Self-monitoring (SM) has been used as part of intervention packages to enhance skills such as leisure and vocational engagement for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). However, the effectiveness of SM alone remains unclear. We analyzed components of an SM intervention to increase task engagement for five individuals with IDD. Participants were first taught to accurately self-monitor their engagement. Sequential analyses evaluated SM alone, SM + differential reinforcement (DR) for accurate SM, SM + DR for accurate SM and task engagement, and DR for task engagement. SM alone was ineffective. Combining SM with DR for accurate SM improved accuracy of SM for all participants but increased task engagement for only two. Combining SM with DR for both accurate SM and task engagement increased engagement for the remaining participants. High levels of task engagement were maintained when reinforcement for engagement was provided without SM. Implications for intervention design are discussed.

Pronunciation is a vital component of oral language proficiency, yet it remains underrepresented in English language instruction, particularly within higher education EFL/ESL contexts. This study aims to address this pedagogical gap by developing and validating a non-test self-assessment instrument to measure pronunciation self-efficacy among intermediate English language learners (ELLs). Grounded in constructivist and learner-centered theories, the instrument integrates four dimensions: Phonological Awareness (PA), Accent and Intonation Awareness (AIA), Self-Confidence (SC), and Self-Monitoring (SM). A total of 43 university students participated, selected via purposive sampling. The instrument, comprising 20 Likert-scale items, underwent content validation by three experts, followed by psychometric evaluation through Rasch analysis using Winsteps software. The results demonstrate strong psychometric properties across all dimensions. Item and person reliability values ranged from moderate to high (0.64–0.90), with Cronbach’s Alpha (KR-20) between 0.68 and 0.90, indicating internal consistency. Person separation indices varied from 1.33 to 2.70, suggesting sufficient ability discrimination. Item fit statistics were within acceptable thresholds, supporting construct validity. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of residuals confirmed unidimensionality, particularly for the SC construct, where Rasch explained variance reached 70.6%. PT-measure correlations further supported item discrimination quality. The validated instrument fills a methodological gap in the assessment of pronunciation self-efficacy and offers a practical, learner-centered tool for pedagogical implementation. It contributes to the advancement of self-regulated learning in pronunciation and opens pathways for further research into affective-cognitive correlates of pronunciation in EFL contexts.

Self-monitoring (SM) of diet and exercise is a useful strategy for weight management, either as a standalone treatment or as part of behavioral weight loss (BWL) interventions. However, rates of adherence to SM are often low among Hispanic/Latina women. In this qualitative study, 14 Hispanic/Latina women with overweight or obesity attended focus groups and were asked to identify perceived barriers to SM and suggestions for improving adherence. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. Major barriers included avoidance, cultural features, mental health, and negative perceptions of SM. Major suggestions were to intervene on multiple levels (i.e. community, group, individual), incorporate mental healthcare, reduce the burden of tracking, and prioritize health rather than weight. Future studies should empirically test the novel suggestions identified in this study to determine whether they increase SM adherence.

ObjectiveThe SMARTER mobile health (mHealth) weight‐loss trial compared adherence to self‐monitoring (SM) of diet, physical activity (PA), and weight and adherence to study‐prescribed diet and PA goals between SM + feedback (SM + FB) and SM‐only arms over 12 months.MethodsParticipants used digital tools to monitor their dietary intake, PA, and weight. We applied generalized linear mixed modeling to compare patterns of monthly adherence to SM and behavioral goals between groups over time and examine the association of adherence to SM and behavioral goals with ≥5% weight loss.ResultsThe sample (N = 502) was 80% female and 82% White, with a mean (SD) BMI of 33.7 (4.0) kg/m2. Adherence to SM and fat, calorie, and PA goals declined nonlinearly over time, with the SM + FB group displaying less of a decline compared with the SM‐only group. Higher adherence to diet, PA, and weight SM and to calorie and PA goals was associated with greater odds of achieving ≥5% weight loss. A higher monthly probability of achieving ≥5% weight loss was associated with greater adherence to diet, PA, and weight SM and to calorie and PA goals.ConclusionsThese results suggest that future research should examine the mechanisms underlying tailored FB to improve the effect of FB intervention strategies that can lead to improved weight loss.

