Self-management Compliance Research Articles

Spiritual Diabetes Self-Management Health Coaching Against Psychological Well-Being and Self-Management Compliance in Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Introduction: For patients with diabetes to keep being consistent with self-management, they should build their psychological well-being and feeling of direction in life through a progression of intricate and tedious errands. Aim: This examination looked to inspect the impacts of Spiritual Diabetes Self-Management Health Coaching on psychological health and self-management conduct. Methode: The study utilized a quasi-trial research design, using a basic irregular sampling method to decide the sample based on inclusion and exclusion rules. A sum of 126 respondents were remembered for the sample, with 63 respondents each in the intervention and control groups. Ryff's Psychological Well-Being (RPWB) and a Questionnaire on Compliance with Diabetes Self-Management (QCDSM) were the instruments utilized in this study. A t-test with p<0.5 was used in the statistical analysis. Results: The findings demonstrated that the normal psychological well-being in the intervention bunch was 174.22 both when the intervention, and the typical compliance with self-management was 47.56. Pre-and post-intervention averages for psychological well-being and self-management compliance in the control bunch were 144.62 and 19.32, respectively. A p-worth of 0.000 between spiritual diabetes self-management compliance and psychological well-being is uncovered by information analysis. Conclusion: Spiritual Guidelines for Overseeing Diabetes Patients with diabetes mellitus can profit from long-term health coaching to upgrade their psychological health and compliance with self-management.

EFEKTIVITAS DUKUNGAN KELUARGA DALAM PELAKSANAAN SELF MANAGEMENT DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2 BERDASARKAN HEALTH BELIEF MODEL : SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 is insulin resistance which influenced by lifestyle factors and obesity that requires intervention, one of which is health education based on health belief model. Health education self-management based on health belief mode lis the right management requires the role of health workers including nurses and families in order to improve quality of life Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. Systematic Review aims to identify the effectiveness of family support in implementing self-management Diabetes mellitus based onhealth belief model. Article search using database: PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar with inclusion criteria, namely: full text, in the range 2014-2021 , having DOI, the type of Randomized Control Trials (RCT) research selected using JBI assessment. From the literature search, 7 articles were obtained that met the criteria for the study. The seven articles state that family support in doing self-management based on health belief model effective for controlling HbA1c, blood sugar levels, reducing stress, promoting a healthy lifestyle, coping, and health domains of quality of life. Family support in self-management based onhealth belief model can improve the quality of life of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. So it is necessary to have an intervention program based on family support in collaboration with nurses to improve self-management compliance by adjusting the health conditions of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients.

Self-Management and Associated Factors among Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

Self-management is critical and essential for controlling non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, delaying progression, and preventing complications. However, information about the self-management characteristics of this population is scarce. This study explores the characteristics and self-management levels and the factors associated with self-management in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Korea. A convenience sample of 150 patients diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was recruited from April to November 2019. Demographics and clinical findings were collected, and self-management, self-efficacy, fatigue, and depressive symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to examine the factors associated with self-management. Self-management levels were moderate (Mean = 3.4, SD = 0.61). Self-management differed significantly by age, sex, marital status, occupation, and health education experience. Self-efficacy (β = 0.074, p = 0.020) showed a significant association with self-management, which explained 25.0% of the variance after controlling for age, sex, marital status, health education experience, occupation, controlled attenuation parameter score, and body mass index. Self-efficacy is a critical determinant of self-management among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The study findings could assist healthcare professionals in facilitating self-management compliance and developing multidisciplinary team-based interventions for sustainable self-management.

Self-management preferences in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A qualitative study.

PurposePatients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) require self-management, yet current self-management compliance is low. Taking patients’ preferences into account can improve the self-management situation. The purpose of this study is to look into MCI patients’ preferences for self-management in China.MethodsA qualitative research was conducted using semi-structured in-depth interviews with 21 patients recently diagnosed with MCI who were chosen by purposive sampling. These interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis and identified emerging themes.ResultsFive themes of self-management preference were identified: (1) Preference for acquiring disease knowledge; (2) Preference for participating in drug therapy; (3) Preference for participating in exercise; (4) Preference for applying memory compensation strategy; (5) Preferences for emotional expression and response.ConclusionOur study identified the specific preferences of MCI patients in China for the main self-management items. The findings are valuable insights for knowing MCI patients’ self-management content and preferences and provide better guidance for health practitioners to improve self-management compliance.

