Group Self-esteem Research Articles

The impact of a self‐esteem group for people with eating disorders: an uncontrolled study

AbstractLow self‐esteem is widely recognized as a predisposing, precipitating and maintaining factor in the aetiology of eating disorders. This paper examines the effectiveness of a self‐esteem group for women with eating disorders, delivered repeatedly over a 20‐month period. Forty‐one patients began and 33 completed the programme and both pre‐ and post‐measures. Eight were excluded from the final analysis as they were in concurrent psychological treatment. Outcome was assessed using standardized measures and records of symptom levels and drop‐out rates. Significant improvements in self‐esteem, depression, and eating attitudes were observed. It is concluded that a treatment focusing solely on self‐esteem can be beneficial in reducing eating disordered attitudes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A Study on Self-esteem, Self-efficacy, Coping Methods, and the Academic and Job-seeking Stress of Nursing Students

The purpose of this study was to examine the relation among self-esteem, self-efficacy, coping methods, and the academic and job-seeking stress of nursing students.Data were collected though self-reported questionnaires from 221 nursing students living in D city from 10. September to 30. September in 2002. The data collected were analyzed using mean, S.D., t-test. ANOVA, Scheffe. and Pearson Correlation Coefficients with SAS.The results were as follows :1. The academic and job-seeking stress of the high self-esteem group was significantly lower than that of the low self-esteem group. The academic and job-seeking stress of the high self-efficacy group was significantly lower than that of the low self-efficacy group. The problem-focus coping of the high self-esteem group was significantly lower than that of the low self-esteem group. The problem-focus coping of the high self-efficacy group was significantly lower than that of the low self-efficacy group.2. There was a significant correlation between self-esteem and the academic and job-seeking stress(r = -.30, p=.000). The relation between self-esteem and coping methods revealed significant correlation(r-. 18, p = .007). There was a significant correlation between selfefficacy and the academic and job-seeking stress(r--.36. p=.000). The relation between self-efficacy and coping methods revealed significant correlation(r=.18, p=.006).The results of this study suggest that there is needed education development considering self-esteem and self-efficacy to alleviate the academic and job-seeking stress in nursing students.

Ingroup bias in the minimal group paradigm shown by three‐person groups with high or low state self‐esteem

AbstractFrom social identity theory a negative relation between self‐esteem and ingroup bias can be deducted. Much research has been done to test this proposition and largely failed to confirm this relation. Unlike many existing studies, we conducted an experiment in which (a) self‐esteem is not conceived as a trait entity but much more situation‐specific, (b) the self‐esteem manipulation is not relative to the outgroup, and (c) the measure of intergroup differentiation is unrelated to the self‐esteem manipulation. We categorised our participants into two arbitrary minimal groups (Klee or Kandinsky fans) and afterwards formed homogeneous three‐person groups (all persons were either Klee or Kandinsky fans). We manipulated the state self‐esteem of these real groups by giving them positive or negative feedback concerning their performance in a problem‐solving task. Afterwards, all groups distributed money to ingroup and outgroup members via Tajfel distribution matrices. Low state self‐esteem groups were found to exhibit stronger ingroup bias than high state self‐esteem groups overall, although the variability of intergroup discrimination was larger in the low state self‐esteem groups, pointing to more heterogeneous reactions to low state self‐esteem. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Self-Esteem in the Adaptation of Spanish-Speaking Adolescents: The Role of Immigration, Family Conflict, and Depression

Acultural context model was employed in studying self-esteem group differences within a Spanish-speaking sample of adolescents. Acculturation patterns for Spanish-speaking subgroups show differences in the way that they will fit into American society. Depression, parent-child conflict, and discrimination influenced individual self-esteem, along with school achievement and motivation. Regression analyses were employed to partition and study the variance of the above predictors. The cultural contexts of five groups, particularly the role of family in adaptation in different communities, are discussed.

VIP Tickets Required: Latino High School Students and Limited Access

As the Latino population increases, many public school systems throughout the United States are struggling to meet the educational needs of Latino children. Latinos remain the most undereducated segment of the nation's school aged children; they comprise the largest group of highschool dropouts, and high school graduates are much less likely to attain advanced degrees (Zambrana 1995). There are numerous internal and external factors related to the Latinos' relatively low educational attainment including poverty, educators' low expectations, language, low self-esteem and peer group pressure (Reyes et al. 1999).

