results indicate that boys do not have a significantly higher level of self-perception than girls and no significantly higher need for the modernisation of PE classes. After performing a multiple linear regression analysis, it has been highlighted that self-perception is a significant predictor of the need for modernised physical education and sport classes. Children and adolescents who think that they have an exemplary behavioural conduct, are competent in their work and have athletic competence will perceive more acutely the need for modernised PE classes. The implementation of HOPSports and Brain Breaks programs is being discussed, which could positively influence students’ motivation for physical education and sport classes.

STUDY REGARDING THE INTRODUCTION OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASS

Abstract. Modern technologies increase the attractiveness of the physical education lesson. Different tools (for example, HOPSports and Brain Breaks systems) can also be used as means of recreation in the breaks between classes. The objectives of the research were to identify differences between teenagers in terms of self-perception and attitudes towards the new technologies applied during physical education (PE) classes and also to establish the relationship between self-perception and attitudes towards the new technologies applied during PE classes. The study was conducted on 69 children (preadolescents) and teenagers (adolescents) aged between 12 and 19 years, M = 16.36, SD = 1.96. Self-perception was measured with the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (SPPA) (Harter, 2012). The results indicate that boys do not have a significantly higher level of self-perception than girls and no significantly higher need for the modernisation of PE classes. After performing a multiple linear regression analysis, it has been highlighted that self-perception is a significant predictor of the need for modernised physical education and sport classes. Children and adolescents who think that they have an exemplary behavioural conduct, are competent in their work and have athletic competence will perceive more acutely the need for modernised PE classes. The implementation of HOPSports and Brain Breaks programs is being discussed, which could positively influence students’ motivation for physical education and sport classes.

Exposure to Criticism Modulates Left but Not Right Amygdala Functional Connectivity in Healthy Adolescents: Individual Influences of Perceived and Self-Criticism.

Background: Frequent exposure to criticism is a known risk factor for various adult psychiatric disorders. Adolescents may be even more vulnerable to (parental) criticism, as their imbalanced brain maturation makes them prone to stronger mood changes and less effective emotional regulation. Identifying which adolescent subgroups are more vulnerable than others could be of great clinical relevance. Perceived criticism (PC) and self-criticism (SC), two related but distinct traits, could well be crucial vulnerability factors.Hypotheses: After exposure to criticism during fMRI scanning, rapid changes in amygdalar functional connectivity (FC) with other brain areas involved in emotion regulation and social cognitive processing will occur. These changes will depend on trait moderators, such as the adolescents' proneness to (a) perceive others as critical of them (PC) or (b) perceive themselves positively or negatively (SC).Methods: Sixty-four healthy 14–17-year-olds were exposed to a series of auditory comments. Changes in mood states were assessed based on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) prior to and after exposure to these segments. Pre- and post-experiment FC of the left and right amygdalae with other brain areas were also measured. Correlates between FC changes and psychometric measures—including the perceived criticism measure (PCM) and self-perception profile for adolescents (SPPA)—were assessed.Results: First, after being criticized, FC increases of the left amygdala seed region with brain areas related to sustained emotional processing were found, but no right amygdalar FC changes. Second, there was a significant positive partial correlation between individual PCM scores and FC changes between the left amygdala seed region and the left precuneus and left superior parietal cortex, both part of the default mode network.Conclusion: Exposure to criticism resulted in a rapid negative mood change accompanied by an increase in FC between the left amygdala and regions known to be involved in sustained emotional processing, but no right amygdalar FC changes. Furthermore, higher PC but not SC was correlated with stronger left amygdalar FC increases with these regions, suggesting an elevated vulnerability for disturbed emotional processing, as observed in mood disorders, in healthy adolescents with higher PCM scores.

Self-Esteem and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life within a Cleft Lip and/or Palate Population: A Prospective Cohort Study.