Relationship between Heart Failure Treatment and Self-Management Compliance in Congestive Heart Failure Patients

Self-management has a vital role in treating Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) patients to manage themselves and maintain the ability of body functions. Self-management can be seen in how heart failure patients perform compliance actions in treatment and the patient's ability to know changes in behaviour towards the patient's health status. In addition, it is crucial for people with congestive heart failure to learn about their disease to relieve the signs and symptoms. This study aimed to determine the relationship between knowledge of heart failure care and self-management compliance in CHF patients. This method uses a quantitative correlation research type to determine the relationship between the two variables using an analytical cross-sectional study approach. The sampling technique uses accidental sampling from March to April 2021 at the heart poly Hospital of UNS Surakarta to 100 respondents. Sample criteria: Respondents with a diagnosis of CHF who checked their health at the heart polyclinic of UNS Surakarta Hospital, aged 17 years, patients with NYHA classification 1-3, and willing to be respondents. The research instrument used a demographic questionnaire, knowledge of heart failure care and the Self Care Heart Failure Index (SCHFI) to determine the self-care knowledge of CHF patients and adherence to self-management. The results obtained through the chi-square test showed a p-value of 0.010, meaning there is a relationship between knowledge of heart failure care and self-management compliance. Knowledge of heart failure care can affect the level of compliance of CHF patients because CHF patients need self-management compliance to minimize symptoms of recurrence or worsening of signs and symptoms and reduce the impact of re-hospitalization.

IDF21-0170 Level of stigma and associated factors in patients with type 2 diabetes

Background: Stigma is a negative psychological factor among type 2 diabetes patients, leading to the decline of self-management compliance and affecting physical and mental health. There is growing interest in how psychological factors impacts stigma, yet psychological factors that contribute to stigma are not clear. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the level of stigma and explore its associated factors among type 2 diabetes patients. Method: A cross-sectional study of 209 participants with type 2 diabetes were invited to complete a set of questionnaires. The Type 2 Diabetes Stigma Assessment Scale (DSAS-2) was used to measure the level of stigma. Meanwhile, Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC10) and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were administered to investigate the levels of psychological distress, resilience and social support. Multiple regression techniques were used for model building to determine the separate contribution of sociodemographic characteristics, medical condition, and patient-centered variables to stigma. Results: The average score of total stigma was 2.75±0.88. The average score of each domain was (2.89±0.85), (2.92±0.83), (2.42±0.82), respectively. The results of multivariate analysis showed that family per capita monthly income, duration of diabetes, number of complications, resilience, diabetes related emotional distress and social support were factors associated with stigma in patients with type 2 diabetes (p<0.001). Discussion: The stigma level warrants urgent attention. Resilience, diabetes related emotional distress and social support were associated with stigma among patients with type 2 diabetes. It is suggested that we should take measures to enhance resilience and social support, and decrease diabetes related emotional distress so as to decrease stigma.

Assessment of Factors Associated With Non-Compliance to Self-Management Practices in People With Type 2 Diabetes.

Aim and objectiveDiabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that requires continuous self-management practices. The aim of our study is to assess the factors resulting in non-compliance with self-management practices in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE), a tertiary care center in Karachi, Pakistan, from March 2019 to May 2019. People with T2DM diagnosed for at least six months were included. A predesigned questionnaire was used to assess various components of self-management such as the use of oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) and insulin, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), physical activity, and daily foot care. Certified diabetes educators conducted interviews on a one-to-one basis. Data were entered and analyzed by using SPSS (version 20; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).ResultsBetter glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were observed in compliant persons and a statistically significant difference was noted in those who were compliant with insulin use. Good compliance with self-management was observed in people who were given diabetes education previously.A total of 205 people with T2DM were included in the study, with a mean age of 52.66 ± 11.2 years and a mean duration of diabetes of 8.9 ± 7.5 years. There were 62.9% males and 37.1% females. Oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) were prescribed to 62.9% while 33.9 % were on both OHAs and insulin. Non-compliance with the intake of OHAs was 33.3%, insulin injection 21%, SMBG 25.7%, physical activity 69.5%, and foot care practice 34.3%. Various reasons identified for non-compliance included forgetfulness (negligence) (88%), fear of hypoglycemia (10.6%), time constraints (48%), and lack of foot care knowledge (84.8%).ConclusionNon-compliance with T2DM self-management is multifactorial and needs continuous reinforcement of structured diabetes education sessions. The study showed that the provision of diabetes education is directly proportional to self-management compliance levels.