Human Resource Flexibility (HRF) signifies a set of HR practices tailored by media houses to boost employees’ innovative workplace work behavior and shrink the resistance to change. This also leads to a competitive advantage for the organization and empowers it to meet the changing environment among competitors. This study discovered that, by using HRF, organizations will face less resistance to change by employees, and at the same time, employees will also adopt innovation in the workplace. Primary data was collected from 350 media workers engaged at different print & electronic media houses in Rawalpindi & Islamabad. Of these, 310 questionnaires were found complete and accepted for analysis. The population included media workers (print and electronic media) & convenience sampling (a non-probability technique) was used to collect data from people. SPSS (version 20) was used to analyze data. The study explored the relationship between Human Resource Flexibility (HRF) and Innovative Work Behavior (IWB), including Resistance to Change (RTC). Furthermore, it examined the moderating role of Self-Monitoring (SM) on the above relationship. It was observed that HRF has a significant positive relationship with IWB and an antagonistic relationship with RTC. Therefore, the moderating role of Self-Monitoring reflected a worthy effect on the relationship between HRF, IWB, and RTC.

Objective: Research indicates that the rate of insomnia increases with age. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the factors related to sleep quality and to identify the predictors of sleep quality in the older adult, based on the strategies of self-regulation theory. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 335 older adults from Neishabur city, who were randomly selected in 2024. To collect data, a demographic information checklist, the standard Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire, and a custom-designed questionnaire to measure the strategies of self-regulation theory were used. The majority of the research participants were women (51%) and married individuals (73%). In terms of education, 70% of the research participants had less than a high school diploma. Additionally, the majority of them (82%) had an underlying medical condition. Sixty-five percent of the research participants had private rooms, while 16% had no bedrooms. The results showed that 70.4% of the older adults did not have good sleep quality. The mean of self-regulation was 81.96 ± 17.26, and the mean score for sleep quality among the older adults was 8.54 ± 4.65. Based on the results, the use of sleeping pills (R=-10.883, P<0.001), age (P<0.001, R= 9.830), presence of underlying diseases (P<0.001, R=5.549), gender (P<0.001, R=5.485), and performance evaluation and judgment (P<0.001, R= 3.249) were identified as predictors of sleep quality. Based on the results, evaluation and judgment of performance were the most effective predictors of sleep quality in older adults (β = -0.274, R² = 0.37, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Among the strategies of self-regulation theory, evaluation and judgment of performance, goal setting, and self-monitoring were the most effective predictors of sleep quality in older adults. Therefore, it is recommended to design appropriate interventions aimed at empowering older adults to promote their health and improve their sleep quality, focusing on these factors and emphasizing the predictive strategies of self-regulation theory.

Introduction: Self-monitoring (SM) lifestyle behaviors is the cornerstone of behavioral treatment for weight loss, but adherence declines. Mobile health (mHealth) tools can lessen the burden of SM and enable timely feedback (FB) to reinforce SM behaviors. Hypothesis: A greater number of FB messages received will be associated with better adherence to diet, physical activity (PA), and weight SM and study-prescribed diet and PA goals. Aims: To examine the association between adherence to diet, PA, and weight SM and calorie, fat and PA goals and the amount of FB received for participants assigned to the SM+FB arm in SMARTER, a 12-month mHealth weight loss clinical trial. Methods: We randomized 502 participants to either SM+FB or SM alone and asked them to self-monitor diet via the Fitbit app, PA via the Fitbit tracker and weight via a smart scale over 12 months. Participants recorded food intake and tracked PA daily and self-weighed at least weekly. Using SM data uploaded in real-time, the SM+FB group received 3 tailored FB messages daily on their study-designed smartphone app (daily for diet, every other day for PA, weekly for weight). We applied generalized linear mixed-effects modeling to examine the association between the number of FB messages opened and adherence to SM and to study-prescribed goals analyzed as a percentage or meeting the threshold and reported as the unstandardized regression coefficient (b) or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value. Results: The SM+FB group (n=251) was 84% white and 80% female with a mean age of 45.0±14.3 years and a mean BMI of 33.7±3.9 kg/m2. Over 12 months, the SM+FB group opened a mean 471.3±279.7 FB messages. While adherence to diet, PA, and weight SM and to diet (calorie and fat) and PA (weekly minutes) goals declined nonlinearly (p&lt;.05) over 12 months, the number of FB messages received was positively associated with SM and goal adherence: daily diet SM (OR=2.61, 95%CI=[2.46, 2.76]; p&lt;.001), daily PA SM (OR=3.04, [2.72, 3.40]; p&lt;.001), weekly weight SM (b=2.03, [1.90, 2.16]; p&lt;.001), daily calorie goals (b=2.21, [1.95, 2.47]; p&lt;.001), daily fat goals (square root transformed) (b=0.17, [0.14, 0.19]; p&lt;.001), and weekly PA goals (b=5.22, [3.49, 6.95]; p&lt;.001). Conclusion: Providing feedback to participants reduced the decline in adherence to SM and lifestyle change goals; however, additional strategies are needed to enhance long-term engagement with mHealth tools and improve weight loss outcomes.

