Changes In Self-esteem Research Articles

Magnitude and determinants of body dysmorphic disorder among female students in Saudi public secondary schools.

ObjectivesRecent estimates have indicated that the weighted community prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is rising. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and determinants of BDD among female adolescents in Jeddah, KSA.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among female students in governmental secondary schools. Students presenting with abnormal health conditions were excluded. A multi-stage stratified sampling technique was used to select the target number of students (N = 495). BDD screening was performed using a BDD questionnaire.ResultsThe students’ mean (standard deviation) age was 16.78 (1.11) years, and the prevalence of BDD was 12.3% (95% confidence interval: 9.6–15.5%). The body parts associated with the most concern were the skin (18.4%), hair (10.7%), teeth (9.9%), and nose (9.5%). Psychosocial assessment showed that the body part of concern was associated with sadness in 20.6%, avoidance reactions in 17.6%, and problems in school, work, or other activities in 3.8% while playing a role in social relationships in 21.5%. The aspects associated with the highest risk included the skin (odds ratio (OR) = 8.33, p < 0.001), followed by body fat (OR = 8.17, p < 0.001) and the nose (OR = 7.35, p < 0.001). With the number of affected body parts, the prevalence of BDD increased from 21.7% (one body part) to 60%.ConclusionsIn this study, BDD was a common, difficult-to-recognise disorder with a prevalence of one in eight female Saudi adolescents. It was associated with marked changes in social interactions, self-esteem, and quality of life.

The role of personality in retirement adjustment: Longitudinal evidence for the effects on life satisfaction.

Research on retirement suggests that personality can influence the adjustment process, but the mechanisms involved remain still largely unknown. In the present study, we investigate direct and indirect associations between the Big Five personality traits and life satisfaction over the retirement transition. Indirect effects were evaluated through the role of personality for levels and changes in self-esteem, autonomy, social support, self-rated physical health, self-rated cognitive ability, and financial satisfaction. Our sample consisted of 796 older adults (age 60-66) and four annual measurement waves from the longitudinal population-based HEalth, Ageing, and Retirement Transitions in Sweden (HEARTS)study, including individuals retiring during the study period. Results from multivariate latent growth curve analysis revealed multiple indirect associations between personality and life satisfaction. Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness were positively related to life satisfaction through higher levels of self-esteem, autonomy, and social support. Neuroticism was negatively associated with life satisfaction through lower levels of self-esteem and lower levels and negative changes in autonomy and social support. Our findings suggest that retirees with higher levels of Neuroticism are more vulnerable in the transition process and they are also more likely to experience adjustment problems resulting from negative changes in key resources.

The Effect of Perceived Teacher Behaviors on Students’ Self-Esteem and Attitudes Towards Learning

While it depends on many factors for the teacher to achieve the assumed mission apart from themselves, the quality of the relationship established between the teacher and student is among the prominent factors that enable the student to reach the target behaviors. Considering the role of educational institutions as the protective factor for students and the efficiency of teachers in this process, the main purpose of this research was determined as examining the effect of the perceived teacher behaviors on the self-esteem of students and their attitudes towards learning. 306 students randomly selected from among the 9th, 10th and 11th grades from Anatolian high schools in Kadikoy, Istanbul were applied scales of Perceived Teacher Behaviors, Self-Esteem and Attitudes towards Learning, and the obtained data was analyzed by Pearson Moments Correlation and Regression Analysis techniques. The findings revealed that the perceived teacher attitudes and its sub-dimensions were negatively and weakly correlated with self-esteem, moderately positive and weakly correlated with attitudes toward learning scale sub-dimensions (p &amp;lt; 0.05; p &amp;lt; 0.01). According to results, it was determined that the perceived teacher behaviours negatively affected the self-esteem and positively affected the nature of learning, expectation and openness dimensions in the sub-dimensions of the attitudes towards learning and negatively affected the learning-related anxiety. It was found that while 7% change in self-esteem is explained by Factor 2 (positive teacher behaviors) and this factor negatively affected the self-esteem; Factor 2 on the anxiety dimension of the attitudes about learning and Factor 1 and Factor 3 explaining the behaviors of teachers that are considered within the scope of emotional abuse explain the 15% of the change in anxiety, and that these factors negatively affected anxiety; Factor 1 and Factor 4 (negative teacher behaviors) Factor 2 (positive teacher behaviors) explained 19% of the change in the dimension of openness to learning, and these factors had a negative effect on the dimension of openness.

