Self-esteem Variables Research Articles

The nomological network of anomalous self-experiences and schizotypal personality in a nonclinical sample.

Anomalous self-experiences (ASEs) are subjective disturbances in the experience of the self and are common among people with psychotic-spectrum disorders. Previous research has shown that ASEs are highly correlated but distinct from other aspects of schizotypal personality. The current study examined the nomological network of ASEs by examining their relations with self-esteem, self-concept clarity, self-consciousness, aberrant salience, dissociation, and Big 5 personality characteristics with and without removing shared variance with schizotypal personality. Using structural equation modeling, ASEs were shown to be associated with decreased self-concept clarity, global self-esteem, self-competence, and self-liking, but higher public and private self-consciousness. ASEs were also associated with increased aberrant salience, dissociation, and maladaptive personality traits including low agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion but increased neuroticism. After removing shared variance with schizotypal personality, ASEs were still associated with self-concept clarity and self-esteem variables, but not with self-consciousness. The relations with aberrant salience, dissociation, and maladaptive personality remained significant (with the exception of extraversion). Cognitive-perceptual schizotypal personality displayed similar relations with self-processing, aberrant salience, dissociation, and maladaptive personality traits as anomalous self-experiences. However, after removing shared variance with anomalous self-experiences, cognitive-perceptual schizotypal personality was positively associated with self-esteem and not associated with self-consciousness or dissociation. Cognitive-perceptual schizotypy was positively associated with conscientiousness and extraversion, and negatively associated with neuroticism. Taken together, these results provide more support for the nomological network of ASEs and suggest that many of the observed relations between schizotypy and these variables may be driven by anomalous self-experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Recognitive Justice and Educational Inequalities: An Intersectional Approach Involving Secondary Grade School Students in Greece

Adopting the theoretical approach of recognitive justice and the degree of students’ recognitive experiences regarding empathy, respect, and social esteem, the present study focused on educational inequalities in the multicultural school and the factors that affect their appearance and reproduction. We examined the existence of social relations’ differences in a sample of 1303 students from 69 secondary schools in Greece, using a questionnaire constructed to investigate students’ recognitive experience of their relationships with teachers. By applying an intersectional approach, mainly through multiple regression analysis and multivariate interaction tests with MANOVA, we were able to identify that migrant students and students from families with a low educational level experienced a significantly lower degree of recognition, mainly with the forms of respect and social esteem, both in their relationships with teachers and with peers. Additionally, levels of recognition among teachers explained the large amount of variability in academic achievement and self-esteem, while higher levels of recognition among peers were a significant predictor of the respective students’ higher self-esteem. These deficits in recognition concern pedagogical practices that deprive these groups of students of opportunities and possibilities for equal participation in teaching and school life.

Introducing Copula as a Novel Statistical Method in Psychological Analysis.

During the past decades, the relationship between various psychological parameters had been studied in detail. However, the dependency structure of correlated parameters was rarely investigated. Knowing the dependence structure helps in finding the probability matrix of the interaction between the parameters. In this research, a novel approach was introduced in psychological analysis using copula functions. For this purpose, the self-esteem and anxiety of 141 university students in Iran were extracted using the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory and the Zang Anxiety Scale. Then the dependence structure of self-esteem and anxiety were established using copula functions. The Frank copula achieved the best fit for the joint variables of self-esteem and anxiety. Finally, the probability matrix of different classes of anxiety, taking into account self-esteem classes, was extracted. The results indicated that poor self-esteem leads to severe or very severe anxiety, with more than 98% probability, while strong self-esteem may lead to normal and mild anxiety, with about 80% probability. It can be concluded that the method was promising, and that copula functions can open a window to the dependence structure analysis of psychological parameters.