(1) Objective: To investigate the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and self-esteem (SE) of a population with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) and to compare it with a non-affected control cohort. (2) Materials and methods: This study comprised 91 CLP patients and a control group of 790 individuals, seeking orthodontic treatment. OHRQoL and SE were assessed by the Child’s Perception Questionnaire (CPQ) and the Dutch adaptation of the Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents. Treatment need and self-perception of oral aesthetic were assessed using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and the Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Scale (OASIS). Patients’ expectations and motivation for treatment were also scored. Linear models were used for statistical comparisons between groups. (3) Results: The cleft group scored higher in all domains of the CPQ, OASIS, IOTN and regarding SE for the domains of scholastic competence, athletic competence, physical appearance and behavioral conduct. The cleft group was not only more motivated and expected less discomfort during treatment but also had higher expectations for the treatment outcome. (4) Conclusions: The OHRQoL of CLP patients is strongly correlated with the presence of an oral cleft, while SE remains a personal resource not influenced by the malocclusion or medical condition.

High satisfaction on genital self-perception and sexual function in healthy Norwegian male adolescents

Genital self-perception and self-reported outcome on sexual function represent important information in studies focusing on male adolescents born with a genital malformation. Normal data from an age-matched control group are essential for comparison and more knowledge is needed concerning age after puberty and before entering adulthood. To investigate the self-reported outcome on genital perception and sexual outcome of healthy male adolescents aged 16 and 17 years. Sixty-one individuals were included in this cross-sectional study. The assessment tools included the adolescents' self-report on genital perception and sexual function measured by the Pediatric Penile Perception Score (PPPS) and their responses to a semi-structured interview. In addition, we added information on mental health and psychosocial functioning measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measured by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Body satisfaction and self-esteem were also measured by the Global Self-Worth and Physical Appearance subscales of the revised version of the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (SPPA). Of the 73 individuals invited, a total of 61 participated. The adolescents reported high satisfaction on genital self-perception and sexual function with a score close to 10 on the overall PPPS score (maximum overall score is 12). Participants who were dissatisfied with their genitals reported penile length, alongside foreskin, as their main concern. More than 90% reported satisfaction on sexual function, concerning erection, masturbation, ejaculation, and orgasm. Results showed a higher score on body satisfaction, self-esteem, mental health and psychosocial functioning and a lower score on HRQoL compared to the normative Norwegian data. The small numbers of individuals that scored more negatively on genital self-perception and sexual function also scored more negatively in all items studied. A key finding in our study was their high satisfaction on the overall PPPS score and reported sexual function. The results are comparable to other studies related to healthy male adolescents and the sample studied deviate little from a representative Norwegian sample. A comparison group of age-matched adolescents from the normative population is important to determine long-term outcomes on genital appearance and sexual function of patients born with a genital malformation and operated on in early childhood. Limitations of this study are the small sample-size and the lack of information on non-participants. Our results show generally positive genital self-perception and sexual function in a healthy group of Norwegian male adolescents, aged 16 and 17.

Does level of motor competence affect the associations between identity health and self-perceptions in adolescents?

Adolescence is a particularly important time for the development of self-perceptions and identity as many environmental and personal factors are influential. One relatively unexplored factor is level of motor competence. To examine the relationship between identity health and self-perceptions in male and female adolescents with low motor competence (LMC) compared to typically developing (TD) adolescents. Adolescents (N=160, 64.4% males, Mage=14.45yrs., SD=0.75) completed the Adolescent Motor Competence Questionnaire (AMCQ), Assessment of Identity Development in Adolescence (AIDA), and Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (SPPA). Based on the AMCQ score, the sample was grouped into LMC and TD. Pearson's product moment correlations between the AIDA and SPPA subscales were derived for gender, competence groups, and gender x competence sub-groups. Overall, males had lower AIDA scores (healthier identity) than the females and significant associations with all self-perception domains. For females, only scholastic and social competence, physical appearance, behavioural conduct, close friendship and Global Self-worth (GSW) domains were significantly related to their AIDA score. The adolescents in the LMC group had higher AIDA scores (less-healthier identity) and fewer self-perception domains [scholastic competence, physical appearance, behavioural conduct, close friendships and GSW] were associated to their AIDA scores. For the TD group, all self-perception domains were significantly correlated with their AIDA scores. When grouped by gender and motor competence, the TD males had the healthiest identity scores which were strongly associated with all self-perception subdomains. For males with LMC, only scholastic competence, behavioural conduct and GSW domains were significantly related with their identity score. Females from both competence groups reported significant associations between physical appearance, close friendships, behavioural conduct, and social competence domains with their identity scores. Scholastic competence was also significantly associated with identity only for females with LMC. Positive self-perceptions across a range of domains are associated with a healthier identity, but differ according to level of motor competence and gender. For those with LMC, the self-perception subdomains unrelated to physical activity and sport, such as school-based aspects were associated with a healthier identity. These findings should guide school based interventions to provide support in these domains in order to strengthen self-worth and identity health.

