Self-healing Function Research Articles

Biomimetic tri-layered artificial skin comprising silica gel-collagen membrane-collagen porous scaffold for enhanced full-thickness wound healing

Full-thickness wounds are severe cutaneous damages with destroyed self-healing function, which need efficient clinical interventions. Inspired by the hierarchical structure of natural skin, we have for the first time developed a biomimetic tri-layered artificial skin (TLAS) comprising silica gel-collagen membrane-collagen porous scaffold for enhanced full-thickness wound healing. The TLAS with the thickness of 3–7 mm displays a hierarchical nanostructure consisting of the top homogeneous silica gel film, the middle compact collagen membrane, and the bottom porous collagen scaffold, exquisitely mimicking the epidermis, basement membrane and dermis of natural skin, respectively. The 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide/N-Hydroxysuccinimide-dehydrothermal (EDC/NHS-DHT) dual-crosslinked collagen composite bilayer, with a crosslinking degree of 79.5 %, displays remarkable biocompatibility, bioactivity, and biosafety with no risk of hemolysis and pyrogen reactions. Notably, the extra collagen membrane layer provides a robust barrier to block the penetration of silica gel into the collagen porous scaffold, leading to the TLAS with enhanced biocompatibility and bioactivity. The full-thickness wound rat model studies have indicated the TLAS significantly facilitates the regeneration of full-thickness defects by accelerating re-epithelization, collagen deposition and migration of skin appendages. The highly biocompatible and bioactive tri-layered artificial skin provides an improved treatment for full-thickness wounds, which has great potential in tissue engineering.

Enhancing Dental Material Performance: Tung Oil-Infused Polyurea Microcapsule Coatings for Self-Healing and Antimicrobial Applications.

Within the realm of dental material innovation, this study pioneers the incorporation of tung oil into polyurea coatings, setting a new precedent for enhancing self-healing functionality and durability. Originating from an ancient practice, tung oil is distinguished by its outstanding water resistance and microbial barrier efficacy. By synergizing it with polyurea, we developed coatings that unite mechanical strength with biological compatibility. The study notably quantifies self-healing efficiency, highlighting the coatings' exceptional capacity to mend physical damages and thwart microbial incursions. Findings confirm that tung oil markedly enhances the self-repair capabilities of polyurea, leading to improved wear resistance and the inhibition of microbial growth, particularly against Streptococcus mutans, a principal dental caries pathogen. These advancements not only signify a leap forward in dental material science but also suggest a potential redefinition of dental restorative practices aimed at prolonging the lifespan of restorations and optimizing patient outcomes. Although this study lays a substantial foundation for the utilization of natural oils in the development of medical-grade materials, it also identifies the critical need for comprehensive cytotoxicity assays. Such evaluations are essential to thoroughly assess the biocompatibility and the safety profile of these innovative materials for clinical application. Future research will concentrate on this aspect, ensuring that the safety and efficacy of the materials align with clinical expectations for dental restorations.

Self-healing and antistatic waterborne polyurethane hybrid coating resulting from hard but reversible Zr-O-Si networks

Robust, self-healing waterborne coatings have become the preferred choice in the field of flexible electronic devices owing to their outstanding compliance, restorability, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, most of the existing self-healing waterborne polymers exhibit viscoelasticity, irreversible fatigue damage, and the challenge of reconciling self-healing functions with mechanical properties, all stemming from inherent molecular structure contradictions between flexibility and rigidity. Here, we propose a novel strategy that utilizes a nanofiller with dynamic reversible bonds to overcome the self-healing limitations that theoretically demand flexible chain, for achieving both mechanical robustness and self-healing ability in the waterborne polyurethane (WPU) hybrid coating system. We modified tetrapropyl zirconate (TPOZ) with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to enhance compatibility between the matrix and inorganic particles, while the formation of dynamic reversible bonds through both condensation hydrolysis endows the self-healing abilities. The WPU hybrid coating was designed by covalently incorporating amino-modified TPOZ (A-ZrO2) into a glycinamide-functionalized WPU network, conferring excellent fracture energy (50.3 kJ/m2), elastic recovery, along with antistatic capability to the coating. Furthermore, the hybrid coating maintains a robust mechanical performance alongside 92.58 % of healing efficiency, exhibiting a potential for flexible electronics application. The hybridization strategy via incorporation of the nanofillers with hard but reversible covalent bond resolves the inherent robustness-healing trade-off, providing exciting thoughts to expand WPU applications.