Abstract Background Self-monitoring (SM) of lifestyle behaviors is the centerpiece of standard behavioral treatment (SBT) for weight loss as SM increases one’s awareness of their behaviors. Extensive evidence demonstrates a significant relationship between adherence to SM and successful weight loss outcomes. Purpose Examine baseline characteristics of participants that are associated with higher adherence to SM of diet, physical activity (PA), and weight in a 12-month mHealth weight loss trial. Methods SMARTER was a single-site, 2-arm randomized controlled trial. We randomized 502 adults with a body mass index (BMI) 27-43 kg/m2 to diet, weight, and PA SM plus tailored feedback messages (SM+FB, n=251) or SM alone (n=251). We provided the SM+FB group feedback messages via the SMARTER app on diet daily, PA every other day and weight weekly. The study provided a wearable PA tracker and smart scale for weight and utilized a smartphone app for dietary SM. Adherence of dietary SM was defined as the % of days with ≥50% of calorie goal recorded and PA SM was % of days with ≥500 steps. Weight SM was the % of days with weight based on the scale record. Linear mixed modeling was applied to assess the monthly percent adherence to SM of diet, PA, and weight over a 12-month period. Our analysis incorporated time effects in months and polynomials of time, treatment group assignment (SM+FB vs. SM), baseline variables of interest (e.g., BMI, age, sex, race, education years, income), and the interactions between treatment and time effects with other variables. For parsimony, non-significant effects were removed. Results The sample (N=502) was 82% white (n=414), 79% female (n=399), and had a mean age of 45.0±14.4 years and BMI of 33.7±4.0 kg/m2. Over 12 months, percent adherence to SM of diet, PA, and weight declined non-linearly. Treatment groups did not demonstrate significant differences. The impact of treatment on the monthly decline in adherence to diet SM was curvilinear and varied significantly over 12 months. Older age was associated with greater adherence to the SM of diet (b=0.72, 95% CI: 0.55-0.88, P &amp;lt; .0001), PA (b=0.50, 95% CI: 0.35-0.66, P &amp;lt; .0001), and weight (b=0.71, 95% CI: 0.57-0.85, P &amp;lt; .0001). Conversely, higher baseline BMI was associated with lower adherence to SM of diet (b=-1.14, 95% CI: -1.73 to -0.55, P &amp;lt; .0001) and PA (b=-0.79, 95% CI: -1.35 to -0.22, P= .006). Other baseline variables were not significantly related to adherence. Conclusion The findings suggest that individuals with a higher BMI at baseline may need additional enhancement strategies to improve their engagement with the digital tools for SM lifestyle which could lead to improved weight outcomes.

BackgroundData-driven trajectory modeling approaches have been used to identify participant subgroups with differing responses to digital lifestyle interventions. Identifying contributing factors to different participant subgroups can inform tailored strategies to early “rescue” intervention non-responders. Self-monitoring (SM) is a central mechanism in lifestyle interventions for driving behavior change and can serve as an early indicator for later intervention response. This qualitative study aimed to compare SM experiences between intervention response subgroups and to identify contributing factors to intervention response subgroups in a 6-month digital lifestyle intervention for adults with overweight or obesity.ResultsParticipants were middle-aged (52.9 ± 10.2 years), mostly female (65%), and of Hispanic ethnicity (55%). Four major themes with emerged from the thematic analysis: Acceptance towards SM Technologies, Perceived SM Benefits, Perceived SM Barriers, and Responses When Facing SM Barriers. Participants across both subgroups perceived SM as positive feedback, aiding in diet and physical activity behavior changes. Both groups cited individual and technical barriers to SM, including forgetfulness, the burdensome SM process, and inaccuracy. The Responder Group displayed positive problem-solving skills that helped them overcome the SM barriers. In contrast, some in the Non-responder Group felt discouraged from SM. Both subgroups found diet SM particularly challenging, especially due to technical issues such as the inaccurate food database, the time-consuming food entry process in the Fitbit app.ConclusionsOur study indicates that qualitative analysis is valuable for translating data-driven findings to actionable intervention improvement strategies. Our findings may inform the development of practical SM improvement strategies in future digital lifestyle interventions for weight loss. Notably, building problem solving skills emerge as a key approach to prevent potential non-responders from intervention disengagement.