SELF-PERCEPTIONS AND SELF-ESTEEM IN ADOLESCENT RHYTHMIC GYMNASTS: IS TRAINING LEVEL A DETERMINANT?

The purpose of this study was to examine Self-Perceptions and Self-Esteem in adolescent rhythmic gymnasts of different training levels. One hundred female rhythmic gymnasts (32 competitive and 68 recreational level gymnasts), aged 13-15 years, participated in this study. Participants’ Self-Perception and Self-esteem were evaluated through the Greek version of Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (Harter, 1986;2012; Makri-Mpotsari, 2001) which measures nine specific domains of self-perception (Scholastic Competence, Relations with Peers, Relations with Parents, Mathematics Competence, Athletic Competence, Physical Appearance, Language Competence, Behavioral Conduct, Close Friends) consisting of 5-items each. The inventory also includes a ten-item Global Self-Worth scale that measures Self-Esteem. In addition, gymnasts provided information on their training. Competitive level gymnasts scored higher than recreational in the domain of Relations with Parents (p=0.027, d=0.50) and in Global Self-Worth (p=0.046, d=0.45). No differences were found between groups in other self-perception domains (p=0.068 to 0.611, d=0.41 to 0.10). Engaging in competitive sport may enhance adolescent athletes’ Self-Esteem and it is likely that this engagement strengthens the relations of the gymnasts with their parents. Further research is required on the association between training level and Self-Perception domains, and in particular in the case of adolescent female athletes.

Associations Among Perceived Parent and Peer Support, Self-Esteem, and Cancer-Related Worry in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors.

Purpose: Cancer-related worry is common among adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors, and is associated with adverse psychosocial outcomes. Thus, it is crucial to identify possible modifiable covariates of cancer-related worry to aid in developing targeted interventions. This study aimed to explore the cross-sectional associations between cancer-related worry and potential covariates (i.e., perceived parental support, perceived peer support, self-esteem). Methods: One hundred fifty-two survivors between the ages of 15 and 25 who had been diagnosed with cancer between the ages of 14 and 21 completed the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, and a measure of cancer-related worry. Relationships among variables were assessed through structural equation modeling. Results: The model showed good fit [χ2(13) = 13.26, p = 0.43; comparative fit index = 0.997; root mean square error of approximation = 0.01 (90% confidence interval = 0.00-0.08); standardized root mean square residual = 0.04]; however, not all associations were in expected directions. Higher perceived parent and peer support were each significantly associated with lower self-esteem, which, in turn, was significantly associated with higher cancer-related worry. There was no direct association between support variables and cancer-related worry. Conclusion: These findings, which contradict existing theory about self-esteem development in healthy AYAs and prior research about the association between support and self-esteem in children and adolescents with cancer, suggest complex, and likely reciprocal, relationships among perceived support, cancer-related worry, and self-esteem in AYA cancer survivors. Support interventions involving peers with cancer and cognitive behavioral interventions targeting parent and peer relationships, self-esteem, and cancer-related worry may be beneficial in fostering AYA cancer survivors' psychosocial development.

