Self-employed Persons Research Articles

Understanding the Impacts of Lockdown during COVID-19 Pandemic on Financial Threat and Psychological Response among Sarawak Adults

The Malaysian government announced the lockdown measures following the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in mid-March 2020. This action unavoidably led to economic instability and negative psychological effects. The present study examines perceived financial threats and psychological impacts on Sarawak adults during lockdown for the COVID-19 pandemic. Data from 336 respondents were collected from all divisions in Sarawak using an online self-reported questionnaire that included sociodemographic, the Financial Threat Scale (FTS), and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales 21 (DASS-21). Results showed that perceived financial threat was associated with the employment sector, the number of children, and the change in income during the lockdown period. Almost half (47.9%) of the respondents perceived moderate-to-severe financial threat, particularly self-employed persons and those who had reduced income during the lockdown. Negative psychological effects were found to be associated with the employment sector, marital status, number of children, and number of liabilities. In general, people who perceived severe financial threats were significantly associated with severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. The study provided some insights into the urgent need to build on strategic plans to mitigate the economic and psychological crisis for the affected communities.

Work–life balance and life satisfaction among the self-employed

PurposeThe self-employed are an essential segment of society who contribute to economic growth and stabilisation in their communities. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate whether they enjoy a work–life balance (WLB) and life satisfaction (LS), which are two separate concerns of the self-employed in this study. Existing literature indicates that household income (HI) is a significant determinant of WLB and LS. This study investigates the levels and relationship of WLB and LS among the self-employed in the USA and the possible influence of HI on this relationship.Design/methodology/approachData are from an online panel survey of 435 self-employed persons residing in the USA. The authors test the hypotheses via regression analysis and ANOVA.FindingsThis study revealed that WLB is a significant predictor of LS for the self-employed. Further, it showed that HI has a statistically significant direct effect on LS and moderates the relationship between WLB and LS. Among the control variables, only firm size was seen to contribute positively to a high level of LS. Gender, education, age, the number of dependent children, industry and hours worked were not found to be statistically significant. The study also found that WLB was most important in predicting LS of the self-employed followed by HI and then firm size.Originality/valueThis study is among the first to investigate the relations between WLB and LS among the self-employed and extends the scant existing scholarship on this issue.

ON THE BASIC SOCIAL RIGHTS OF SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS

The relevance of the article is that the legal status of individuals is a complex legal phenomenon, which for many years has caused intense scientific debate in domestic and foreign legal circles. Rights as one of the elements of legal status – the opportunities that according to current legislation belong to this category of persons – is one of the important aspects in the process of disclosing the issue of social security of self-employed persons in Ukraine. In general, social human rights are a special group of rights – their implementation and enforcement are associated with the establishment of harmonization between the state and society. Man’s realization of these rights ensures his full existence in society. The purpose of the article is to establish the basic social rights of self-employed persons. The relevance of the article is that the legal status of individuals is a complex legal phenomenon, which for many years has caused intense scientific debate in domestic and foreign legal circles. Rights as one of the elements of legal status – the opportunities that according to current legislation belong to this category of persons – is one of the important aspects in the process of disclosing the issue of social security of self-employed persons in Ukraine. In general, social human rights are a special group of rights – their implementation and enforcement are associated with the establishment of harmonization between the state and society. Man’s realization of these rights ensures his full existence in society. The purpose of the article is to establish the basic social rights of self-employed persons. The article analyzes the concept of “social rights”, which is closely related to such as “social protection” and “social law”. The article stipulates that self-employed persons can simultaneously act as subjects-recipients of social security and those persons who actually provide this security. It is concluded that the subjective rights of self-employed persons in the field of social security in general should be noted: the right to demand the provision of one or another type of security (pension, benefits, compensation, social services, benefits) in the statutory amount and in the prescribed manner, and also implementation by the obligated subject of other actions for the purpose of realization by the citizen of all opportunities provided to it by the law. Individual entrepreneurs who act as employers in the field of socially secure relations have the right to: provide additional material compensation, freely dispose of various social funds of the enterprise, and so on. However, if self-employed people can decide on support measures according to their own wishes and abilities, they also need to pay attention to the legal obligations of social security workers in the process of work. Such responsibilities include: insurance premiums, including – on compulsory national pension insurance, the obligation to provide relevant information (on dismissed employees; on the state of labor protection of enterprises, institutions, organizations), etc.