High-efficiency graphene/epoxy composite coatings with outstanding thermal conductive and anti-corrosion performance

Although graphene is an ideal thermal conductive and anti-corrosion filler, the thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance of graphene/polymer composite coatings are difficult to improve synergistically. Herein, graphene (rGO) and benzotriazole-loaded hollow mesoporous silica (BTA@HMS) were mixed into epoxy to simultaneously improve its thermal conductivity and anti-corrosion performance. The results show that the thermal conductivity of the prepared rGO-BTA@HMS/epoxy composite coating reaches 1.239 W/(m·K), which is improved by 596 % over pure epoxy. The corrosion protection property of the composite coating is four orders of magnitude higher than that of pure epoxy. Furthermore, BTA@HMS can significantly inhibit the accelerated corrosion of the copper metal coated by rGO/epoxy composite coatings through its self-healing function, and the charge transfer resistance for substrate corrosion is increased from 60 KΩ·cm2 to 3410 KΩ·cm2 due to the introduction of BTA@HMS. The prepared composite coatings have the potential for applications in thermal conductive and anti-corrosion coating fields.

Sustainable biologically self-healing concrete by smart natural nanotube-hydrogel system

Biologically self-healing concretes are generally composed of immobilized or encapsulated bacterial spores and nutrients. The efficiency of this self-healing approach depends on the effective protection and storage by the carriers. This report describes a novel sustained-release strategy for the improved self-healing function and microcapsule resistance to the cement environment. Halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) loaded with the common microbiological nutrient, yeast extract (YE) were encapsulated in calcium alginate microcapsules alongside Bacillus pseudofirmus spores. The encapsulation of the YE-loaded HNTs improved the resistance of the microcapsules to the cement environment, improved the microcapsule-cement interface, while successfully retaining the nutrients after direct contact with the cement pore solution. The self-healing system effectively healed artificial concrete cracks compared to control samples, reducing the crack water tightness by over 95%, and improved the flexural strength regain by approximately 75% after 56 days of wet-dry incubation. The sustained-release mechanism considerably improved the self-healing performance.

Self-Healing and shape memory reconfigurable Poly(urethane-urea-amide) elastomers containing multiple dynamic bonds for improving performance of 4D printout

As smart polymer material, 4D printed shape memory polymers (SMPs) can fix a temporary shape under a certain external stimulus and recover to the permanent shape under the same type of stimulus, which has attracted tremendous attention because of its potential applications in flexible electronics, biomedicine and other emerging fields. However, the traditional 4D printable polymer products in the practical multifunctional application usually have poor self-healing, shape memory, recyclability. Herein, a series of poly(urethane-urea-amide) elastomers (sPUUA) containing thiocarbamate, disulfide and carbamate dynamic bonds are successfully prepared by the copolymerization of isocyanate-terminated polyurethane prepolymer (OPU), polyetheramine and amino-terminated oligomeric polyamide-1212 (PA1212) in twin-screw extruder via reactive extrusion. Notably, sPUUA elastomers have self-healing, one-way/two-way and multiple shape memory functions. Damaged sPUUA-TU3 and sPUUA-TU3-H10 films with 0.9 wt% DBTDL can be healed by thermal treatment at 150 °C for 30 min and they also exhibit excellent micro-scratch elimination ability. Furthermore, sPUUA-TU3-H10 demonstrates a tensile stress of 9.6 MPa and an elongation at break of 402.3 % with a healing efficiency of 69 %, and exhibits the outstanding shape memory behavior based on supramolecular interactions and dynamic covalent bonds. Then the sPUUA elastomers were granulated, dried, extruded by single screw extruder, and then hot-stretched by pulling rollers into 1.75 ± 0.05 mm diameter wires for FDM 4D printing. The self-healing, macroscopic shape memory and reconfigurability of the as-printed objects were also demonstrated. Accordingly, sPUUA elastomers based on 4D printing will enable vast potential applications in the fields of multifunctional shape shifting devices, biomedicine, robotics and additive manufacturing.