Hubungan Antara Harga Diri dan Dukungan Sosial dengan Kesejahteraan Subjektif pada Siswa MTs Yang Tinggal di Pondok Pesantren

This study was aimed to determine 1) the relationship between self-esteem and social support with subjective well-being in MTs students who live in Islamic boarding schools; 2) the relationship between social support and subjective well-being of MTs students living in Islamic boarding schools; 3) the relationship between self-esteem and social support with subjective well-being in MTs students living in Islamic boarding schools. This study involves one dependent variable, namely subjective well-being and two independent variables that influence it, namely: self-esteem and social support. There are 193 subjects in this study. The research subjects are students of MTs Darussholihin Yogyakarta who study at the same time living in Islamic boarding schools. The data collection method used a Likert scale and data analysis using product moment correlation. The effective contribution between self-esteem and social support for MTs students who live in Islamic boarding schools is 0.573 or 57.3% is explained by the variables of self-esteem and social support, while the remaining 42.7% is explained by other variables

Psychological Predictors of Sexual Quality of Life Among Iranian Women With Vaginismus: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Vaginismus is an involuntary contraction of muscles around the vaginal and one of the most common sexual disorders among women. It is often associated with psychological problems, leading to poor sexual quality of life (SQOL). This study aimed to determine SQOL predictors in women with vaginismus. Methods In this cross-sectional study, convenience sampling was used to enroll 236 individuals with vaginismus among all women visiting sexual health clinics of Tehran, Iran in 2018. The data were collected using the Sexual Quality of Life-Female (SQOL-F) Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The data were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM). Results The mean (SD) SQOL score of the participants was 56.82 (20.18). There was a significant direct correlation between the participants’ self-esteem and their SQOL (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). However, the participants’ SQOL had significant inverse correlations with the variables of anxiety (r = − 0.48, p < 0.001) and depression (r = −0.47, p < 0.001). Based on the GLM results, the variables of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and duration of disorder predicted SQOL, and explained 42.3% of the variance of SQOL in the participants. Conclusion The results indicated that psychological factors such as anxiety, depression, and self-esteem are predictors of SQOL in women with vaginismus.

Self-acceptance as a predictor of self-esteem in victims of body shaming

This study aimed to determine and analyze the influence of self-acceptance on self-esteem on the victim of body shaming in SMAN 1 Lhokseumawe. The approach of this study was a quantitative correlational method. The samples of this study were 75 students of SMAN 1 Lhokseumawe, and ever be the victim of body shaming. This study uses the purposive sampling technique. This study’s data collection methods were used two scales, namely scale of self-acceptance and self-esteem scale. Then, the data were analyzed by using simple linear regression. The result of this study indicates a correlation between self-acceptance and self-esteem variables. The constant value shows that the coefficient is positive and has a positive or consistent correlation. There is an influence between self-acceptance of self-esteem by using formula t-table and t-count to test the hypothesis, and the result is the same. The initial hypothesis is acceptable. That is mean the hypothesis in this study can be accepted.

Az anyagiasság és a személyes jóllét kapcsolata: a nyugati fogyasztói társadalom egy árnyoldala

THE AIMS OF THE PAPER The study joins in the academic discussion that examines the relationship between materialism and personal well-being since the mid 1980s. The aim of the study is to investigate the nature of the relationship between materialism as a mindset and personal well-being. Furthermore it wishes to identify the drawbacks of western consumer society. METHODOLOGY Our analysis was conducted on a sample from a questionnaire survey with 1819 observations, that is concerning demographic characteristics nationally representative. In case of the variables included in our analysis the effect of potential biases arising from questionnaire surveys were managed. We measured the materialism variable, that played a central role in our analysis, as the relative position of wealth and money within the personal value system of respondents, while the life satisfaction and self-esteem variables were calculated as the difference from the sample average. We used OLS-regression for testing the relationship between variables. MOST IMPORTANT RESULTS The individuals who indicated wealth and money as important priorities in their value systems were generally more dissatisfied with their lives and had lower self-esteem compared to the respondents who scored lower on the materialism scale. This correlation was found to be irrespective of their actual financial status. Furthermore, irrespective of whether they felt being judged by their environment based on their possession of material goods or not. We found no significant relationship between materialism and the perceived lack of financial opportunities. RECOMMENDATIONS Prioritizing materialistic values seems irrational as it can correlate to a decreased personal well-being. Although objective and subjective, as well as social and environmental factors form part of well-being, according to our results being materialistic, and following a consumer culture that emphasizes materialistic values could lead to problems at the level of the individual.