Exploring Factors Associated with Self-Management Compliance among Rural Elders with Diabetes.

The purpose of the study was to examine the social-ecological factors associated with diabetic self-management compliance among elders with diabetes in China. A total of 2,586 rural elderly residents who were 60-years-old or above participated in the survey. Socio-demographic factors, social support, healthcare accessibility and health risk factors were measured, along with self-reported medication and blood glucose monitoring data. Among the 117 individuals with diabetes, the medication compliance rate was 79.49%. The elderly who had high economic status were more likely to meet medication treatment compliance. Only 58.97% of study participants monitored blood glucose once a month. Younger age (<70-year-old), higher economic status, more social support and better healthcare accessibility were associated with higher blood glucose monitoring compliance odds. Diabetic medication and blood glucose testing tools should be more comprehensively covered by the national insurance program. Healthcare accessibility should be increased through transportation support, building more local facilities, such as mobile labs, and promoting affordable home-visit care. Self-management education programs about diabetes for rural elders should be promoted.

Effect of WeChat platform continuous nursing on acute pancreatitis recurrence and readmission rate

Objective To explore the effect of WeChat platform continuous nursing on reducing the recurrence rate and readmission rate of acute pancreatitis patients. Methods A total of 162 cases of acute pancreatitis admitted to the Department of Emergency Surgery in the Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University from February 2017 to July 2018 were selected as the research objects. The patients were divided into the observation group (80 cases) and the control group (82 cases) by random number method. In the control group, routine discharge education, release of education manual and regular telephone follow-up were carried out. Observation group based on the conventional discharge, by the continuity of care team to three times a week, for a period of six months WeChat platform continuity nursing intervention, the specific mission includes pancreatitis disease related knowledge, the matters needing attention after discharge, and the content such as recurrence, and weekly WeChat online interactive answering questions. The disease recurrence, readmission rate, rehospitalization days at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months after discharge between the two groups. Results There was no significant difference in the disease recurrence, readmission rate, rehospitalization days between the two groups at 1 month, 2 months after discharge (P > 0.05). The disease recurrence of the observation group was 11.25% (9/80) and 26.25% (21/80) at 3 months and 6 months after discharge, respectively, which was lower than that of the control group 23.17% (19/82) and 43.90% (36/82), with statistically significant differences (χ2=4.025, 5.533, P < 0.05). The readmission rate of the observation group was 8.75% (7/80) and 21.25% (17/80) at 3 months and 6 months after discharge, respectively, which was lower than that of the control group 23.17% (19/82) and 41.46% (34/82), with statistically significant differences (χ2=6.250, 7.670, P < 0.05 or 0.01). The rehospitalization days of the observation group at 3 months and 6 months after discharge was (12.18±4.20) and (12.48±4.16) points, respectively, which was less than that of the control group (15.08±4.91) and (15.34±4.48) points, with statistically significant differences (t=-4.685, -4.638, P < 0.05). Conclusions WeChat platform continuous nursing intervention for patients with acute pancreatitis, can improve patients' self-management ability and compliance behavior, reduce the recurrence rate of pancreatitis patients, readmission rate and the average number of days of readmission, improve the quality of life of patients, is worthy of clinical application. Key words: Pancreatitis; WeChat; Continuous nursing

Efikasi Diri Berhubungan dengan Kepatuhan Manajemen Diri pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Buleleng III