Salt Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Ionic Conductive Polymer: A Molecular Dynamics Study.

Functional polymers can be used as electrolyte and binder materials in solid-state batteries. This often requires performance targets in terms of both the transport and mechanical properties. In this work, a model ionic conductive polymer system, i.e., poly(ethylene oxide)-LiTFSI, was used to study the impact of salt concentrations on mechanical properties, including different types of elastic moduli and the viscoelasticity with both nonequilibrium and equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We found an encouragingly good agreement between experiments and simulations regarding Young's modulus, bulk modulus, and viscosity. In addition, we identified an intermediate salt concentration at which the system shows high ionic conductivity, high Young's modulus, and short elastic restoration time. Therefore, this study laid the groundwork for investigating ionic conductive polymer binders with self-healing functionality from molecular dynamics simulations.

Self-Healable, Self-Adhesive and Degradable MXene-Based Multifunctional Hydrogel for Flexible Epidermal Sensors.

Conductive hydrogels have garnered significant interest in the realm of wearable flexible sensors due to their close resemblance to human tissue, wearability, and precise signal acquisition capabilities. However, the concurrent attainment of an epidermal hydrogel sensor incorporating reliable self-healing capabilities, biodegradability, robust adhesiveness, and the ability to precisely capture subtle electrophysiological signals poses a daunting and intricate challenge. Herein, an innovative MXene-based composite hydrogel (PBM hydrogel) with exceptional self-healing, self-adhesive, and versatile functionality is engineered through the integration of conductive MXene nanosheets into a well-structured poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogel three-dimensional (3D) network, utilizing multiple dynamic cross-linking synergistic repeated freeze-thaw strategy. The hydrogel harnesses the presence of dynamically reversible borax ester bonds and multiple hydrogen bonds between its constituents, endowing it with rapid self-healing efficiency (97.8%) and formidable self-adhesive capability. The assembled PBM hydrogel epidermal sensor possesses a rapid response time (10 ms) and exhibits versatility in detecting diverse external stimuli and human movements such as vocalization, handwriting, joint motion, Morse code signals, and even monitoring infusion status. Additionally, the PBM hydrogel sensor offers the added advantage of swift degradation in phosphate-buffered saline solution (within a span of 56 days) and H2O2 solution (in just 53 min), maintaining an eco-friendly profile devoid of any environmental pollution. This work lays the groundwork for possible uses in electronic skins, interactions between humans and machines, and the monitoring of individualized healthcare.

Double crosslinked networks waterborne polyurethane with self-healing, recyclable and antibacterial functions based on dynamic bonds and used for temperature/light sensor

Waterborne polyurethanes with excellent mechanical properties, self-healing under mild controlled conditions and multiple functions are a potential alternative for preparing sensor materials with a wide application prospect. Herein, we introduced dynamic ditelluride bonds and trimethylolpropane into waterborne polyurethane main chains to achieve dynamic polymer chains while maintaining the stability of crosslink networks; subsequently, zinc ions were added to form ionic bonds with carboxyl groups between molecular chains to prepare self-healing waterborne polyurethanes (DTe-WPU-Zn-x) with double crosslinked networks containing double dynamic bonds. The prepared waterborne polyurethane film exhibited excellent mechanical properties (36.08 MPa), satisfactory elongation (665.83 %), and rapid self-healing efficiency (self-healing efficiency with 84.42 % after 90 min of visible-light irradiation). Benefiting from the excellent self-healing efficiency of DTe-WPU-Zn-3, the film fragments can be recycled under ethanol and pressure with lighting for 2 h, and its tensile stress can recover more than 80 % of its original properties after three recycling processes, which is rarely reported for double crosslinked polymers. Furthermore, owing to the combination of telluric radicals and metal ions, the film also has excellent antibacterial properties, with 99.6 % and 96.2 % against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Importantly, depending on the stable double crosslinked networks, the prepared sensor has long-term stability and can sensitively monitor changes in human body temperature, and the sensor also has a sensitive light response due to the photodynamic response of ditelluride bonds on polymer chains. In addition, the sensor still has better strain, temperature, and light response after recycling treatment. This research provides a facile method to fabricate environmentally friendly water-dispersible polymers with excellent properties and multiple functions, which have potential applications in the field of smart devices and human–computer interaction.