The use of technology-based self monitoring (SM) interventions is becoming more popular, increasing the likelihood that SM interventions will have greater contextual fit within classrooms. SM has resulted in increases in desired school behaviors, such as increases in on task behavior, academic performance, and task completion for students diagnosed with disabilities. The purpose of this study was to extend the findings from Clemons et al. and examine student and teacher use of a web based SM application, I-Connect, and reinforcement to increase on task behavior for three U.S. elementary school students with or at risk for an emotional behavioral disorder using extended SM intervals. All three participants demonstrated significant increases in on task behavior with the use of the I-Connect application plus reinforcement intervention in the classroom.

Self-monitoring (SM) is a widely used intervention to address a myriad of problem behaviors exhibited by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other disabilities (e.g., specific learning disability). SM of performance (SMP) interventions have been effective in increasing task completion and on-task behaviors in the general education setting. However, most of the research on SM interventions has been completed in a school setting, and few have evaluated the inclusion of a peer mediator component within a SM treatment package. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a SMP intervention on disruptive behavior and task completion in three children with ASD. This study extends previous research by incorporating a peer mediator component, including children with ASD, and implementing the intervention in a clinic setting. The results show that the SM treatment package was effective, as the level of disruptive behavior and task completion improved for all three participants compared to baseline levels.

BackgroundAchieving clinically significant weight loss through lifestyle interventions for obesity management is challenging for most individuals. Improving intervention effectiveness involves early identification of intervention nonresponders and providing them with timely, tailored interventions. Early and frequent self-monitoring (SM) adherence predicts later weight loss success, making it a potential indicator for identifying nonresponders in the initial phase.ObjectiveThis study aims to identify clinically meaningful participant subgroups based on longitudinal adherence to SM of diet, activity, and weight over 6 months as well as psychological predictors of participant subgroups from a self-determination theory (SDT) perspective.MethodsThis was a secondary data analysis of a 6-month digital lifestyle intervention for adults with overweight or obesity. The participants were instructed to perform daily SM on 3 targets: diet, activity, and weight. Data from 50 participants (mean age: 53.0, SD 12.6 y) were analyzed. Group-based multitrajectory modeling was performed to identify subgroups with distinct trajectories of SM adherence across the 3 SM targets. Differences between subgroups were examined for changes in clinical outcomes (ie, body weight, hemoglobin A1c) and SDT constructs (ie, eating-related autonomous motivation and perceived competence for diet) over 6 months using linear mixed models.ResultsTwo distinct SM trajectory subgroups emerged: the Lower SM group (21/50, 42%), characterized by all-around low and rapidly declining SM, and the Higher SM group (29/50, 58%), characterized by moderate and declining diet and weight SM with high activity SM. Since week 2, participants in the Lower SM group exhibited significantly lower levels of diet (P=.003), activity (P=.002), and weight SM (P=.02) compared with the Higher SM group. In terms of clinical outcomes, the Higher SM group achieved a significant reduction in body weight (estimate: −6.06, SD 0.87 kg; P<.001) and hemoglobin A1c (estimate: −0.38, SD 0.11%; P=.02), whereas the Lower SM group exhibited no improvements. For SDT constructs, both groups maintained high levels of autonomous motivation for over 6 months. However, the Lower SM group experienced a significant decline in perceived competence (P=.005) compared with the Higher SM group, which maintained a high level of perceived competence throughout the intervention (P=.09).ConclusionsThe presence of the Lower SM group highlights the value of using longitudinal SM adherence trajectories as an intervention response indicator. Future adaptive trials should identify nonresponders within the initial 2 weeks based on their SM adherence and integrate intervention strategies to enhance perceived competence in diet to benefit nonresponders.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT05071287; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05071287International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.1016/j.cct.2022.106845

This article examines how salespeople’s personality traits influence their adaptive selling skills and exploited cross-selling potential. We collect both a cross-industry and cross-country dataset of 430 salespeople who engage in cross-selling activities. In contrast with prior research on the relationship between personality traits and general sales performance, we find none of the big-five personality traits to have a significant direct effect on the exploited cross-selling potential. However, drawing on the theory of self-monitoring, we find that the big-five traits have dimensionally varying, significant effects on adaptive selling skills. In turn, adaptive selling skills have a significant direct effect on exploited cross-selling potential. Moreover, our analyses reveal that the personality traits conscientiousness and extraversion have indirect positive effects on exploited cross-selling potential. These findings provide beneficial insights for human resources as well as human development practice in both recruiting and training initiatives. In particular, we provide guidance on how to hire and train the best personnel for intensive cross-selling sales positions in firms. In addition, we introduce new perspectives for research on the relationship between personality traits and performance measures by identifying the importance of possible mediators.