The mood regulatory function of autobiographical recall is moderated by self-esteem

This study investigated whether self-esteem (SE) moderates the mood regulation function of autobiographical memory. Music was used to induce a negative mood in participants. Mood was then assessed following one of three tasks: (1) free recall participants were not constrained to retrieve memories of a particular valence; (2) directed recall participants were told to retrieve positive memories; and (3) control participants completed arithmetic problems. It was found that high SE participants recalled more positive memories than did low SE participants in the free recall condition. Consequently, the high SE participants experienced a greater elevation in mood. Memory positivity was equivalent for the high and low SE participants in the directed recall task. Moreover, both high and low SE participants showed an improvement in mood following directed recall of positive memories, although this improvement was less pronounced in the low SE group. No mood change was found in the control condition. The results suggest that individual differences in SE moderate mood regulation by autobiographical recall.

A Study on the Influence of Self-Growth Program on the Self-Concept of Middle School Girls

The aim of the study is to develop self-growth program fitting middle-school girls' developn祀ntai stage and by examining what self-growth program influence on self-concept change of middle-school, to provide nursing intervention for the purpose of improving youth' mental health in school study field.Total 155 first grade students, female, at H(experimental group. 75) and WCcontrol group, 80) middle school in K city were sampled for this study for convenience, experimental group were divided into a group of 13~14 students and three counselors proceeded self-growth program by the planned module. This program had been administerd for 5 weeks (1 hour/week) in the morning (May. 15、Jun, 14). While, after one month. The control group was only surveyed two times before and after a five-week period in between.Self-growth program administered in the research was developed by a joint effort of Mental Heath Center in Seo-district, Kwangju Metropolitan city and researcher, based on Personality Education Program(Kim, 2000).The sei卜concept measuring tool is questionaries amended and complemented by researcher using perceptual self (20 items) by Choi Jung hun (1972) and self esteem(10 items) by Rosenberg (1983). Cronbach's a of the this measure is .87.The PC-SAS package program was used to an alyze the data along with percentage, 文 2 -test, t-test.The results of the study were as follows ；1) hypothesis I : experimental group with educated self-growth program will show more positive change in perceptual self • than the control group was accepted.as perceptual self scores of the experimental group turned out to be 64.4 and the control group, 57.6, two group's perceptual self scores show significant differenced=3.75, p=.000).2) hypothesis II: experimental group with educated self-growth program will show more positive change in self-esteem than the control group was accepted.as self-esteem scores of the experimental group turned out to be 30.6 and the control group, 26.8, two group's self-esteem scores appear significant difference(t = 3.75, p = .000). 3) Students' response along the self-growth program include:The entering the meeting influenced on a domain of the faith and self opening, 'Who am I ?" influenced on a self-exploration, self-esteem and valuable-valueless, 'I will become this sort of person!’ influenced on a self-understanding, self-esteem and capable-incapable, ’Good fellowship' influenced on a self-exploration, self-understanding, sei卜discovery, and friendly-isolated and 'The commending a friend' influenced on a self discovery, self-esteem, friendly-isolated and accepted-rejected positively.This study showed the self-growth program fitting middle-school girl’s developmental stage influenced on the self-concept of the middle school girls positively, this program will contribute to positive self concept function in adolescence life. Therefore, it considered necessary to proceed this self-growth program regularly as a part of the school personality education course.

Relations of Self-Esteem Concerns, Group Identification, and Self-Stereotyping to In-Group Favoritism

In 2 studies, the author examined the effect of collective self-esteem (CSE; J. Crocker & R. Luhtanen, 1993) on people's willingness to display in-group favoritism. To test that self-esteem hypothesis, he measured public CSE, rather than private CSE, because the former parallels a threat to social identity, a state believed to motivate in-group favoritism. Furthermore, the author explored whether group identification and self-stereotyping moderated the effect of public CSE on in-group favoritism. The participants were 92 British and Dutch university employees. As expected, participants high in public CSE displayed more in-group favoritism than did those low in public CSE. Moreover, group identification and self-stereotyping appeared to moderate the effect of CSE.