Self-healing and self-adhesive hydrogen gas sensing tape for robust applications

Chemochromic H2 gas sensing tape can be an ideal candidate for many robust applications because of its ease of use. The H2 gas sensing with self-healing and self-adhesive functionalities would add another degree of innovation. The current development is limited to noble metal-based and flexible sensors, while the self-healing and self-adhesive tape has not been explored widely. The objective of this paper is to develop a stretchable, self-healing and self-adhesive H2 gas sensing tape using Pd-WO3 chemochromic nanocomposites and PBS: Ecoflex hybrid polymer. The proposed development has been investigated using material and mechanical characterizations that ensure a high stretchability of 500 %, fast self-healing (in 30 s at room temperature), and excellent self-adhesive properties towards a variety of objects, including human skin, glass/plastic objects, stainless steel, gas cylinders, pipelines, and fittings. The optimized tape sensor is then tested in a real-application environment, where different concentrations of H2 were exposed to justify the chemochromic sensing performance. It is found that the sensor exhibits a rapid change in color from beige to blue with a maximum ΔE value of 40.28 in 10 s of H2 (100 %) exposure. The results are found very potential to be used in practical applications.

The design of self-healing memristive network circuit based on VTA DA neurons and its application

This paper proposes a self-healing memristive network circuit, which simulates the resilience mechanism of VTA DA neurons. The proposed memristive network circuit mainly consists of four modules: input (synapse) module, damage detection module, threshold trigger module and negative feedback module. The input module is composed of a memristive synaptic circuit, which can react to a harmful initial input rather than a normal initial input. Apart from reacting to initial input, the input module also can receive a feedback signal released by the negative feedback module, and the process of receiving feedback signal is the key of realizing the self-healing function. The damage detection module can output a low level pulse that acts as an input signal of the threshold trigger module when the harmful initial input exists. The threshold trigger module will activate the negative feedback module when the trigger point which corresponds to the positive threshold voltage of memristor is reached. As the last module of the self-healing function, the negative feedback module can transmit the feedback signal, also be called a repairing signal, to the damaged memristor of the input module. The PSPICE simulation results indicate that the proposed memristive network circuit can realize the self-healing function which corresponds to the resilience mechanism of the VTA DA neurons. Meanwhile, when the proposed memristive network circuit has been applied to the damaged electronic machines or robots, the self-healing function of it can make the machines be reusable.

Facilitate the preparation of naturally modified and self-healing superhydrophobic/superoleophilic biochar-based foams for efficient oil-water separation

Oil spills are sudden, complex, and long-term hazardous, and the existing adsorption materials still have the disadvantages of small selective adsorption capacity, easy secondary contamination, and difficult to repair after breakage in practical applications. Herein, melamine foam (MF) coated by ball milled biochar (BMBC) and natural beeswax (Wax@BMBC@MF) was prepared by a bio-inspired functionalization method and further added with self-healing function (SH-Wax@BMBC@MF) to cope with complex environments, and applied to oil-water separation for oil adsorption. SEM and FTIR results showed that BMBC and natural beeswax nanoparticles successfully encapsulated the smooth surface of the melamine foam skeleton. The loading of natural beeswax increased the foam's ability to absorb oil and organic solvents from 0.6108–1.134 g to 0.850–1.391 g, and the oil-absorbing capacity of the foam remained at 0. 758–1.263 g after being cut by a knife and self-healing. The oil-absorbing capacity of SH-Wax@BMBC@MF remained in the range of 0.936–1.336 g under acid/alkali environment (pH =1–13). The surface functional groups of BMBC improved the surface roughness of the material and strengthen the MF skeleton to adsorb oils and organic solvents by capillary action. The generation of the di-coordinated structure by Fe3+ and catechol group contributed the restoration of SH-Wax@BMBC@MF structure and oil absorption capacity. SH-Wax@BMBC@MF has superiority of superhydrophobic, superoleophilic, self-healing after damage, and environmental friendliness, which provides a promising solution for the treatment of oil spills at sea.