Özel Eğitim Öğretmen Adaylarının Öğretmenlik Mesleğine Yönelik Tutumlarını Yordayan Değişkenler

This study aimed to determine the variables predicting the attitudes of Turkish special education preservice teachers towards the teaching profession. The study was carried out using a relational screening model among the quantitative research methods. The participants of the study consisted of 308 (163 females, 145 males) special education preservice teachers. The research data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Academic Motivation Scale, Life Satisfaction Scale, Professional Self-Esteem Scale, and Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale. The Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression analysis tests were used to analyze the data. The results of the study demonstrated that the preservice teachers' attitudes were predicted by the variables of professional self-esteem, amotivation, intrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy, while the life satisfaction and extrinsic motivation variables were not significant predictors of attitudes towards the teaching profession

Self-Schemas and Self-Esteem Discrepancies in Subclinical Paranoia: The Essential Role of Depressive Symptoms.

Background : Self-concepts are being intensively investigated in relation to paranoia, but research has shown some contradictory findings. Studying subclinical phenomena in a non-clinical population should allow for a clearer understanding given that clinical confounding factors are avoided. We explored self-esteem, self-schemas, and implicit/explicit self-esteem discrepancies in three non-clinical groups with different psychopathological traits and a control group.Methods: Participants with elevated trait-paranoia (n = 41), depressive symptoms (n = 34), a combination of both traits (n = 32), and a control group (n = 71) were assessed on implicit and explicit self-esteem, self-schemas, depression, and paranoia. A dimensional approach with the total sample (n = 208) was also used to complement the information provided by the group approach.Results: All groups presented similar and positive levels of implicit self-esteem. Trait-paranoia participants had similar levels of explicit self-esteem and self-schemas compared with the control group. However, the group with a combination of trait-paranoia and depressive symptoms showed the lowest levels of positive self-schemas and self-esteem. Furthermore, this group and the control group displayed implicit/explicit self-esteem discrepancies, although in opposite directions and with different implications. The dimensional approach revealed associations of trait-paranoia and depressive symptoms with poor explicit self-esteem and self-schemas but not with implicit self-esteem.Conclusions: Trait-paranoia participants showed different self-representations depending on whether depressive symptoms were present or not. The interaction between subclinical neurotic and psychotic traits entailed a detrimental self-representation that might increase the risk for psychopathology.

The Relationship Between Ageist Attitudes and Body Image in Women

This study aims to understand the relationship between ageist attitudes and body image concerns across women in three different age groups namely; young adults (17 to 21 years), middle aged adults (40 to 49 years) and older adults (60 to 82 years). Two scales, measuring body image and ageism, were administered on a sample of 48 women (N=48) with 16 women in each aforemen-tioned category. The results indicated that women in the older category experienced the highest body image concerns, followed by middle aged and young adults respectively. Attitudes to-wards ageism were assessed based on various dimensions. Ageist attitudes were moderate on most dimensions except for direct prejudice to age in young adults; ‘Social distance’ in middle aged adults and ‘Stereotype content associated with age categories’ in middle aged adults as well as older adults. The study has implications for understanding the status of depression, low self-esteem and other co-morbid variables as related to ageism. No significant relationship was found between ageist attitudes and body image.

Ecological Momentary Assessment Using Smartphones in Patients With Depression: Feasibility Study.