The impact of social media use on appearance self-esteem from childhood to adolescence – A 3-wave community study

BackgroundSocial media users are extensively exposed to photographs displaying idealized self-presentations. This poses a potential threat to youth's appearance self-esteem, but the negative impact may depend upon types of social media engagement. Youth who actively post updates (i.e., self-oriented social media use) may position themselves to receive positive feedback and appearance confirmation and thus show enhanced self-esteem, whereas youths who mostly view and respond to other's posts (i.e. other-oriented social media use) are exposed to these idealized presentations, while not receiving positive feedback on their own appearance, which may result in reduced self-esteem. MethodsChildren were interviewed about their social media use at ages 10, 12 and 14 years (n = 725). Appearance self-esteem was captured by the Self Description Questionnaire I and the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents. ResultsApplying a Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model, we found that increased other-oriented social media use predicted decreased appearance self-esteem from ages 10 to 12 and ages 12 to 14, but only in girls. Self-oriented social media use did not impact appearance self-esteem, and no reverse influence from appearance self-esteem to social media use was revealed. ConclusionsFindings suggest that other-oriented, but not self-oriented use, negatively affects appearance self-esteem from childhood to adolescence.

Profiles of perceived social functioning in adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer.

Social interaction and peer relationships are critical for development, especially for adolescents and young adults (AYA). Cancer treatment may disrupt social functioning and impact quality of life. Prior research into AYA social functioning has primarily been qualitative in nature or assessed via broad measures of functioning. Given the multi-dimensional nature of social functioning, and its importance for AYA, a person-centered approach to analyses is needed. AYA survivors of childhood cancer, ages 13 to 23 (n = 192, 51% male) and at least 1 year post-treatment (M = 7.35 ± 4.18 years post), completed measures to assess perceived social functioning, social support, and positive and negative affect. Caregivers also completed a measure of social functioning. Latent profile analysis was used to empirically derive profiles of perceived social functioning using the self-perception profile for adolescents (SPPA). A 3-class solution provided the best fit to the data: 58.9% average, 33.7% high, and 7.5% low functioning. The average group reported mean scores that were similar to normative values available in the SPPA manual. Demographic and medical factors were unrelated to class membership. Social support and positive/negative affect differed significantly by class; caregiver-report of social functioning did not. Overall, the majority of AYA survivors of childhood cancer are doing well socially, with perceived adequate social functioning associated with both high levels of social support as well as greater perceptions of positive affect. Future work is needed to elucidate longitudinal trajectories of social functioning, as well as to identify and intervene with those survivors who are struggling.

Effects of an Aboriginal Cultural Enrichment Program on Adolescent Mothers’ Self-Perceptions

This study explored the effects of an Aboriginal cultural enrichment initiative on the self-concept of ten pregnant or parenting adolescent women, all but one of whom were of Aboriginal descent. The cultural enrichment activities were integrated into a program of support for adolescent mothers. Questionnaires were administered to the participants at the beginning and after six weeks of participating in the cultural enrichment component of the program. The Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (Harter, 1988) was used to measure global self-worth and self-perception across eight domains. Overall cultural identity, cultural identity achievement, cultural behaviours and sense of affirmation and belonging were measured using the 20 item Multigroup Ethnic Identity Questionnaire (Phinney, 1998b). Individual audio-taped interviews were also undertaken following completion of the post-tests. After six weeks of the cultural enrichment program, the participants’ cultural identity achievement scores increased significantly, and participants who had achieved a strong cultural identity also had higher levels of global selfworth. Average self concept became more positive in the specific domains of job competence and behavioural conduct. In the interviews, participants expressed positive reactions to the cultural component of the program, and attributed positive personal changes to the cultural experiences it provided. The results support the conclusion that it is highly beneficial to incorporate a cultural component into services for Aboriginal youth.