The Impact of Failures and Successes on Affect and Self-Esteem in Young and Older Adults.

Older adults are assumed to change their affect states in reaction to positive and negative stimuli across the life span. However, little is known about the impact of success and failure events on age-related changes in affect states and, particularly, in self-esteem levels. To fill this gap in the literature, in the present study changes in affect and self-esteem in 100 young (19–30 years) and 102 older adults (65–81 years) were assessed after participants experienced success and failure in a demanding cognitive task. Overall, the success-failure manipulation induced changes on affect states and on state self-esteem, not on trait self-esteem. Regarding age differences, older and young adults were affected to the same extent by experiences of successes and failures. Theoretical considerations of the empirical findings are provided in the general discussion.

Confidence is the plant of slow growth: a moderated mediation model for predicting voice behavior among power distance orientation and team-based self-esteem in Taiwanese nurses.

BackgroundAccording to the social identity theory and Chinese cultural influences, power distance orientation may play an important role in this relationship, and thus the examined model investigates the mediating role of team-based self-esteem relations between voice behavior and team trust.PurposeThis study explores how voice behavior in the nursing workplace correlates to changes in team-based self-esteem and trust. We also examine the power distance orientation level in this process to test for any moderated mediation in these linkages.Patients and methodsEmploying convenient sampling of 247 registered nurses from a medical center in northern Taiwan. Nurses received envelopes including self-report questionnaires from the researchers, which were immediately sealed after interviews.ResultsStructural equation modeling indicates all model fits are acceptable, suggesting that team-based self-esteem has partial mediation between team trust and voice behavior. Power distance orientation also moderates the indirect effect of team trust upon self-esteem, such that the relationship is stronger among those who have a high power distance orientation.ConclusionThis study highlights the usefulness of continued research into how nurses display promoting behavior through team-based self-esteem with a distinct level of power distance orientation under differing sources of team trust from peers, managers, and organizations, as well as how nurses, especially fresh graduates and those who underwent a job transfer, shape their social identity through psychological factors in the sense-making process.

Measuring Self-Esteem Changes in Children and Adolescents Affected by Overweight or Obesity: A Scoping Review of Instruments Currently Used in Multicomponent Weight-Management Interventions.

Purpose: Children and adolescents affected by overweight or obesity are at risk of greater declines in self-esteem than healthy-weight individuals. Participation in multicomponent weight-management programs can positively influence self-esteem in children and adolescents affected by overweight or obesity; however, the variety of questionnaires used to assess self-esteem makes it difficult to compare changes across and identify effective interventions. This review identified and critically examined questionnaires currently used for monitoring self-esteem in children and adolescents. Methods: An electronic search, from 2007 onward, identified multicomponent weight-management interventions that included a measure of self-esteem. A second search identified studies that reported validation assessment of the questionnaires identified in search one. Results: Seven validated self-esteem questionnaires were employed across the 36 studies identified in search one, including (in descending order of use) Harter's Self-Perception Profiles for children and adolescents, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Marsh's Self-Description Questionnaire-I, Beck Youth Inventory II, Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale, and Children and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile. These tools measured global self-esteem (n = 1) as well as self-esteem as a series of subscales (multidimensional), such as physical appearance and social competence (n = 6). Conclusions: In the absence of changes in global self-esteem, multidimensional tools allow the examination of domains of self-esteem. The Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) and adolescents questionnaire is an example of a tool that encompasses multidimensional aspects of self-esteem and global self-esteem and is appropriate for younger and older aged children and adolescents.