SKILL ACQUISITION AS A TOOL FOR POVERTY REDUCTION IN IBADAN NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT, OYO STATE, NIGERIA

With the rapid technological advancement, which the world is now witnessing, and the continuous transformation of the world economies through globalization, there is a great pressure than before in many countries to develop their vocational education system to meet their developmental needs. That is why it is important for schools to prepare and supply future worker with appropriate knowledge and skills to enhance their productivity and therefore promote economic growth. Skills acquisition has sometimes become a tool for addressing the economic, political and social stability of some nations. As a result of rising unemployment, lack of skilled workers, high dropout rate, and the changing demographic nature of the workforce, these have placed the issue of education reform agenda high in many countries. It will further enhance the education implementers to focus on possible policies that will encourage skills acquisition among the youths in Ibadan North local government. Skills acquisition helps youths develop a positive attitude towards work and labour helps youths to be self-reliant and independent. A skill-acquired man is a self-employed man. A self-employed person can never go hungry because the skill he acquired provides food for him/her on a daily basis. But one who lacks skill acquisition will find it difficult to be self-employed because he/she has nothing to offer. Skill acquisition program is perceived as one of the crucial element in enhancing self-employment and economic productivity. It is vital for educational institutions to provide the resources needed to teach skill acquisition in schools. It is significant for parents, educators and even the government to note the relevance of scholars studying this skills in school because it provides students with life skills to become productive entrepreneurs, as it breeds creative and innovative ideas. In the long run, it impacts on the economy will be tremendously felt and will also increase personal freedom.

The Influence of Individual Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment of the Population on the Formation of Labor Relations

The purpose of this work is to study the positive and negative consequences of the involvement of the population in non-standard forms of employment for the establishment of optimal, balanced labor relations. It has been noted that non-standard labor relations are gradually beginning to prevail among the employed population. Both positive and negative consequences of this process have been highlighted. The positive ones have been presented in the form of flexible working hours, increased freedom of decision-making for the employee; reduced production costs, and the use of flexible wage systems, etc. The lack of basic social guarantees and official labor relations, secondary employment, etc. have been highlighted among the factors that negatively affect the quality of working life of the working population. The authors assess the direction of the influence of individual entrepreneurs and the self-employed persons on the formation of labor relations in different ways and show that today, with the current regulation, it is rather negative for the latter.

Collective Labour Rights of Self-Employed Persons on the Example of Spain: is There any Lesson for Poland?

This paper aims to analyse collective labour rights of both “classic” selfemployed persons and economically dependent self-employed workers under the Spanish Statute of Self-Employed Workers (Ley 20/2007 del Estatuto del Trabajo Autónomo). The author applies comparative analysis and critical reasoning with a view to answering the questions: is the scope of protection wide enough, and can Poland draw a lesson from it? The paper presents evidence that demonstrates that among all self-employed workers, only economically dependent self-employed workers are granted the right to bargain collectively. However, findings suggest that in practice, collective bargaining is stymied mainly because it takes place only at the enterprise level, and because the number of economically dependent self-employed workers is minimal. The paper concludes that collective labour rights under the Statute of Self-Employed Workers could be better protected (especially as regards “classic” self-employed persons). On the other hand, however, in Poland, the lack of any criteria that would enable a diversification of the scope of collective rights granted to self-employed persons is subject to criticism. It appears that in some areas the legislator should differentiate the scope of protection. The criterion of economic dependence, which exists in Spanish law, could be successfully used for this purpose.