A self-healing waterborne acrylic latex coating based on intrinsic hydrogen bonding

Acrylic coatings suffer damage in the form of cracking, which degrades both their protective and aesthetic performance over time. Self-healing technology offers the ability to solve this problem by allowing cracks to spontaneously heal without external diagnosis or intervention, offsetting the enormous costs associated with coating damage and repair. However, there is currently no efficient self-healing acrylic coating design, and research in the area remains noticeably sparse. In this research we sought to imbue a mechanically tough methyl methacrylate (MMA)/butyl acrylate (BA)/acrylic acid (AA) acrylic coating with self-healing functionality by incorporating self-healing monomers within the formulation. We synthesized a library of four acrylic monomers containing both a long amphiphilic spacer of variable length, and the 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) unit, which forms strong self-complementary quadruple hydrogen bonds. These UPy-monomers were able to participate in the emulsion polymerization of MMA, BA and AA, forming intrinsic hydrogen bonding networks within the subsequent acrylic coatings. These UPy functionalized coatings displayed optical self-healing and strain recovery over 24 h both at room temperature (∼28 %), and at elevated temperatures up to 50 °C (∼80 %). The coatings also displayed repeatable self-healing after four healing cycles, relative to an MMA/BA/AA coating.

Effect of Blending of Shellac, Carbonyl Iron Powder, and Carbonyl Iron Powder/Carbon Nanotube Microcapsules on the Properties of Coatings

Nine sets of orthogonal experimental samples were prepared by examining four factors: shellac microcapsules, carbonyl iron powder (CIP) microcapsules, CIP/ carbon nanotube (CNT) microcapsules, and primer coating thickness. By testing the morphology and performance of the coating and using the fracture elongation of the coating as an orthogonal experimental analysis, the maximum factor affecting the fracture elongation of shellac, CIP, and CIP/CNT microcapsule coatings was determined. The first two factors that had a significant impact on the fracture elongation of the coating were the content of CIP/CNT microcapsules and shellac microcapsules. In order to further optimize the coating performance, important factor experiments were conducted, using the content of CIP/CNT microcapsules and shellac microcapsules as variables. It was found that the coating had the best performance when the content of CIP/CNT microcapsules was 7.0% and the content of shellac microcapsules was 4.0%. The optical properties of coatings with added shellac, CIP, and CIP/CNT microcapsules were tested, and the color difference and glossiness of the coatings showed little change. The mechanical properties of coatings with added shellac, CIP, and CIP/CNT microcapsules were tested. The blending of the three types of microcapsules enhanced the toughness of the coating to a certain extent, and suppressed the generation of micro-cracks, demonstrating a good self-healing effect. The electromagnetic-absorption performance of coatings with added shellac, CIP, and CIP/CNT microcapsules was tested. The blending of shellac, CIP, and CIP/CNT microcapsules exhibited two effective bands of electromagnetic absorption and a good absorption performance at a relatively wide frequency range. The combination of shellac, CIP, and CIP/CNT microcapsules endows the fiberboard surface with self-healing and electromagnetic-absorption functions, while maintaining the original performance of the water-based coating. The results can be used for application of surface coatings on wooden materials with dual functions of self-healing and electromagnetic absorption.

Design of Siloxane-based Materials with Self-healing Functions

Design of Siloxane-based Materials with Self-healing Functions

Study on self-healing mechanism of magnetic nano-powders functionalized fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites

At present, a variety of methods have been developed to realize the self-healing function of fiber-reinforced composites. However, the intrinsic mechanism of material damage recognition and self-healing initiation still lacks systematic research. In this paper, GF/(FeNip/PP) composites with multistage structures were prepared to study the self-healing properties and the mechanism of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites. The addition of a small amount of FeNip without affecting the melting peak temperature of the PP matrix (i.e., without reducing the use temperature of PP) can increase the electromagnetic loss (tanδ) of the composites by about 40% and the thermal conductivity by 36%. The cyclic stretching times of GF/(FeNip/PP) composites after microwave healing are doubled at 50% to 60%σmax load. It is indicated that FeNip endows the GF/PP composites with good microwave healing performance, and the purposeful repair can effectively extend the service life of the material. In addition, the self-healing mechanism of GF/(FeNip/PP) composites is discussed in detail from the aspects of microstructure change, multiphase interface effect, entropy enthalpy effect, starting and ending of self-healing procedures, etc. The magnetothermal effect, “entropy consumption” effect, and polymer chain diffusion are the fundamental reasons for the self-healing function of fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites.