Improving self-esteem through integrative group therapy for personality dysfunction: Investigating the role of the therapeutic alliance and quality of object relations.

We aimed to investigate change in self-esteem through intensive group treatment for personality dysfunction, by exploring: (a) the relationship between patients' experience of therapeutic alliance and improvement in self-esteem during treatment, including patients' quality of object-relations (QOR) as a possible moderator; and (b) the association between improvement in self-esteem during treatment, and depressive symptoms 9 months later. Eighty patients with personality dysfunction, consecutively enrolled in a group-oriented treatment program, were assessed at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 9 months follow-up. Especially for patients with lower QOR, alliance predicted self-esteem change during treatment. In addition, change in self-esteem during treatment predicted follow-up depression severity, even when controlling for within-treatment symptom change. Patients with impoverished inner relational representations may benefit more from a secure alliance in terms of improving their self-esteem. Change in self-esteem may also be important in preventing relapse of depressive symptoms in people with personality dysfunction.

Participatory Action Research: Confidentiality and Attitudes of Victimized Young People Unknown to Child Protection Agencies

This study explores views of young child abuse survivors, whose abuse was unknown to child protection, about confidentiality. Survivors involved with charity Eighteen And Under (n = 185) were invited to participate. A total of 140 participated. Eight aged 12–20, two males and 6 females chose involvement as researchers and participants and 132 aged 11–30, 25 males, 114 females and one non-gendered chose participant involvement. Eighty-five percent (n = 117) were survivors of child sexual abuse and 15% (n = 23) were survivors of child abuse. Utilizing participatory action research, researchers designed and analyzed qualitative and quantitative data gathered through surveys, interviews, focus groups, online-chats and graffiti walls. A social construction thematic approach analyzed data. Inter-rater reliability was maximized through independent data analysis. The results showed that participants, particularly males and under 16 s, wanted greater protection of confidentiality. Males were less likely to disclose sexual abuse. Two superordinate themes were identified: (a) limited confidentiality led to fear of loss of control and trust and (b) retractions of abuse and higher levels of confidentiality led to talking openly, feeling respected and believed and a sense of control and empowerment. Two further themes were identified from young researcher reports: improved self-esteem and positive life changes. In conclusion, young people unknown to services want greater confidentiality than is currently offered. Participative research was emancipatory, and further participatory research with young CSA survivors is needed.

InDependent but not Alone: A Web-Based Intervention to Promote Physical and Mental Health among Military Spouses.

Military spouses must cope with multiple threats to their physical and mental health, yet few interventions have been developed to promote health in this population. For this quasi-experimental study, military spouses (N=231) received a standard educational intervention or an interactive, theory-based intervention; both were delivered online and lasted 10weeks. The educational intervention directed participants to content on the existing website, Operation Live Well. The interactive intervention was based on Self-Determination Theory, delivered weekly content via podcasts, and encouraged participants to complete weekly challenges to improve physical activity, diet, and mental health. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine self-reported changes in stress, anxiety, depression, loneliness, self-esteem, physical activity, and diet from pre- to post-intervention. Significant improvements were observed for all mental health outcomes, total physical activity, and sugar consumption. However, there were no significant group by time interaction effects. Web-based interventions may promote positive changes in mental health and health behaviours among military spouses. In this study, an interactive theory-based intervention was no more effective than an information-based intervention. Future studies should aim to determine the minimum "dose" needed to elicit meaningful changes in this population.

The evolution of self-esteem before, during and after orthodontic treatment in adolescents with dental malocclusion, a prospective cohort study.