Powers of Trade Union Activists Engaged in Self-Employment – Assessment of Polish Legislation

The objective of the foregoing article is an analysis of the rights which the Polish legislature granted to self-employed trade union activists after the extension of coalition rights to these persons. In this regard, the trade union law extended to self-employed persons working as sole traders protection, which until 2019 was reserved exclusively for employees. Pursuant to the amendment of July 5, 2018, self-employed trade union activists were granted – based on international standards – the right to non-discrimination on the basis of performing a trade union function, the right to paid leaves from work, both permanent and ad hoc in order to carry out ongoing activities resulting from the exercise of a trade union function, and the protection of the sustainability of civil law contracts which form the legal basis for the services provided. the exercise of a trade union function, and the protection of the sustainability of civil law contracts which form the legal basis for the services provided. The author positively assesses the very tendency to extend employee rights to self-employed persons acting as union activists. However, serious doubts are raised by the scope of privileges guaranteed to non-employee trade union activists and the lack of any criteria differentiating this protection. Following the amendment of the trade union law, the legislator practically equates the scope of rights of self-employed trade union activists with the situation of trade union activists with employee status. This is not the right direction. This regulation does not take into account the specificity of self-employed persons, who most often do not have such strong legal relationship with the employing entity as employees. The legislature does not sufficiently notice the distinctness resulting from civil law contracts, which form the basis for the provision of work by the selfemployed the separateness resulting from civil law contracts, which constitute the basis for the performance of work by the self-employed. According to the author, the scope of rights guaranteed de lege lata to self-employed union activists constitutes an excessive and unjustified interference with the fundamental principle of freedom of contract on the basis of civil law employment relations (Art. 3531 of the Civil Code). From the point of view of international standards, it would be enough to ensure the right of these persons to non-discrimination on the basis of performing a trade union function; the right to unpaid temporary leaves from work in order to perform current activities resulting from the performed trade union function; the right to high compensation in the event of termination of a civil law contract with a self-employed trade union activist in connection with the performance of his functions in trade union bodies and full jurisdiction of labour courts in cases arising from the application of trade union law provisions. The disadvantage of the regulation at issue is also that Polish collective labour law does not in any way differentiate the scope of the rights and privileges guaranteed to self-employed trade union activists, ensuring the same level of protection for all. In that area, it appears that the legislature de lege ferenda should differentiate the scope of that protection by referring to the criterion of economic dependence on the hiring entity for which the services are provided.

Electronic Self-employment: International Practice and Regulation Features

The article examines the problems of legal regulation of electronic self-employment. Currently, due to the development of information technologies and the emergence of the information society, socio-economic prerequisites are being created for the massive spread of a new form of employment – electronic self-employment. The authors highlight the analysis of the regulatory component and social problems that currently arise in this direction as a goal. The authors show the history of the development of this form of employment and note the economic and social prerequisites for its emergence and spread in the world economy. The paper describes the advantages and disadvantages and actualizes the issue of the development of the regulatory framework of electronic self-employment as a special form of employment. The existing international experience of legal regulation has been considered. Until now, electronic self-employment has practically been not regulated and is the subject of various disputes, since the decisions made, according to the authors, have not yet been able to solve the tasks set. The main conclusion of the article is the statement of the problem and the justification of the need for further improvement of the legal regulation of this phenomenon in the structure of the labor market. The authors, relying on international experience, propose a solution to the problem of bringing electronic self-employment out of the shadows through the provision of legal guarantees for the protection of the economic rights and interests of self-employed persons.

The Importance of an Emotional Expression Guide to Prevent Work-Related Health Problems in Emotional Laborers.