СУЧАСНІ СТАНДАРТИЗОВАНІ ЗАРУБІЖНІ МЕТОДИКИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ Я-КОНЦЕПЦІЇ МОЛОДШИХ ШКОЛЯРІВ

В статті розглянуто дванадцять найпопулярніших зарубіжних методик дослідження Я-концепції школярів: Опитувальник самооцінки Розенберга, Опитувальник самооцінки Куперсміта, Шкалу дитячої Я-концепції Пірса-Гарріса, Шкалу Я-концепції Теннессі, Профіль самосприйняття для дітей Хартер, Опитувальник самоопису Марша, Профіль самосприйняття для підлітків Хартер, Рисунковий тест самооцінки компететності та соціального прийняття для дошкільників, Шкалу самооцінки Хейра, Шкалу ситуативної самооцінки Хітертона та Полівого, Багатовимірну шкалу Я-концепції Бракена, Шкалу Я-концепції для дітей Мартінека-Заїчковського. За результатами аналізу встановлено, що всі методики мають добрі показники валідності, надійності та внутрішньої узгодженості. Окремі з них перекладено та адаптовано російською чи українською мовами. Однак в більшості випадків відомості щодо психометричних властивостей адаптованих версій методик авторами не розкриваються. Лише окремі версії методики самосприйняття Хартер представлені у форматі, який дає можливість їх повноцінного практичного застосування. Поряд із цим ряд методик (тест Розенберга та різні версії методики Хартер) мають добрі перспективи впровадження в навчально- виховний процес за належної стандартизації та додаткових досліджень її валідності та надійності.

Change and Consistency of Self-Esteem in Early and Middle Adolescence in the Context of School Transition

Self-esteem is continuous and has stable characteristics, but it may also change, e.g., during transitions from one educational level to the next. In a prospective cross-sectional study over a year and a half, 250 Polish early adolescents (N = 109, 54 girls; mean age at T1 = 12.68 years, SD = 0.49) and middle adolescents (N = 141, 107 girls; mean age at T1 = 15.80, SD = 0.44) were tested three times using Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, assessing both global self-esteem and self-evaluation in eight domains. The change and consistency of self-esteem were analyzed, at both group and individual levels. At the group level, the following results were found: (1) continuity of self-esteem in five domains (scholastic competence, athletic competence, physical appearance, close friendship, and romantic appeal) and in global self-esteem and discontinuity in only three domains (social acceptance, job competence, and behavioral conduct); (2) significant inter-individual variation in the change not explained by age; and (3) higher self-esteem (in five domains) in early adolescents. At the individual level, the stability in most domains was weak, but was restored over the second year at the new school. The complexity of the developmental change and consistency in self-esteem in adolescence was highlighted, emphasizing the need for analyzing both group and individual change.

Self-perception of transgender clinic referred gender diverse children and adolescents.

Transgender children and adolescents show high rates of co-occurring psychopathology, which might be related to low self-confidence. Earlier research showed that compared to the norm population, transgender clinic–referred children have lower self-perception on two domains: physical appearance and global self-worth. This study aimed to compare self-perception in a sample of transgender clinic–referred children and adolescents with their standardization samples and to examine differences between these two groups. To measure self-esteem, the Self-Perception Profile for Children was administered to 305 referred children (162 assigned males at birth (AMABs) and 143 assigned females at birth (AFABs), mean age = 9.05 (SD, 1.47), range = 5.9–13.00 years), and the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents was administered to 369 referred adolescents (118 AMABs and 251 AFABs, mean age = 15.27 (SD, 1.80), range = 10.73–18.03 years). To measure the severity of gender dysphoria, the parents of the children completed the Gender Identity Questionnaire and the adolescents completed the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale. Referred children and adolescents had a significantly lower self-concept compared to the normative population, whereby referred adolescents felt less competent compared to referred children. Compared to their peers, childhood referred AFABs perceived themselves even better on scholastic and athletic competence and social acceptance. With regard to gender differences, referred AFABs generally showed a better self-perception compared to referred AMABs. The lower self-perception of transgender clinic–referred children and adolescents compared to same age peers deserves clinical attention and interventions aimed at, for example, improving social and physical self-worth.