This study aimed (1) to investigate the evolution of self-esteem through orthodontic treatment, and (2) to study how key demographic factors would affect these evolutions and to assess relationships between self-esteem and orthodontic treatment need. This longitudinal prospective cohort study comprised of 326 adolescents (172 girls and 154 boys) aged 11-16 years; data were obtained from 325 adolescents at T0 and 123 at T2. Three hundred twenty-one adolescents filled in questionnaires at T0, whereas 118 at T2. They were selected in the University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium, where they all received orthodontic treatment. Self-esteem was assessed with the Dutch adaptation of the Harter's test and treatment need was defined by the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Data were analysed with multivariate linear models and Spearman correlations. There was no evidence of a change in global self-esteem during orthodontic treatment. A significant gender by time interaction for scholastic competence (P < 0.05), a decrease in self-esteem for females, and an increase for males between T0 and T1 was observed. A significant age (at T0) by time interaction for physical appearance and global self-worth (P < 0.05) and a negative correlation between self-esteem and self-assessed IOTN aesthetic component for the subdomain of close friendship (P < 0.05) were found. Global self-esteem acts as a stable construct during orthodontic treatment. The subdomains of self-esteem could be influenced by age and gender. Self-esteem and the subjective need for orthodontic treatment were found to be negatively correlated.

Change and Consistency of Self-Esteem in Early and Middle Adolescence in the Context of School Transition

Self-esteem is continuous and has stable characteristics, but it may also change, e.g., during transitions from one educational level to the next. In a prospective cross-sectional study over a year and a half, 250 Polish early adolescents (N = 109, 54 girls; mean age at T1 = 12.68 years, SD = 0.49) and middle adolescents (N = 141, 107 girls; mean age at T1 = 15.80, SD = 0.44) were tested three times using Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, assessing both global self-esteem and self-evaluation in eight domains. The change and consistency of self-esteem were analyzed, at both group and individual levels. At the group level, the following results were found: (1) continuity of self-esteem in five domains (scholastic competence, athletic competence, physical appearance, close friendship, and romantic appeal) and in global self-esteem and discontinuity in only three domains (social acceptance, job competence, and behavioral conduct); (2) significant inter-individual variation in the change not explained by age; and (3) higher self-esteem (in five domains) in early adolescents. At the individual level, the stability in most domains was weak, but was restored over the second year at the new school. The complexity of the developmental change and consistency in self-esteem in adolescence was highlighted, emphasizing the need for analyzing both group and individual change.

THE USE OF NETWORK MODELING IN THE STUDY OF SELF-ORGANIZATION ACTIVITIES OF GRADUATE STUDENTS

The article is devoted to the problem of self-organization of activity and psychological factors of success of educational activities of graduate students. The concept of “self-organization”, actively discussed in Russian science, does not have an exact equivalent in English-language publications. From the point of view of proceduralism, self-organization is an independent step-by-step construction by a person of the structure of his features, motives and ideals. Self-organization has two aspects: the construction of an “I-image” or self-esteem — an internal aspect, and the organization of one’s activity or its success — an external aspect. In the works of S.N. Kostromina, S.I. Rozum, N.A. Loginova, as well as in our previous works, showed that the integrity of the structure of personal qualities (“I-image”) determines the success of an activity. At the same time, the structure of personality traits changes in the process of performing activities (abilities are formed, self-esteem changes, etc.). This study is devoted to the external aspect of self-organization, which we call “self-organization of activity”, and its relationship with personality traits. The purpose of the study is to describe the model of self-organization of graduate students. The task of the study was to build a network model of the relationship between the characteristics of students' activities and their personality traits and values. The graph method or the network modeling method was used as a tool. The sample consisted of 44 graduate students (mean age 20.6 ± 2.6 years, m-19, f-25). At the first stage a correlation analysis of the relationship between the characteristics of the activity and the personality traits of the subjects was carried out. At the second stage a model of self-organization of students ' activities was built with the help of the program Gephi 0.9.2. As a result, it was found that such characteristics of activity as flexibility (correction), purposefulness (goal setting), planning and self-control are most deeply integrated into the structure of personality traits. Personality features are manifested in these characteristics of activity, forming complexes of features or stable combinations around them. In this case, the connecting link of the entire model is such features as risk avoidance, sociability and self-control of behavior. The ability to plan and self-monitor the implementation of activities, developed in this group of subjects, is aimed at achieving such value as recognition of the success of the people around them. Orientation to the creative approach is manifested in the adjustment of the activity, but it prevents the adequate analysis of the conditions of the activity. In addition, the identified complexes of features are associated with a particular area of the individual. When planning activities, subjects are guided by relations with the closest environment, while in self-control of activities they based on high demands and their own prudence. Flexibility of activity is connected with domination in society and adaptation to new situations, while goal-setting - with self-confidence. In conclusion we must say that the described model of self-organization of activities ensures the successful implementation of students ' learning activities. It is proposed to conduct training sessions with students in order to form additional motivational attitudes of students' activities and the development of qualities necessary for the organization of activities.