A Study on Family Support, Self-Esteem and Life-Satisfaction in Homeless Persons (The Relationships between Institutionalized Residenis and Noninstitutionalized Residents)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of family support, self-esteem and life-satisfaction in homeless persons and to provide basic data to help them attain a better quality of life.From Jul. 1 to Oct. 10. 2000, 235 homeless persons, registered at the noninstitutionalized homeless and institutionalized homeless in Seoul, Were accepted as subjects for the study.The instruments used for this study were a Family support scale of Park. Jee Won, life-satisfaction scale of Wood, Wylied Sheafer and Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale.The reliability of the scales were tested by Cronsbach's Alpha. The collected data Were analyzed by the SPSS program using unpaired t-test and Pearson's Correlation Coefficients.The results were as follows :1. There Was a statistically significantdifference in the level of demographic between family support groups for the homeless at institutionalized residents : age (t =2.23, p=.028). education background (f=5.53, p= 005), present illness(t=1.97, p== .052).emotion statest = 2.94. p= 041).2. There Was a statistically significant difference in the level of demographic between family support groups for the homeless at noninstitutionalized residents : types of disease (t=1.55, p=.161).3. There Was a statistically significant difference in the level of demographic between self-esteem groups for the homeless at institutionalized residents: types of disease (t =3.23. p=.004).4. There Was a statistically significant difference in the level of demographic between self-esteem groups for the homeless at noninstitutionalized residents : use of drugs(t=-3.23 p= .002). types of disease (t =3.23, p=.004).5. There Was a statistically significant difference in the level of demographic between life-satisfaction groups for the homeless at institutionalized residents : education background (t=3.11, p= .048). types of disease(t=3.40, p= .007), emotion states (t = 4.93, p= .004).6. There Was statistically significant difference in the level of demographic between life-satisfaction groups for the homeless at noninstitutionalized residents : smoking (t=-2.31, p= .023 ). types of disease(t=2.07, p= 041), emotion states (t = 2.81. p= .049).7. There was a positive correlation between family support and self-esteem for the institutionalized homeless and it was statistically significant (r= 443. p= .001).8. There was a positive correlation between family support and life- satisfaction for the homeless at institutionalized residents and it was statistically significant (r= 389, p= .001).9. There was a positive correlation between life-satisfaction andself-esteem for the homeless at institutionalized residents and it was statistically significant (r= .217, p= 02).10. There wasn't a correlation family support. self-esteem and life-satisfaction for the homeless at noninstitutionalized residents and it was statistically nonsignificant.

The interpersonal consequences of inflated self-esteem in an inpatient psychiatric youth sample.

This study tested R. F. Baumeister, L. Smart, and J. M. Boden's (1996) theory of inflated self-esteem with an inpatient psychiatric youth sample. Participants were assessed on their self-reported self-esteem, self-reported interpersonal problems, and peer rejection (measured by evaluations from 3 or 4 peers). Consistent with the hypotheses, those with low self-esteem reported the most interpersonal problems, followed consecutively by the moderate self-esteem group and then the high self-esteem group, who reported the fewest interpersonal problems. Also in line with the hypotheses, those with low and high self-esteem were rejected by their peers when compared with the moderate self-esteem group. Thus, the high self-esteem group was rejected by their peers but did not themselves report interpersonal problems. These findings provide further support for Baumeister et al.'s theory and generalize the theory to a clinical setting.

Effects of Group Art Therapy Program on Self-Esteem and Mental Health Status in Chronic Schizophrenic Inpatients

【The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of the 8-week, 15-session group art therapy program on self-esteem and mental health status in chronic schizophrenic inpatients. The sample consisted of two groups of chronic schizophrenic inpatients: 10 patients with an average of total disease duration of 8.90 years who participated in a 8-week group art therapy program, and 8 comparison subjects with an average of total disease duration of 8.25 years who did not participate in the program. A pretest-posttest quasiexperimental design was used to assess self-esteem and mental health status at the beginning and at the end of the 8-week, 15-session group art therapy program. The time points for obtaining data were matched for both groups. The effectiveness of the 8-week group art therapy program was assessed by Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale(Rosenberg, 1965) and SCL-90- R(Derogatis et al., 1973). SPSSWIN 8.0 was utilized for data entry and analysis employing Mann-Whitney U test. The findings of the study indicated the followings : (a) No significant differences were found between two groups in self-esteem and (b) The experimental group showed significantly lower scores in obsessive-compulsive symptom dimension and interpersonal sensitivity symptom dimension on the SCL-90-R than the comparison group after participating in the group art therapy program. In conclusion, the findings showed the possibility of applying group art therapy as an effective nursing intervention for patients with lack of verbal communication skills and social interaction to improve their interpersonal relationship.】