Family relations and relationships with peers as determinants of self-esteem in adolescents

Objective - The aim of this study was to examine to what extent the quality of family relationships (attachment to mother, attachment to father, family cohesion) and relationships with peers (attachment to peers and social acceptance) predict global self-esteem of boys and girls in adolescence. Materials and methods - The sample included 221 high school students aged 14-18 years old. Attachments to parents and peers were assessed using the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment. Family cohesion was measured with the Family Cohesion Scale of the Colorado Self-Report Measure of Family Functioning. Adolescent perceptions of global self-worth and social acceptance among peers were measured using the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents. Results - The results showed that girls are more attached to their peers than boys. Boys and girls did not differ in their attachment to mother and father, perception of family cohesion, self-conceptions of global self-worth and social acceptance. Stepwise regression analyses were conducted on the results for the boys’ and girls’ samples with adolescent global self-esteem as a criterion variable and measures of attachment to peers, social acceptance, family cohesion, attachment to mother and attachment to father as predictor variables. The results revealed that attachment to the same-sex parent and peer acceptance significantly contribute to boys’ and girls’ global self-esteem. Conclusion - The findings of this study point to the importance of approval from significant others (family and peer group) in different socialization contexts for fostering global self-esteem in adolescents.

Influence of Sports Camps and Vision on Perceived Motor Competence in Children and Adolescents who Are Visually Impaired

Introduction Children with visual impairments (that is, those who have low vision or blindness) often demonstrate lower levels of perceived and actual motor competence and physical activity compared to peers who are sighted. The purpose of this study was to assess the way in which seven-day sports camps specially designed for children with visual impairments affected perceived motor competence as compared to a control condition. Methods Children with visual impairments (N = 79), ages 9 to 19 years (M = 12.71, SD = 2.38) completed either the Self-Perception Profile for Children (ages 9 to 13 years) or the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (ages 14 to 19 years) two to three times at two summer camps or at a school for blind students. Two separate 3 (group) × 4 (vision) ANOVAs assessed pretest and posttest differences for perceived motor competence. A 3 (group) × 2 (time) × 4 (vision) repeated-measures ANOVA examined the effects of camp on perceived motor competence from pretest to posttest. Paired samples t-tests were conducted to reveal if levels of perceived motor competence remained stable from posttest to maintenance. Results Camp and control groups revealed nonsignificant and similar levels of perceived motor competence at the pretest. By the end of camp one, children improved their perceived motor competence to a much greater and significant degree than did those in the control condition. Similar effects occurred for those who enrolled at camp two, and those participants also revealed significantly greater gains than did those in the control group. A small subsample maintained their gains six weeks after camp one, while control children also remained stable with no change after six weeks. Discussion Children's perceived motor competence can be improved through accessible sports camps. This finding is important, since this measure powerfully associates with physical activity. Implications for practitioners Physical education teachers can model camp conditions to benefit perceived motor competence throughout the academic year.

Reported changes in oral health-related quality of life in children and adolescents before, during, and after orthodontic treatment: a longitudinal study

To investigate the changes in oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) before, during, and after orthodontic treatment, determine the relationship with the original treatment need and evaluate the influence of self-esteem (SE). OHRQoL questionnaires were used in an ongoing observational prospective cohort study at baseline (T0), 1 year after start (T1), and 1 month after the end of active orthodontic treatment (T2). Participants were 11-16-year-old at baseline and 215 complete cases were obtained from a total of 498. OHRQoL was scored by using the Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ11-14), SE was assessed by the Dutch adaptation of the Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents and treatment need was defined by the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Scale (OASIS) was included to score perceived treatment need. Data were analyzed with Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U-test and linear models for longitudinal data. A significant decrease in IOTN and in OASIS was noted from T0-T1-T2 (P < 0.0001). CPQ results show a decrease from T0 to T2, from T1 to T2 and an increase from T0 to T1 (P < 0.0001). This was valid for the overall CPQ scores and its subdomains except for emotional well-being (EW), which decreases from T0-T1-T2. A correlation was found between baseline SE and the change of total CPQ scores between T0 and T2, also for EW (r = 0.325 and r = 0.354). OHRQoL ameliorates after orthodontic treatment. High baseline SE works as a protective factor for OHRQoL.