&#x0D; Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases with characteristics of hyperglycemia that occur due to abnormal insulin secretion and insulin performance. Prevention of the occurrence of DM complications can be done by obediently doing good self-management behavior. Self-management compliance of good diabetes mellitus can achieve success if individuals have the knowledge, skill, and self-efficacy to manage diabetes mellitus. Self-efficacy determines how a person feels, thinks, motivates himself, and behaves from time to time. This study aimed to determine the correlation between self-efficacy and self-management compliance of diabetes mellitus patients. This study used the Cross-Sectional approach with a number of samples was 139 respondents. The sample selection used nonprobability sampling, especially purposive sampling. Data collection tools used questionnaires. Self-efficacy could be measured using the general self-efficacy questionnaire (GSE) and self-management compliance could be measured using the DSMQ (Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire). Data analysis used Spearman Rank correlation analysis. The results obtained that p-value 0,0001 (p &lt;0,05), therefore it could be concluded that there was a correlation between self-efficacy and self-management compliance of diabetes mellitus patients. Researchers suggest that health care workers can help patients with diabetes mellitus in improving their self-efficacy by providing motivation and IEC regarding patients’ self-management with diabetes mellitus.

Application of multidisciplinary collaborative nursing model for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with liver cirrhosis

Objective To explore the effects of multidisciplinary collaborative nursing model in upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) caused by esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding (EGVB) in patients with cirrhosis. Methods By purposive sampling, a total of 71 cirrhosis patients with UGB caused by EGVB admitted from January to December 2017 in Department of Gastroenterology, Dazhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in Sichuan Province were selected and assigned into the observation group, and 68 cirrhosis patients with UGB caused by EGVB admitted from January to December of 2016 were put into the control group. Both groups had successfully stopped bleeding by endoscopic varicose vein ligation. In the control group, the traditional nursing management model was adopted post surgery. While in the observation group, the multidisciplinary collaborative nursing model was adopted after surgery for six months. The two groups were compared in terms of the rate of self-management compliance, scores of General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) , rate of rebleeding and change of mortality. Results The observation group was higher than the control group in the self-management compliance of diet control, life behavior regulation, correct medication and nutrition control with statistical differences (P 0.05) ; six months after discharge, the observation group achieved higher score in GSES than the control group with statistical significance (P 0.05) . Conclusions Multidisciplinary collaborative nursing model can effectively improve the self-management compliance of cirrhosis patients with UGB caused by EGVB, improve the patients' sense of self-efficacy, and reduce the rate of re-bleeding. Key words: Liver cirrhosis; Upper gastrointestinal bleeding; Multidisciplinary cooperation; Self-management; Self-efficacy

Effects of WeChat online support system on continued nursing care for patients receiving enteral bladder augmentation

Objective To establish a WeChat online system supporting continued nursing care for patients receiving enteral bladder augmentation and to evaluate its effects on continued nursing care for patients with neurogenic bladder in spinal cord injury who received enteral bladder augmentation. Methods Totally 60 patients with low-compliant neurogenic bladder in spinal cord injury who received enteral bladder augmentation and were discharged from Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital between March 2016 and March 2018 were selected by convenient sampling, and divided into the observation group (n=30) and the control group (n=30) according to the random number table. Patients in the control group received conventional nursing care after discharge, while patients in the observation group received nursing care after discharge via the WeChat online support system. The follow-up duration was 3 months. Bladder self-management compliance, urinary catheter-associated complications, bladder function, quality of life and negative emotions at discharge and 3 months after discharge were compared between the two groups. Results The score of bladder self-management compliance, anxiety score, depression score, and scores of physical function, role function, emotional function and social function in quality of life in the observation group were better than those in the control group 3 months after discharge (P<0.05) ; the rates of urinary tract infection and urethral injury of the observation group were 3.3% and 6.7%, while those of the control group were 26.7% and 33.3%, respectively; the incidence rate of urinary catheter-associated complications of the observation group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05) ; and the parameters of bladder function such as bladder volume, bladder compliance, residual urine volume and maximum detrusor pressure of the observation group were better than those of the control group (P<0.05) . Conclusions The WeChat online support system can improve patients' bladder self-management compliance, reduce the urinary catheter-associated complications, enable the recovery of bladder function, ameliorate their negative emotions, and improve their quality of life. Key words: Spinal cord injury; Neurogenic bladder; WeChat; Bladder augmentation; Continued nursing care