BackgroundEcological momentary assessment (EMA) is a promising tool in the management of psychiatric disorders and particularly depression. It allows for a real-time evaluation of symptoms and an earlier detection of relapse or treatment efficacy. The generalization of the smartphone in the modern world offers a new, large-scale support for EMA.ObjectiveThe main objective of this study was twofold: (1) to assess patients’ compliance with an EMA smartphone app defined by the number of EMAs completed, and (2) to estimate the external validity of the EMA using a correlation between self-esteem/guilt/mood variables and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score.MethodsEleven patients at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France, were monitored for 28 days by means of a smartphone app. Every patient enrolled in the study had two types of assessment: (1) three outpatient consultations with a psychiatrist at three different time points (days 1, 15, and 28), and (2) real-time data collection using an EMA smartphone app with a single, fixed notification per day at 3 pm for 28 days. The results of the real-time data collected were reviewed during the three outpatient consultations by a psychiatrist using a dashboard that aggregated all of the patients’ data into a user-friendly format.ResultsOf the 11 patients in the study, 6 patients attended the 3 outpatient consultations with the psychiatrist and completed the HDRS at each consultation. We found a positive correlation between the HDRS score and the variables of self-esteem, guilt, and mood (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.57). Seven patients completed the daily EMAs for 28 days or longer, with an average response rate to the EMAs of 62.5% (175/280). Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between the number of responses to EMAs and the duration of follow-up (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.63).ConclusionsThis preliminary study with a prolonged follow-up demonstrates significant patient compliance with the smartphone app. In addition, the self-assessments performed by patients seemed faithful to the standardized measurements performed by the psychiatrist. The results also suggest that for some patients it is more convenient to use the smartphone app than to attend outpatient consultations.

Dispositional Factors Among Youth: An Examination of their Relationship to Academic Achievement in a Collectivistic Tight Culture

With globalization and increasing interdependence between countries, cross-cultural differences between collectivistic and individualistic cultures have become a topic of increasing interest. In this study we examine the predictive validity of dispositional factors in a cross-cultural context. Three dispositional factors: Emotional Intelligence, Locus of Control and Self-Esteem were examined in the collectivistic and socially oriented culture of Oman. This study statistically assessed the prediction power of the three dispositional factors on academic achievement. A sample of 545 university students from a private university in Oman were surveyed. The findings show a strong correlation between Self-Esteem variables and grade point average. A significant finding in our study was that Self-Esteem was negatively related to achievement. The interpretation of the negative relation suggests that in tight cultures, individuals may negatively self-rate their Self-Esteem to compensate for the high achievement in their collective social context. This study has several important implications for future research in understanding the dynamics and predictability of personality and disposition in a collectivistic culture&#x0D;

Development, validation, and feasibility of a school-based short duration integrated classroom yoga module: A pilot study design.

BACKGROUND:The practice of yoga is proven to have physical, cognitive and emotional benefits for school children. Despite this many schools do not include yoga in their daily schedule. The reasons cited are lack of time and resources. To overcome these problems the present study aimed to develop and validate a short duration Integrated classroom yoga module. The design guidelines were that it should be possible to practice in the classroom environment and that it could be led by the class teacher. In this way the module would overcome the problem of both time and resource.MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study had two main phases. In the first phase, selected ICYM practices based on the literature review were validated by 21 subject matter experts using Lawhse's content validity ratio (CVR) formula. In the second phase, a pilot study using a paired sample prepost measurement design was carried out on 49 high school children. The study was conducted in June 2019. The intervention period was 1 month, and the test variables were physical fitness, cognitive performance, self-esteem, emotional well-being, and personality characteristic. Paired sample t-test was the analysis tool and the software used was the Statistical Package for the Social Science version 26.RESULTS:In the Lawshe's CVR analysis, 17 out of the 24 practices tested were rated by experts as essential as was the overall module (CVR score ≥0.429). In the pilot study, there were significant differences in the postmean scores compared to premean scores, for all the 4 EUROFIT physical fitness testing battery tests (P < 0.02), all the three scores of the Stroop color-word naming task (P < 0.001) and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (P < 0.008).CONCLUSION:ICYM was validated and found feasible by the present study. It was found to have a statistically significant impact on physical fitness, cognitive performance, and self-esteem variables. However, a randomized control trial with a longer intervention period is needed to strengthen the present study.