Change in self-esteem following paediatric weight management interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Change in self-esteem following paediatric weight management interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The Effects of Students with Disabilities-Directed Peer Tutoring Connected Barista Education on the Self-Esteem and Peers’ Acceptance of Students with Disabilities in High School

본 연구는 바리스타 교육을 활용한 장애학생주도 또래교수가 고등학교 특수학급학생의 자아존중감과 비장애학생의 장애학생 수용태도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구의 참여자는 경기도 소재 P고등학교에 재학하고 있는 고등학교 특수학급학생 4명과 비장애학생 24명(실험집단 12명, 대기자 통제집단 12명)으로 총 28명이며, 프로그램은 총 15회기(사전교육 5회기, 본회기 10회)로 구성되어 있다. 실험집단에 참여한 고등학교 특수학급학생의 자아존중감에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 기술통계를 활용하여 학생별로 사전-사후의 자아존중감 변화정도를 확인하였으며, 실험집단과 통제집단의 비장애학생의 장애학생 수용태도의 변화정도를 살펴보기 위해 사전-사후검사 점수의 차이에 대해 두 독립표본 t검정을 실시하였다. 연구의 결과 바리스타 교육을 활용한 장애학생주도 또래교수에 참여한 고등학교 특수학급학생들 모두 자아존중감에 긍정적인 변화를 나타내었으며, 실험집단의 비장애학생의 장애수용태도가 통제집단보다 유의하게 향상된 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 논의와 후속 연구를 위한 제언을 제시하였다.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of students with disabilities-directed peer tutoring connected barista education on the self-esteem and peers’ acceptance of students with disabilities in high school. For this purpose, 28 students participated in this study, who are attending P high school in Gyeonggi-do: 4 special class students and 24 students without with disabilities. Among 24 students without with disabilities, 12 participated in the experiment, and the rest 12 were placed in the control group. This program consisted of 15 session(5 pre-training sessions and 10 sessions in the main session). In order to investigate the effects of students with disabilities-directed peer tutoring connected barista education on self-esteem of students with disabilities, pre-and post test scores of students with disabilities in experimental group were compared. In addition, in order to examine peers acceptance of students with disabilities two independent sample t tests were conducted for the differences in the pre-test and post-test scores of experimental and control groups. The results of this study are as follows. First, all 4 students with disabilities participated in the experimental group showed a positive change in self-esteem. Second, the students without disabilities in experimental and control groups showed significant difference in the acceptance of the students with disabilities. In the experimental group, the increase in their acceptance score after the program participation was much higher than the control group, and this difference was statistically significant. Finally, based on the results of this study, the discussion and suggestions for further study were provided.