Background: As the service industry develops, the proportion of emotional laborers is gradually increasing, and their occupational health problems are gradually becoming serious social problems. Researchers must consider various factors, from the personal to the organizational levels, to prevent health problems from arising in the workplace. Many intervention studies have investigated the health and wellbeing of workers, but mainly at the individual level, even though an organization’s interest and efforts are essential for addressing work-related health problems. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to verify the importance of organizations’ interests to protect emotional laborers from work-related health problems. Methods: We used data obtained through the 4th Korean Working Condition Survey of 2014. The study cohort comprised 5857 survey participants over the age of 18 years. Employers, self-employed persons and professional soldiers were excluded. Logistic regression was employed to identify associations between an emotional expression guide and work-related health problems using SPSS 22.0 statistical software. Results: In the absence of an emotional expression guide, the risk of work-related physical and psychological health problems was increased. Even after adjusting for confounding variables, the risks were statistically maintained, particularly headache (odds ratio (OR) 1.798; 95% confidence interval 95% CI: 1.288–2.508), lower limb muscular pain (OR: 1.627; 95% CI: 1.130–2.342), general fatigue (OR: 1.582; 95% CI: 1.077–2.326) and depressive symptom (OR: 6.149; 95% CI: 1.198–31.563). Conclusion: This study showed that organizations’ interests and efforts to prevent workers from being harmed by the effects of emotional labor are important in the prevention of psychosocial and physical health problems; therefore, a national interest in supporting emotional laborers and in introducing policies to support these workers should be established.

The Limits of Arbitration Law in Addressing Cultural Diversity: The Example of Ismaili Arbitration in the United Kingdom

This article studies religious arbitration from the perspective of global legal pluralism, which embraces both normative plurality and cultural diversity. In this context, the article considers that UK arbitration law regulates both commercial and religious arbitration while relying on a monist conception of arbitration. It further identifies two intertwined issues regarding cultural diversity, which find their source in this monist conception. Firstly, through the study of Jivraj v. Hashwani ([2011] UKSC 40), this article shows that the governance of religious arbitration may generate a conflict between arbitration law and equality law, the avoidance of which can require sacrificing the objectives of one or the other branch of law. The Jivraj case concerned an Ismaili arbitration clause, requiring that all arbitrators be Ismaili—a clause valid under arbitration law but potentially not under employment-equality law. To avoid such conflict, the Supreme Court reduced the scope of employment-equality law, thereby excluding self-employed persons. Secondly, based on cultural studies of law, this article shows that the conception of arbitration underlying UK arbitration law is ill-suited to make sense of Ismaili arbitration. In view of these two issues, this article argues that UK arbitration law acknowledges normative multiplicity but fails to embrace the cultural diversity entangled therewith.

The Determinants of Self-Employment - Evidence from Self-Employed Persons in Poland

Purpose: The primary purpose of the research is to build a model that makes it possible to define the categories of entities through which self-employment is used as a form of tax optimization. This would facilitate the creation of more efficient tax instruments that prevent false self-employment without discouraging real entrepreneurship. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research method is a survey carried out from September 2020 on a representative sample of 400 Polish self-employed persons representing specific trades. Subsequently, machine learning classification algorithms were implemented to find factors characterizing self-employed persons with different tax-optimization attitudes. Findings: The research results have shown that classification and regression tree (CART) and bootstrap aggregation (bagging) tree models can be helpful to determine whether a self-employed person is likely to use self-employment as a tax optimization method. The three main factors determining classification are the self-employed person’s attitude towards risk, the industry in which they work, and the length of their business experience. Practical Implications: The research performed made it possible to identify factors that affect self-employed people’s attitude towards reducing their tax burden, in particular, to verify the scope of taxpayers becoming self-employed to reduce their tax burden (treating self-employment as a form of tax optimization), and to determine whether there is a way to shape tax rules to encourage entrepreneurship while minimizing the risk of abuse such as forcing employees to become self-employed or people registering as self-employed to avoid taxation. Originality/Value: I have proposed the opposite than pervious approach: this research is performed among self-employed persons to extend knowledge about their attitude toward becoming self-employed. This approach should be more efficient in understanding the process of individual decision-making between becoming an employee or self-employed.