An Analysis of domestic research trends related to self-esteem of people with developmental disabilities

본 연구의 목적은 발달장애인의 자아존중감에 관한 국내 연구 동향 분석을 통하여 발달장애인의 자아존중감 연구에 기초가 될 자료를 마련하는 것이다. 이를 위해 2003년부터 최근 2020년까지 한국연구재단등재지(후보지)에 게재된 학술논문 총 48편을 선정하였다. 분석방법으로는 논문들의 일반적 동향, 연도별, 분야별, 대상자, 연령, 연구방법, 변인에 따라 분류하였고, 하위 요인인 연구방법은 실험연구, 조사연구 등 변인에 따라 유목화하였다. 연구결과 발달장애인의 자아존중감 관련 논문은 특수교육학, 교육학 등 사회과학 논문들이 가장 높은 빈도를 보였다. 연령에 따른 분류는 성인(43%), 청소년(41%), 아동(16%) 순이었다. 연구방법으로는 실험연구(66.7%)와 조사연구(23%)가 주를 이루었고 질적연구(8.3%), 문헌연구(2%)순으로 나타났다. 실험연구에는 상담, 발달재활, 교육활동으로 분류되었다. 대다수 실험연구에서 자아존중감과 더불어 사회적응, 주의집중, 정서안정, 자기표현 등의 종속변인들과 함께 연구하였다. 조사연구에서는 가족관련, 지역 및 학교 적응, 생활만족도 등을 포함하여 분석하였다. 이러한 분석 결과를 통하여 발달장애인의 자아존중감 연구는 성인 및 청소년기 연구가 많으며, 자아존중감 단일 변인보다 다양한 변인과 함께 연구되어지고 있다고 요약하였다. 이를 통해 발달장애인의 아동기 자아개념 연구와 더불어 효과분석에 관한 후속 연구를 제언하였다.The purpose of this study is to prepare data that will be the basis for the study of self-esteem of persons with developmental disabilities through analysis of domestic research trends on self-esteem of persons with developmental disabilities. To this end, a total of 48 academic papers were selected from 2003 to 2020. Analysis methods were classified according to general trends, year, field, subject, age, research method, and variable of the papers, and research methods, which are subordinate factors, were nomadicized according to variables such as experimental research and research research. As a result of the study, social science papers such as special education and education showed the highest frequency of papers related to self-esteem of persons with developmental disabilities. Classification by age was in the order of adults (43%), adolescents (41%), and children (16%). Experimental studies (66.7%) and survey studies (23%) were the main research methods, followed by qualitative studies (8.3%) and literature studies (2%). The experimental research was classified into counseling, developmental rehabilitation, and educational activities. In most experimental studies, in addition to self-esteem, we studied with dependent variables such as social adaptation, attention, emotional stability, and self-expression. In the research study, family relations, local and school adaptation, and life satisfaction were analyzed. Through these analysis results, it was summarized that there are many studies on self-esteem of people with developmental disabilities in adults and adolescents, and that they are being studied with various variables rather than a single variable of self-esteem. Through this, a follow-up study on the effect analysis was suggested along with a study on the self-concept in childhood of the developmentally disabled.