The robot that adapts too much? An experimental study on users' perceptions of social robots’ behavioral and persona changes between interactions with different users

Abstract This study sought to investigate the effects of a self‐monitoring (SM) with goal‐setting (GS) intervention on students' disruptive behavior. A multiple baseline A‐B‐BC design was implemented across five elementary school‐aged participants diagnosed with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to examine the use of a behavioral intervention combining SM and GS techniques to decrease disruptive behavior. The results of this study suggest that SM with GS appears to be an effective intervention package for decreasing the disruptive behavior of students with ADHD and that these behavioral decreases sustain after intervention completion. Results also suggest moderate benefits of using a SM with GS intervention over a SM intervention. Teacher ratings suggest that the SM with GS package is moderately acceptable for classroom use.

Survivors of breast cancer are an important target for health promotion interventions, and physical activity (PA) is recommended with benefits being well established. More and more behavior theory guided interventions are planned and tailored to the individuals, targeting specifics needs and personal characteristics. We aimed to test the effectiveness of two behavior change techniques [coping planning (CP) and self-monitoring (SM)] for promoting PA in survivors of breast cancer, using a single-case design. In a powerful multiple sample N-of-1 RCT, 10 women post-breast cancer (M = 52.8 years) were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions (CP and/or SM, control) for 60 days and their daily step count was observed. The overall effects were analyzed using multilevel time-series with random intercepts. Time-series regression models and supplementary pairwise analyses were conducted for individuals. Multilevel analyses showed significant effects of CP and SM. Single-case analyses showed that six participants walked significantly more on the intervention days, that combined interventions were effective for five participants, but two participants had better results with the other two conditions. Combined self-regulatory techniques were more effective in promoting PA however, individual variability should be considered in future studies with survivors of breast cancer. Retrospectively registered: https://osf.io/eakjy/?view_only=81bf3dc084a0410a8ea28265e0f3c360, 31-01-2023.(raise query).

BackgroundLong-term self-monitoring (SM) of weight, diet, and exercise is commonly recommended by behavioral weight loss (BWL) treatments. However, sustained SM engagement is notoriously challenging; therefore, more must be learned about patterns of engagement with digital SM tools during weight loss maintenance (WLM). In addition, insight into characteristics that may influence SM engagement could inform tailored approaches for participants at risk for poor adherence.ObjectiveThis study explored patterns of digital SM of weight, diet, and exercise during WLM (aim 1) and examined timing, patterns, and rates of disengagement and reengagement (aim 2). This study also assessed relationships between individual-level factors (weight-related information avoidance and weight bias internalization) and SM engagement (aim 3).MethodsParticipants were 72 adults enrolled in a BWL program consisting of a 3-month period of weekly treatment designed to induce weight loss (phase I), followed by a 9-month period of less frequent contact to promote WLM (phase II). Participants were prescribed daily digital SM of weight, diet, and exercise. At baseline, self-report measures assessed weight-related information avoidance and weight bias internalization. SM adherence was objectively measured with the days per month that participants tracked weight, diet, and exercise. Repeated-measures ANOVA examined differences in adherence across SM targets. Multilevel modeling examined changes in adherence across phase II. Relationships between individual-level variables and SM adherence were assessed with Pearson correlations, 2-tailed independent samples t tests, and multilevel modeling.ResultsDuring WLM, consistently high rates of SM (≥50% of the days in each month) were observed for 61% (44/72) of the participants for exercise, 40% (29/72) of the participants for weight, and 21% (15/72) of the participants for diet. Adherence for SM of exercise was higher than that for weight or diet (P<.001). Adherence decreased over time for all SM targets throughout phase II (P<.001), but SM of exercise dropped off later in WLM (mean 10.07, SD 2.83 months) than SM of weight (mean 7.92, SD 3.23 months) or diet (mean 7.58, SD 2.92 months; P<.001). Among participants with a period of low SM adherence (ie, <50% of the days in a month), only 33% (17/51 for weight, 19/57 for diet) to 46% (13/28 for exercise) subsequently had ≥1 months with high adherence. High weight-related information avoidance predicted a faster rate of decrease in dietary SM (P<.001). Participants with high weight bias internalization had the highest rates of weight SM (P=.03).ConclusionsParticipants in BWL programs have low adherence to the recommendation to sustain daily SM during WLM, particularly for SM of diet and weight. Weight-related information avoidance and weight bias internalization may be relevant indicators for SM engagement. Interventions may benefit from innovative strategies that target participants at key moments of risk for disengagement.