Self-employed persons as the actors of tax legal relations: problems of normative legal regulation

This article examines the normative legal regulation of certain provisions of the legal status of self-employed persons who are the payers of self-employment tax in the Russian Federation. Attention is given to the analysis of such characteristics of the legal structure of this special tax regime as taxpayers, object of taxation and tax rate (in the aspect of social security of the actors of these tax legal relations, alongside other categories of self-employed persons). Assessment is given to the content of Russian legislation considering the legal norms of foreign countries (France, Germany, the United States, and Canada) that have positive and long-term experience in the questions of taxation of income of this category of taxpayers. The conclusion is made on the existence of flaws in naming this special tax regime proposed by the legislator, determination of the range of persons who qualify as the taxpayers in such tax legal relations, and the object of taxation. In view of this, the author formulates the original revision of the norms of the Part 1 of the Article 4 and the Paragraph 4 of the Part 2 of the Article 6 of the Federal Law “On Carrying out Experiment on the Establishment of Special Tax Regime – Self-Employment Tax”; as well as advances the opinion on the need to implement the progressive scale of taxation of income of self-employed persons with a mandatory non-taxable minimum and guarantees of their social security on equal terms with other persons engaged in work and professional activity.

Identyfikacja z rolą przedsiębiorcy z perspektywy samodzielnej działalności gospodarczej

The article is devoted to the problem of identification with the role of an entrepreneur and, in consequence, the possibilities of its application in the description of independent business activity. The aim of the analysis, focused on the dimension of consciousness, is determination of the importance of identification with the role of an entrepreneur and perception of entrepreneurship from the perspective of self-employed persons. Empirical material comes from research projects pursued during the period 2011–2019 in the Lublin Province. Communities differ in terms of demographic, social, and occupational characteristics, reasons for undertaking business activity, as well as widely understood work situation. Also, different concepts of an entrepreneur and entrepreneurship were formed. Despite this, a vast majority of respondents considered themselves as entrepreneurs. In addition, the study demonstrated that role identification was more frequently the result of the resources possessed (non-economic) and operational rules than the factor in shaping professional and market strategies. However, they were combined by many dimensions of community differentiation. Thus, even in a binary form it proved to be a useful research category considering the properties of synthesis: personal characteristics and characteristics of the enterprises, evaluation criteria and the concept of entrepreneurship, ways of perceiving the work situation, and reception of the conditions of the socio-economic environment.

A nationwide web-based survey of factors associated with depressive symptoms among Japanese workers.

Precarious employment has affected mental health, and limited data are available on the association of low stress tolerance with depressive symptoms among Japanese workers. This study aimed to examine the relationship between stress tolerance and depressive symptoms among Japanese workers, including company employees, civil servants and self-employed persons in various industries. We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study. From March 26 to April 6, 2020, we performed a web-based survey of Japanese workers. The questionnaire included questions on socioeconomic factors, the SOC scale that assesses stress tolerance, the CES-D, and the EQ-5D-5L. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with depressive symptoms. We included 3,001 participants in the analysis. A high SOC score, adequate sleeping time and frequency of exercise were associated with higher depressive symptoms. Employment status and long working hours were not associated with depressive symptoms. Younger workers had lower SOC scores than older workers. An inverse correlation between the SOC score and CES-D score was found among Japanese workers. Improving stress tolerance among younger workers is needed to prevent worsening mental health regardless of employment status for Japanese workers.

Receipts and income of households in Poland

This article aims to assess the income situation of households in Poland, considering the level of receipts and in[1]come as well as their dynamics and structure. An analysis was also carried out with respect to differences between particular socio-economic groups and between households depending on the number of persons in a household. The Gini coefficient was used for analytical purposes. Moreover, an attempt was made to identify the causes of income diversification. The analysis was carried out based on data derived from household budget surveys conducted by Statistics Poland. The research covered the period from 2000 to 2019 (individual years). The study showed a real increase in the average monthly net receipts and available income in all households. The most favour[1]able financial situation was observed in white-collar workers, self-employed persons and one-person households. The least favourable income situation was found in households of blue[1]collar workers and pensioners and households of six or more persons. However, attention should also be paid to changes taking place in the structure of sources of income generated by household members. There is an increase in income from hired work and social assistance benefits. The highest variations in receipts and available income were observed in households of farmers and those of six or more persons. In contrast, the smallest variations were recorded with respect to households of old-age pensioners and one-person households.