Associations Between Self-Esteem With Diverse Deleterious Mental Health Outcomes Among Older Adults

Research suggests meaningful relationships between self-esteem and various deleterious mental health outcomes. However, these relationships are less well understood in older adults, where age-specific models of self-esteem are lacking. In this study, older adult participants (N = 284, M age = 73.3 years) anonymously completed a series of questionnaires as part of a larger battery. Measures examined for this study included the Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale (SISE), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Three-Item Loneliness Scale (3LS), Sense of Belonging Inventory – Psychological Subscale (SOBI-P), and the Geriatric Anxiety Scale (GAS). A multiple regression was conducted to examine how these mental health variables predict self-esteem. The model explained a significant 39% of the variance in self-esteem, F (5,234) = 29.68, p < .001, with two significant predictors. Specifically, lower scores on the PHQ-9 (β = -3.06, p < .01) predicted higher scores on the SISE, whereas higher scores SOBI-P (β = .27, p < .01) predicted higher scores on the SISE. Scores on the 3LS (β = -.09), BHS (β = -.03), and GAS (β = -.03) did not emerge as significant predictors in the model. Results from this study indicate that lower depression and higher sense of belonging have unique contributions to self-esteem for older adults, controlling for the shared variance from other mental health variables, such as loneliness, hopelessness, and anxiety. Although causality was not assessed, future prospective studies should examine whether interventions focusing on reducing depression or increasing feelings of belongingness enhance self-esteem for older individuals.

Explicit and implicit self-esteem in youth with autism spectrum disorders.

Although the link between self-esteem and psychopathology has been well established, studies on self-esteem in individuals with autism spectrum disorder are lacking. In this study, we aimed to (1) compare explicit and implicit self-esteem of youth with autism spectrum disorder to typically developing peers and to (2) explore relationships of implicit-, explicit-, and discrepant self-esteem measures with co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems in youth with autism spectrum disorder. For this purpose, 25 individuals with autism spectrum disorder and 24 individuals as age- and intelligence quotient–matched controls aged 8–16 years participated in this study. Results showed lower explicit self-esteem in autism spectrum disorder compared to typically developing youth and no differences in implicit self-esteem between groups. In youth with autism spectrum disorder, low explicit self-esteem was related to co-occurring depression symptoms, whereas lower implicit self-esteem was related to externalizing symptoms. These results show that youth with autism spectrum disorder are at risk for developing low explicit self-esteem, which appears to be related to often co-occurring internalizing symptoms. This emphasizes the need to focus more on self-esteem in assessment and treatment of youth with autism spectrum disorder.Lay abstractHaving a stable and good self-esteem is important for maintaining a good mental health. However, having low self-esteem is a risk factor for developing depressive, anxious, or uncooperative/aggressive symptoms. While many individuals with an autism spectrum disorder have these symptoms, there is a lack of studies on self-esteem in this group. We studied self-esteem of youth with autism spectrum disorder and the connection to their co-occurring symptoms. To do this, different self-esteem profiles were investigated, including explicit self-esteem (how someone says their self-esteem is after reflecting on it), implicit self-esteem (how someone’s self-esteem is on a task that does not give them time to reflect on it), and the difference between both (high explicit with low implicit self-esteem or low explicit with high implicit self-esteem). Our results show that youth with autism spectrum disorder report lower self-esteem than youth without autism spectrum disorder when they have reflected on it (explicit self-esteem). And parents of children with autism spectrum disorder report that their children have even lower self-esteem. Implicit self-esteem was the same for youth with and without autism spectrum disorder. Furthermore, we found that within youth with autism spectrum disorder, there was a negative relationship between explicit self-esteem and depressive symptoms, and between implicit self-esteem and externalizing behavior. Taken together, youth with autism spectrum disorder are at risk for developing low self-esteem and when they do they have a higher risk of developing co-occurring problems. Therefore we stress that it is important to measure and improve the self-esteem of youth with autism spectrum disorder, so they develop less co-occurring problems and have a higher quality of life.

The Influence of Self-Esteem toward Self-Adjustment

This study aims to identify the effect of self-esteem on student self-adjusment. The research involved a sample of 210 students of grade X State Senior High School (SMAN) 1 Bangil Pasuruan that were randomly selected. The data analysis technique used in this study is regression analysis. The result showed that there was a significant influence between self-esteem on student self-adjusment. This study recommends a counseling service to improve student self-adjusment by involving self-esteem variables.