Differences in Loneliness among Low, Moderate and High Self-Esteem Young and Older Adults

Self-esteem is an underlying component of personality which affects interpersonal relationship, everyday mood and ability to function. Loneliness is a concept which seems to be related to both self-esteem and interpersonal relationships. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of self-esteem and loneliness to age as well as the differences in loneliness among low moderate and high self-esteem individuals. A sample of 221 older adults and 115 students responded to the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale and the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. The sample was subdivided into three self-esteem groups: low, moderate, high. Young and older adults did not differ with respect to self-esteem and loneliness. However, highly significant differences were found among low, moderate and high self-esteem individuals in terms of how lonely they feel. Implications for treating loneliness in individuals with mental disorders, physical or perceptual disabilities arc discussed.

The relationship between attachment prototypes, self-esteem, loneliness and causal attributions in Chinese trainee teachers

The applicability of using the four-category model (Bartholomew and Horowitz, 1991) in classifying Chinese adults into four adult attachment prototypes: secure, dismissing, preoccupied, and fearful was explored. The impact of attachment styles on self-esteem, loneliness, and causal attribution on classroom events was also investigated. Two hundred and twenty-five student-teachers completed a self-report Attachment Style Inventory, and measures of self-esteem, loneliness, and attributional style. Results indicated that subjects with a preoccupied, dismissing, and fearful attachment were lower in self-esteem than their secure counterparts, while secure and dismissing subjects had higher self-esteem than the preoccupied group. The fearful group was the most lonely, followed by the preoccupied and then the dismissing with the secure group being the least lonely. While differences in attributional styles were found between the high self-esteem group and the low self-esteem group, the impact of attachment styles on attributional pattern was less obvious. The results suggest that the four attachment prototypes can be identified in Chinese individuals and that the quality of adult attachment has some influence on social functioning.

The stress buffering effects of self-esteem

Self-esteem has been shown to moderate the stress-illness relationship, although the mechanisms by which this occurs has not been directly tested. This research examined the potential moderating influence of self-esteem on stress appraisal and reactivity in a stress-inducing laboratory exercise. Two experiments examined whether participants who are exposed to a high self-esteem manipulation show less stress responsivity. The results from Study 1 ( N = 53) revealed the expected effect: participants in the high self-esteem group reported experiencing less stress and achieved better performance on the Stroop task. The results from Study 2 ( N = 29) pointed to differences in underlying autonomic reactivity, with the high self-esteem group demonstrating less heart-rate arousal during a social performance task. These studies suggest that self-esteem may moderate against the pernicious effects of stress via the primary appraisal process.

A Longitudinal Study of Self-Esteem: Implications for Adolescent Development

This study used a cluster analytic approach to identify self-esteem trajectories among adolescents over a four-year period from sixth to tenth grades (N = 1,160). Four self-esteem trajectories were identified that replicated previous research: (1) consistently high, (2) moderate and rising, (3) steadily decreasing, and (4) consistently low. Female adolescents were more likely to be in the steadily decreasing self-esteem group while male adolescents were more likely to be in the moderate and rising group. African American and white youth were equally distributed across groups. Using repeated measures analysis, we found that youth with consistently high and moderate and rising self-esteem reported developmentally healthier outcomes in Grade 10 than youth in the other two clusters. Outcomes included susceptibility to peer pressure, school grades, and alcohol use. Implications of these results for studying self-esteem and developmental change more generally are discussed.

Global self-esteem and specific self-views as determinants of people's reactions to success and failure.