Investigation on medication cognition and blood pressure monitoring of the middle-aged and the elderly patients with hypertension in community

Objective By investigating the middle-aged patients with hypertension in some communities in Suzhou on hypertension medication knowledge and blood pressure control behaviors, this article aims to provide basis for health education, medication guidance. Methods With a self-designed questionnaire including 46 questions in five aspects, a survey was conducted among the middle-aged and the patients with hypertension in some communities in Suzhou hi-tech industrial development zone. The blood pressure of them was measured, while statistical analysis was made. Results The blood pressure control rate was 39.39% in 33 cases of the middle-aged and the elderly hypertensive patients. The majority of patients lack the knowledge of prevention and treatment of hypertension and the use of antihypertensive drugs. Some patients do not pay attention to blood pressure monitoring. Some even have no monitoring record. Most patients neglect health information and self-health management. Conclusions Health education is recommended in the community especially on hypertension treatment, medication, blood pressure monitoring, diet, exercise and so on. This helps to enhance patient self-management and medication compliance, improve the rate of blood pressure control. Key words: Hypertension; Questionnaires; Health education; The middle-aged and the elderly

Impact of group activities style continuing nursing on treatment compliance of patients with coronary heart disease

Objective To explore continuing nursing effects of group activities style impacting on treatment compliance of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods From March 2013 to March 2014 in our hospital, a total of 120 patients hospitalized for CHD was divided into intervention group and control group according to random number table method, 60 cases in each group. Both two groups were taken 3 months intervention and the intervention group organized once activities every fortnight. The control group received conventional nursing way, while the intervention group underwent normalize self-management education on the basis of conventional nursing. We compared the two groups′ generally self management efficiency and the treatment compliance after intervention. Results The two groups before intervention, the difference of self-efficacy score had no statistical significance (P>0.05); after the intervention of the intervention group, ascension self-efficacy was obviously than that of the control group (t=11.236, P<0.01). After group activities of continuing nursing intervention, 7 dimensional patient′s treatment compliance of observation group were higher than these of control group including following medical order, reasonable rest, reexamination on time, quit smocking and drinking, reasonable excise, and infection prevention (P<0.01). Conclusions The continuing nursing program based on routine education benefits patients with CHD by improvement of treatment initiative, self-management and treatment compliance. Key words: Coronary heart disease; Continuing nursing; Group activity; Treatment compliance

Development and Validation of an Online Program for Promoting Self-Management among Korean Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B

The hepatitis B virus is second only to tobacco as a known human carcinogen. However, chronic hepatitis B usually does not produce symptoms and people feel healthy even in the early stages of live cancer. Therefore, chronically infected people should perceive it as a serious health problem and move on to appropriate health behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to develop and validate an online program for promoting self-management among Korean patients with chronic hepatitis B. The online program was developed using a prototyping approach and system developing life cycle method, evaluated by users for their satisfaction with the website and experts for the quality of the site. To evaluate the application of the online program, knowledge and self-management compliance of the subjects were measured and compared before and after the application of the online program. There were statistically significant increases in knowledge and self-management compliance in the user group. An online program with high accessibility and applicability including information, motivation, and behavior skill factors can promote self-management of the patient with chronic hepatitis B. Findings from this study allow Korean patients with chronic hepatitis B to engage in proactive and effective health management in the community or clinical practice.

Effect of self-efficacy on regular fundus examination to patients with diabetic retinopathy

Objective To study the effects of enhanced self-efficacy intervention on regular diabetic retinopathy fundus examination.Methods 100 cases of diabetic retinopathy were randomly divided into control group and observation group,50 cases in each group,the control group had the tradition of the diabetic retinopathy therapy and nursing,observation group,based on the control group,implemented enhanced self-efficacy intervention,using the diabetes selfefficacy scale (DSES) 1 year before and after the intervention self evaluation,a comparative analysis was conducted in two groups to compare the self-efficacy,regular fundus examination and early fundus laser treatment differences.Results Enhanced self-efficacy intervention after the observation group self-efficacy was (114.45 ± 11.31),50 patients periodically fundus examination,fundus laser treatment of 38 cases of early line,while those of control group were self-efficacy (92.44 ± 14.21),12 cases with regular fundus examination and early fundus laser treatment,there was significant difference between two groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion Implementation of self-efficacy intervention to diabetic retinopathy patients,can improve their self-management and regular fundus examination compliance with early detection,prompt fundus laser treatment and slow the progress of the disease. Key words: Self-efficacy; Diabetic retinopathy; Digital fundus photography; Fundus fluorescein angiography; Fundus laser