Gratitude, Self-Esteem and Optimism in People with Physical Disabilities

The psychological problems experienced by people with physical disabilities are feeling hopeless and uncertain of their future. They feel the future will be dismal. They also feel afraid of not having proper education, jobs, and place in society, not be able to work normally, fail in lives, rejected, and not be able to give the best to their loved ones. This condition indicates non-optimistic. Optimism is an essential psychosocial resource for protecting the health and influencing human functioning. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between gratitude and self-esteem with optimism in people with physical disabilities. The samples of this study were people with physical disabilities, aged 18 - 35 years old, attended social rehabilitation and totaled 106 people. Data collection methods were gratitude scale, self-esteem scale, and LOT-R. Analysis of the data used multiple regression analysis. The analysis indicates that there is a significant relationship between gratitude and self-esteem with optimism in people with physical disabilities. The contribution of gratitude and self-esteem variables to optimism is 48.1%. People with physical disabilities have optimism and gratitude in the high category, while self-esteem in the medium category.

Developing a latent coping resources factor for recovery from substance use disorder

Background It is crucial for individuals with substance use disorders, especially those with a co-occurring mental health disorder, to access effective coping resources. Aim: We quantify coping through four domains of individual resources (self-esteem, self-efficacy, perceived social support, and hope) to examine the extent to which individuals with varying psychiatric severity can access coping-related resources. Since sex is an additional, important consideration in treatment, we also explore both sexes’ access to coping-related resources. Method: We generate a multilevel latent variable of coping resources in class structures, one for males and one for females, to measure (1) the extent individuals with varying psychiatric presentations (types, symptoms, severity) are able to access this latent resource and (2) to control for house level effects. Results Our variables of self-esteem, self-efficacy, perceived social support, and hope all coalesced into a latent variable, named coping resources. Furthermore, we find that psychiatric severity is negatively related to coping resources at the individual level but function differently for males and females at the house level. Conclusions: Treatment guidelines should address the nuanced needs of individuals and consider individual differences, such as sex, that impact access to coping resources.

Influence of Resilience, Everyday Stress, Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, Emotional Intelligence, and Empathy on Attitudes toward Sexual and Gender Diversity Rights

The present study forms part of the project “Cross-disciplinary education for sexual, body, and gender diversity” (Code 419). The aim of this study was to analyze the role played by the psychoeducational variables involved in burnout (resilience, self-efficacy, self-esteem, emotional intelligence, empathy, and everyday stress) on attitudes toward sexual and gender diversity rights. Participants comprised 170 university students undertaking a degree in primary education. Instruments were administered to assess the constructs analyzed, ensuring informed consent, voluntary participation, anonymity, and data confidentiality. An ex post facto design was employed to determine whether attitudes toward sexual and gender diversity rights are influenced by the possible relationships and role of these variables. We found statistically significant associations between students’ attitudes toward sexual and gender diversity at all three levels (sociocultural, relational, and personal) and the variable of burnout. Attitudes towards gender sexual orientation and gender identity rights influence burnout, and vice versa. As we ponder deeply about how these factors influence one another, we can shift our perspectives in a way that builds social harmony. It is important to learn how exactly these influences work, and this knowledge translates into making teaching strategies more effective to help raise awareness about guaranteeing rights for all. At the personal level of students’ attitudes toward sexual and gender diversity/equality, we found positive correlations between this level and the total score for the variable of resilience and with its factor of personal competence. The data obtained will be of use for future psychoeducational assessment and intervention programs related to an education in sexual orientation and gender identity rights that are aimed at developing socio-emotional competencies and attention to diversity with the ultimate goal of improving social harmony by dismantling stereotypes and raising awareness of the importance of the variables of resilience, self-efficacy, self-esteem, emotional intelligence, empathy, and everyday stress which highlights how “education is an instrument of social transformation”.