A critical question in self-esteem research is whether people's reactions to success and failure are guided by their global self-esteem level or by their more specific beliefs about their abilities and attributes. To address this issue, the authors led participants to experience success or failure on an alleged test and then assessed their cognitive and emotional reactions to these outcomes. In Experiment 1, specific self-views predicted participants' cognitive reactions to their performance outcomes, whereas global self-esteem predicted participants' emotional reactions to their performance outcomes. In Experiment 2, global self-esteem predicted participants' emotional reactions to their performance outcomes even after participants' beliefs about their more specific abilities and attributes were taken into account. These findings suggest that when it comes to understanding people's emotional reactions to success and failure, the effects of global self-esteem are not reducible to the way people think about their constituent qualities. Few statements are as incontrovertible as this: The way people feel about themselves is an important aspect of psychological life. Laypeople and professionals alike refer to these feelings as indicative a person's level of self-esteem. Through the years, self-esteem has been linked to a wide variety of social psychological phenomena, including conformity (Brockner, 1984), persuasion (Rhodes & Wood, 1992), cognitive dissonance (Steele, Spencer, & Lynch, 1993 ), subjective well-being (Diener & Diener, 1995), and social comparison processes (Aspinwall & Taylor, 1993; Gibbons & Gerrard, 1991; Wood, Giordano-Beech, Taylor, Michela, & Gaus, 1994),just to name a few. Self-esteem also appears to influence people's reactions to valenced outcomes. High self-esteem (HSE) people make more self-serving attributions for performance outcomes (Blaine & Crocker, 1993) and suffer less emotional distress when they fail than do low self-esteem (LSE) people (Brown & Dutton, 1995). The purpose of this article is to examine the source of these differences. One possibility is that these tendencies stem from differences in how the two self-esteem groups think about their particular abilities and attributes. HSE people generally think they have high ability and expect to do well when undertaking an achievement-related task. These perceptions could guide their reactions to failure. After all, if one thinks one has high ability, it is only logical to assume that success is due to one's ability but failure is not (Blaine & Crocker, 1993; Marsh, 1986; Miller & Ross,

Self-verification in clinical depression: the desire for negative evaluation.

Do clinically depressed individuals seek favorable or unfavorable information about the self? Self-verification theory makes the counterintuitive prediction that depressed individuals solicit feedback that confirms their negative self-views. To test this prediction, participants were classified on the basis of a structured clinical interview and self-report measures into high-esteem, low self-esteem, and depressed groups. All participants were offered a choice between receiving favorable or unfavorable feedback; 82% of the depressed participants chose the unfavorable feedback, compared to 64% of the low self-esteem participants and 25% of the high self-esteem participants. Additional evidence indicated that depressed individuals also failed to exploit fully an opportunity to acquire favorable evaluations that were self-verifying. The authors discuss how seeking negative evaluations and failing to seek favorable evaluations may help maintain depression.

Relationship among self-esteem, internal-external locus of control, and weight change after participation in a weight reduction program.

This report covers 15 to 47 months of follow-up study of 66 obese women who participated in a 10-week weight reduction program. Subjects were divided into three self-esteem groups and into two groups of "internal" and "external" subjects. The average weight regain during the follow-up period was 3.1 kg, although all subjects remained below their pretreatment weight. The higher the self-esteem score, the lower the average weight regain during follow-up (1.7 kg, 2.6 kg, and 3.5 kg, respectively). For internals the average weight regain was 1.8 kg and for externals 3.4 kg. Implications are discussed, and suggestions for improved weight reduction programs are presented.

THE "NOBLE" SPORTS FAN: THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TEAM IDENTIFICATION, SELF-ESTEEM, AND AGGRESSION

Authors have disagreed on whether sports spectating has positive or negative consequences for individuals and society. Based on Smith's 1988 discussion of "the noble sports fan," the current research tested the prediction that identification with a sports team would be positively related to collective or group's self-esteem and not related to trait scores of aggression. The hypothesis was confirmed. Discussion centers on patterns of the observed correlations.

The "noble" sports fan: the relationships between team identification, self-esteem, and aggression.

Authors have disagreed on whether sports spectating has positive or negative consequences for individuals and society. Based on Smith's 1988 discussion of "the noble sports fan," the current research tested the prediction that identification with a sports team would be positively related to collective or group's self-esteem and not related to trait scores of aggression. The hypothesis was confirmed. Discussion centers on patterns of the observed correlations.