Cross-sectional study on body image and self-esteem among adolescents in Catalonia

Research data to evaluate crucial components of adolescence maturational process is needed and a challenge for researchers and field professionals. Objectives: Promote positive body image, healthy habits and changes in self-esteem among both boys and girls at High schools in our area, though the analysis of measurements and obtained research data. Methods: Self-reported questionnaire assessed 323 students. Physical measurements (weight, height, BMI) were registered in all participants. The questionnaire measured body image perception (Gardner body image evaluation scale), self-esteem (Rosenberg self-esteem scale) and body image concern (Adonis complex questionnaire). Results: The body image distortion score was similar by gender and it decreased by age. The body dissatisfaction score was negative and higher in girls. Body dissatisfaction score and self-esteem were related, so participants with low self-esteem showed a higher body dissatisfaction score. Clear association was also shown between body dissatisfaction score and body image concern, females had a higher body concern and dissatisfaction than males. Discussion: These local measurements provided updated data on our population and they will be taken in consideration to implement community health programs and further tailor intervention programs.

Associations of Parenting Styles with Self-Esteem in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis

The objective of the present meta-analysis was to integrate the available research on associations of parenting styles with self-esteem in children and adolescents. A systematic search in electronic databases (PSYCINFO, ERIC, Google Scholar, and PSYNDEX) and cross referencing identified 116 studies that were included in a random-effects meta-analysis. Cross-sectional studies found small to moderate positive associations of authoritative parenting with self-esteem (r = 0.26; 95%-CI [0.24, 0.29]) while authoritarian (r = −0.18; 95%-CI [−0.21, −0.14]) and neglectful parenting (r = −0.18; 95%-CI [−0.23, −0.12]) were related to lower self-esteem in the offspring. A very small positive association of permissive parenting with self-esteem was observed in studies that defined permissiveness by low control and high warmth rather than only by low control (r = 0.07; 95%-CI [0.01, 0.12]). Cross-lagged analyses found evidence for child effects on change in authoritative (r = 0.13; 95%-CI [0.05, 0.21]) and neglectful parenting (r = −0.28; 95%-CI [−0.34, −0.22] but not on effects of parenting styles on change in self-esteem; however very few longitudinal studies were available. Few moderating effects of study characteristics were identified. We conclude that correlations between parenting styles and child self-esteem cannot be interpreted as a pure effect of parenting styles and that more longitudinal research is urgently needed for testing potential bidirectional effects.

Pre-service Information Technology Teachers’ Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem and Attitudes towards Teaching: A Four-Year Longitudinal Study

This study investigates the changes in self-efficacy perceptions, professional self-esteem, and attitudes towards the teaching profession of pre-service information technology teachers in accordance with their academic achievement and career choices. A longitudinal research was conducted over a four-year time period with participation of 40 pre-service teachers. The data were collected through three separate scales at five different data collection points (entrance, freshman, sophomore, junior and senior years) corresponding to their initial states and their states at the end of each academic year. Findings indicated an improvement in terms of attitude towards the teaching profession and teaching self-efficacy through the time period. However, change in professional self-esteem did not follow such a clear pattern. While grade point averages (GPA) did not show significant relationships with attitude, self-efficacy or self-esteem in earlier states, as the participants gained experience, significant relationships arose among GPA, attitude and self-efficacy. Career choices of pre-service teachers were examined under three categories: teaching, coding and design. Preference for teaching was relatively high at the initial state and continuously increased over time. As the participants progressed in the program, their preference for coding and design increased as well. The increase in career choices of pre-service teachers accords with the courses in the program.

The effect of others’ outcome valence on spontaneous gift-giving behavior

PurposeIn social networking services gift giving, the decision to send a gift is often initiated by spontaneous news about others, who may have recently experienced fortune or misfortune. The purpose of this paper is to show that the valence of the other’s event can affect the empathy experienced by the giver and that the level of empathy affects gift selection behavior.Design/methodology/approachStudy 1 investigated the relationship between empathy and valence of other’s event and the underlying mechanism of changes in self-esteem. Study 2 explored how different levels of empathies lead to different gift selection behavior. Study 3 replicated the results of Study 2 using a different measurement approach.FindingsAcross the three studies, findings consistently suggest that the empathy arising from unexpected news of the others’ fortune was lower compared to that of the others’ misfortune because of threats to self-esteem. In addition, greater empathy prompted gift givers to spend more time and effort in gift selection.Practical implicationsUnderstanding how valence of event experienced by others might motivate givers to engage in selecting a gift online can help retailers increase predictive insights for recommendations.Originality/valueWhile past research focused on ritual gift giving, this research examined spontaneous gift giving. The study is also unique in that the empathy gap between the giver and the receiver is a result of the changes in the psychological state of the giver.