Adding feedback messages (FB) to self-monitoring (SM) may reinforce behavior change. However, socio-environmental conditions (e.g., limited access to parks or low walkability) may limit one’s ability to respond to FB focused on physical activity (PA). In this analysis, we hypothesized that high neighborhood walkability will positively modify the treatment effect of FB on PA, and residents of high walkability neighborhoods will achieve higher PA levels at 12 months than those in low walkability neighborhoods. The study is a secondary analysis of a 12-month behavioral weight-loss trial. Adults with overweight/obesity were randomized to SM + FB (n = 251) or SM alone (n = 251). SM + FB group received smartphone pop-up messages thrice/week tailored to their PA SM data. The assessment included neighborhood walkability via Walk Score (low [<50] vs. high [≥50]), moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and step count via Fitbit Charge 2™, and weight via smart scale. We report adjusted linear regression coefficients (b) with standard errors (SE). The analysis included participants who were primarily white, female, and with obesity. In adjusted models, neighborhood walkability did not moderate the effect of treatment assignment on log-transformed (ln) MVPA or steps count over 12 months. The SM + FB group had greater lnMVPA than the SM group, but lnMVPA and steps were similar between walkability groups. There were no significant interactions for group and time or group, time, and walkability. These findings suggest that adding FB to SM had a small but significant positive impact on PA over 12 months, but neighborhood walkability did not moderate the treatment effect of FB on PA.

Research on Criterion A of the alternative model for personality disorders is recently expanding and provides mixed results concerning the unidimensional operational definition of severity by the model, characterized by impaired self (identity and self-direction) and interpersonal (empathy and intimacy) functioning. Studies resulted in one, as well as two or more factor structures. The present study demonstrated the importance of the structural and relational differentiation of self and interpersonal dimensions of personality functioning. One thousand seventy-four participants (community and clinical mixed sample) completed the Level of Personality Functioning Scale – Brief Form 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0), the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Short Form and the Questionnaire for the World Health Organization Disability Assessment. An LPFS-BF 2.0 two-factor structure with self and interpersonal functioning factors was corroborated by confirmatory factor analyses and bifactor modeling. Joint Exploratory Factor Analysis of the LPFS-BF 2.0 domains with maladaptive personality domains clearly differentiated the personality functioning factors. While the self-functioning factor was more closely linked to negative affect (and to disinhibition and psychoticism), the interpersonal functioning factor connected to detachment. Self-functioning predicted functional impairment along and beyond personality domains. The LPFS-BF 2.0 appears a useful tool for clinical routine monitoring of both self and interpersonal functioning.

This research study examines the mediating influence of self-monitoring (SM) on the relationship between diversity appreciation (DA) and cooperative conflict management (CCM). Two hundred and twenty-one undergraduate business students completed self-assessment measures of DA and SM, and identified a close associate who completed an observer version of the problem-solving component of the Dutch conflict management style scale. Product moment correlations were used to examine the hypothesized relationships between CCM and both DA and SM, and the Hayes process and the Sobel test were used to test the hypothesis that SM mediates the relationship between DA and CCM. CCM was significantly correlated with both DA (r = 0.30, p &lt; 0.01) and SM (r = 0.37, p &lt; 0.01). DA was significantly correlated with SM (r = 0.31, p &lt; 0.01). Both the Hayes process and Sobel test (Z = 3.29, p &lt; 0.001) confirmed that SM partially mediated the relationship between DA and CCM. Educators and practitioners need to be aware of the influence of DA and SM on CCM. Development activities that integrate diversity appreciation, sensitive responses toward the expressed behavior of others, and appropriate modification of self-presentation are likely to promote a cooperative approach to conflict management. This is the first study to examine the interrelationships between DA, SM and CCM. The results highlight the importance of promoting both diversity appreciation and self-monitoring as part of the process of encouraging more cooperative conflict management and strengthening the link between diversity and performance.