고혈압 자조집단 프로그램이 근로자의 고혈압 관련 지식, 자기효능감, 자가관리 이행도 및 생리적 지수에 미치는 효과

Purpose: This study was to examine the effects of the hypertension self-help program on knowledge, self-efficacy, self-management compliance, and physiological parameters for workers with hypertension. Methods: The subjects of study were 54 patients with hypertension, divided into 28 of experimental group and 26 of control group, working in a general work place located in K city from June to September, 2009. Experiment treatment was a 12-week self-care program given for two hours, once a week. Results: After conducting a self-help program, the experimental group showed significant increase in knowledge level, self-efficacy, self-management compliance, and physiological parameters including blood pressure, BMI, total cholesterol level, neutral fat, and LDL-cholesterol of blood lipids compared to the control group. Conclusion: This program is greatly recommended for workshops.

만성폐쇄성폐질환의 지식, 태도, 정확한 정량식 분무기 사용 및 자가관리 이행

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude, correct metered dose inhaler (MDI) use and compliance with self management among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: The participants of this study consisted of 109 COPD patients who were outpatients in C and K hospital located in G city from March 1 to September 30th, 2010. Data were measured using self-administered questionnaires and observational checklist. The data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 18.0 program that included mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, Sheffe test, and Pearson's correlation. Results: There were significant relationships between knowledge and attitude (r=.33, <TEX>$p$</TEX> <.001), between knowledge and correct MDI use (r=.37, <TEX>$p$</TEX> <.001), and between knowledge and self-management compliance (r=.28, <TEX>$p$</TEX>=.003). There was significant relationship between attitude and self-management compliance (r=.33. <TEX>$p$</TEX> <.001). In contrast, attitude was not significantly related to correct MDI use. Conclusion: The study showed that COPD knowledge and attitude of patients were related compliance in managing their disease. Therefore, strategies need to be utilized in education programs which would improve knowledge and subsequently improve attitude and compliance.

제 2형 당뇨병 환자를 위한 포괄적 자기효능증진 자가관리 프로그램 개발

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a comprehensive self-management program promoting self efficacy for Type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: The study was a methodological research design in which previous related research was reviewed to develop the comprehensive self-management program promoting self efficacy using self efficacy theory. Results: Comprehensive self-management programs promoting self efficacy included the whole range of eight self-management domains: diet, exercise, medication, self-testing of blood glucose, complication or foot, stress, time, and general health, and consisted of four sources of self efficacy: enactive mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological and affective states, as strategies to promote self efficacy. Developmental methods included, in addition to large and small group education, individual education or counseling, and telephone counseling. Conclusion: Further studies are needed in community health centers or hospitals to establish the effects on self-management compliance and glycemic control of the comprehensive self-management program promoting self efficacy.

Development and Evaluation of a Program to Promote Self Management in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the program to promote self management for patients with chronic hepatitis B. The research was a quasi-experimental design using a non-equivalent control group pre-post test. The participants were 61 patients, 29 in the experimental group and 32 in the control group. A pretest and 2 posttests were conducted to measure main variables. For the experimental group, the self-management program, consisting of counseling-centered activities in small groups, was given for 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using χ², t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA with PASW statistics program. There were statistically significant increases in knowledge, self-efficacy, active ways of coping, and self-management compliance but not in passive ways of coping in the experimental group compared to the control group over two different times. The results of this study indicate that the self-management program is effective in increasing knowledge, self-efficacy, active ways of coping, and self-management compliance among patients with chronic hepatitis B. Therefore, it can be usefully utilized in the field of nursing for patients with chronic disease as a nursing intervention for people with chronic hepatitis B.