Inherent limitations of the hydrogen-bonding UPy motif as self-healing functionality for polymer electrolytes

When combined with salts to form polymer electrolytes, self-healing UPy-functionalized polymers lose their mechanical stability due to interactions between the ions and the UPy functionalities.

Preparation and Characterization of Conductive/Self-Healing Resin Nanocomposites Based on Tetrafunctional Furan-Functionalized Aniline Trimer Modified Graphene.

The nanocomposites with reversible cross-linking covalent bonds were prepared by reacting furfurylamine (FA)-modified diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and furfuryl-functionalized aniline trimer-modified graphene (TFAT-G) with bismaleimide (BMI) via the Diels-Alder (DA) reaction. The successful synthesis of the TFAT modifier is confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) hydrogen spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy tests. The structure and properties of TFAT-G epoxy nanocomposites are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), tensile, and resistivity. The results show that TFAT-G was uniformly dispersed in the resin, and 1 wt% TFAT-G composites increased to 233% for tensile strength, 63% for elongation at break, 66% for modulus, and 7.8 °C for Tg. In addition, the addition of unmodified graphene degrades the mechanical properties of the composite. Overall, the graphene/self-healing resin nanocomposites have both good self-healing function and electrical conductivity by adding 1 wt% modified graphene; this allows for the maintenance of the original 83% strength and 89% electrical conductivity after one cycle of heating repair.

Development and Future Trends of Protective Strategies for Magnesium Alloy Vascular Stents.

Magnesium alloy stents have been extensively studied in the field of biodegradable metal stents due to their exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability and excellent biomechanical properties. Nevertheless, the specific in vivo service environment causes magnesium alloy stents to degrade rapidly and fail to provide sufficient support for a certain time. Compared to previous reviews, this paper focuses on presenting an overview of the development history, the key issues, mechanistic analysis, traditional protection strategies and new directions and protection strategies for magnesium alloy stents. Alloying, optimizing stent design and preparing coatings have improved the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy stents. Based on the corrosion mechanism of magnesium alloy stents, as well as their deformation during use and environmental characteristics, we present some novel strategies aimed at reducing the degradation rate of magnesium alloys and enhancing the comprehensive performance of magnesium alloy stents. These strategies include adapting coatings for the deformation of the stents, preparing rapid endothelialization coatings to enhance the service environment of the stents, and constructing coatings with self-healing functions. It is hoped that this review can help readers understand the development of magnesium alloy cardiovascular stents and solve the problems related to magnesium alloy stents in clinical applications at the early implantation stage.

(Invited) Cation Conducting Binders: From Liquid to Solid-State Batteries

Binders play an important role in providing connection between active electrode materials with the conductive agent, thus enabling electronic/ionic pathways and good mechanical properties of battery electrodes.1 In the first part of my talk, I will discuss the case of binders for high volume expansion electrodes (e.g. Si), where cycle life is strongly reduced by cracking of active particles and solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs), the process which in turn consumes the electrolyte continuously. Here, development of multi-functional polymeric binders with ionic conductivity (and potentially self-healing functionalities) substituting the standard polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has been of utmost importance.2,3 Consecutively, I will touch upon binder development from the process energy point of view, and discuss ionically conductive solvent-free binders, of relevance for future solid-state batteries containing highly reactive sulfide-based electrolytes.4 Finally, possibility of employment of fully inorganic polyphosphates and polysilicates binders will be investigated.5 F. Zou, A. Manthiram, Adv. Funct. Mater. 10, 45, 2002508 (2020)J. Liu, Q. Zhang, T. Zhang, J.-T. Li, L. Huang, S.-G. Sun, Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 23, 3599 (2015)H. Liu, Q. Wu, X. Guan, M. Liu, F. Wang, R. Li, J. Xu, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 5, 4, 4934 (2022)S.-B. Hong, Y.-J. Lee, U.-H. Kim, C. Bak, Y. M. Lee, W. Cho, H. J. Hah, Y.-K. Sun, D.-W. Kim, ACS Energy Lett., 7, 3, 1092 (2022)S. Trivedi, V. Pamidi, M. Fichtner, M. A. Reddy, Green Chem., 24, 5620 (2022)