The changes of self-esteem, sensitivity to criticism, and social appearance anxiety in orthognathic surgery patients: A controlled study.

To evaluate the changes of psychologic parameters, such as self-esteem, sensitivity to criticism, and social appearance anxiety, in skeletal Class III patients undergoing orthognathic surgery and to compare the psychologic status of skeletal Class III patients with control subjects. The first group consisted of 60 patients with a mean age of 22.07±1.30years who did not need orthognathic surgery. The second group comprised 45 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion (mean age 21.40±2.02years) who were evaluated in terms of psychologic changes from before to after surgery. A third group consisted of 50 Class III patients (mean age 20.09±2.59years) who were evaluated before surgery and a different 50 Class III patients (mean age 22.15±2.03years) who were investigated after surgery. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale were used to evaluate psychologic parameters both before and after surgery. Analysis was carried out with the use of independent- and dependent-sample t tests, 1-way analysis of variance, and post hoc Tukey test. Self-esteem of the patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion increased, and sensitivity to criticism and social appearance anxiety decreased significantly after the surgery (P<0.001). In the patients with Class III malocclusion, self-esteem was significantly lower and social appearance anxiety significantly higher before orthognathic surgery than in the control group, and at the postoperative evaluation Class III patients had significantly higher self-esteem than the control group (P<0.001). Through the improvement in facial appearance after surgery, patients' self-esteem increases and their sensitivity to criticism and social appearance anxiety decrease.

Perceived Quality of the Mother\u2013Adolescent and Father\u2013Adolescent Attachment Relationship and Adolescents\u2019 Self-Esteem

There is consensus in the literature that self-esteem stems from relationships with others. In particular, it is assumed that parents play an important role in the development of children’s self-esteem, also in adolescence. Despite the importance of parent–child attachment relationships for adolescents’ self-esteem, we know very little about the extent to which fathers and mothers uniquely contribute to adolescents’ self-esteem. The current study aims to contribute to acquiring knowledge in this research area in three ways. First, by separating the potential influences of father–child and mother–child attachment relationships on sons’ and daughters’ self-esteem, the current study is able to investigate the individual contribution of the father–child and mother–child attachment relationship to female and male adolescent’s self-esteem. Second, by controlling for changes in the quality of the parental relationship and peer relationships the current study is able to isolate linkages between changes in adolescents’ perceived quality of the parent–child attachment relationships and changes in adolescents’ self-esteem. Third, by using longitudinal data and solely analyzing within-person variation, the current study is able to rule out stable confounding factors as alternative explanations. Self-reports of 542 adolescents (mean age at T1 = 13.6 years, percentage female = 0.51) from all three waves of the Dutch cohort study Social Development of Adolescents were used. The longitudinal fixed effects models showed that, for both sons and daughters, changes in the perceived quality of the mother–adolescent attachment relationship and changes in the perceived quality of the relationship between adolescents’ parents were positively linked with changes in self-esteem. Changes in the perceived quality of the attachment relationship with father were only significantly linked to changes in daughters’ self-esteem, not in that of sons. Contrary to the expectations, changes in peer relationships were not associated with changes in adolescents’ self-esteem. These findings suggest that even though adolescents may be increasing their time spent with friends and romantic partners, perceived changes in the attachment relationships with fathers and mothers and in the wider family system are highly important for how adolescents think of and judge themselves.