Measures to rationalize the disaster subsidy and tax support system for COVID-19

코로나-19 신종감염병은 2019.12. 중국에서 발병하여 기후변화의 영향으로 우리나라를 비롯한 전 세계를 1년이 넘게 강타하고, 사람의 신체와 생명, 재산에 중대한 위해를 가하고 있다. 정부는 코로나-19 감염병의 백신개발 노력과 더불어 역학조사를 하여 코로나-19 방역조치를 하고 있다. 더욱이 정부는 코로나-19 확산 정도에 따라 마스크착용, 사회적 거리두기, 2m 거리두기, 영업제한 및 금지, 출입제한 및 금지 등의 행정명령을 발령하여 예방조치를 하고, 코로나-19확진자등에 강제조치를 함에도 불구하고 코로나-19가 종식되지 않고 있다. 소상공인 등은 코로나-19의 사회적 재난으로 장기간 동안 막대한 영업손실을 입고 있고, 경기침체 등으로 국민경제와 지역경제에 악영향을 끼치고 있다. 이에 국가와 지방자치단체는 긴급재난지원금을 전 국민 또는 손실을 본 소상공인 등에게 지급하고 부가가치세, 소득세, 법인세의 세액공제, 조세감면 등을 하고 있다. 재난지원금의 의의와 법적 성격, 재난지원금 및 세제지원의 필요성을 검토한 후 코로나-19에 관한 재난지원금과 세제지원에 관한 법체계를 살펴본다. 미국, 캐나다, 핀란드, 스페인. 독일의 재난지원금과 세제지원에 관한 입법례를 비교법적으로 고찰하여 시사점을 모색한다, 코로나-19의 사회적 재난으로 인한 국민의 신체, 생명 및 재산을 보호하기 위한 재난구조 및 지원에 관한 법률제정의 문제, 코로나-19에 대한 국가와 지방자치단체, 국민 간의 협력 강화문제, 재난기본소득의 도입 문제, 소상공인과 자영업자 등 기업인을 위한 조세 지원제도 문제를 검토하여 그 방안을 합리적으로 제시한다.The COVID-19 new infectious disease is on Dec. 2019. The outbreak in China has hit the world including Korea for over a year due to the influence of climate change, and is inflicting serious harm to human body, life, and property. The government is carrying out epidemiological investigations along with efforts to develop a vaccine for corona-19 infectious diseases, and is taking measures to prevent COVID-19. Moreover, depending on the extent of the spread of Corona-19, the government issued administrative orders such as wearing masks, social distancing, 2m distance, business restrictions and prohibitions, access restrictions and prohibitions, and take precautionary measures, and compulsory measures against corona-19 patients. Despite doing so, Corona-19 is not ending. Small businesses and others have suffered enormous operating losses for a long period of time due to the social disaster of Corona-19, and the national economy and local economy are adversely affected by the economic downturn. Accordingly, the state and local governments pay emergency disaster support funds to the whole country or to small business owners who suffered losses, and provide tax credits for value-added tax, income tax, corporate tax, and tax reduction or exemption. After reviewing the significance and legal nature of the disaster subsidies, the need for disaster subsidies and tax support, we will look at the legal system for disaster subsidies and tax support related to COVID-19. USA, Canada, Finland and Spain. A comparative legal review of Germany s legislation on disaster subsidies and tax subsidies to seek implications, the issue of enacting the Disaster Rescue and Support Act to protect the body, life, and property of the people caused by the social disaster of COVID-19 , The issue of strengthening cooperation between the state and local governments and the people on Corona-19, the issue of the introduction of basic disaster income, and the issue of the tax support system for entrepreneurs, such as small business owners and self-employed persons, are reviewed and proposed in a reasonable way.

ОБЩАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПРАВОВЫХ ОСНОВ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ПЕНСИОННОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН

This article is aboutthe strong social protection implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the components of pension assignment, their recalculation and payment system,old-age pensions (disability, survivor's pension), and the legal basis of state pension provision. In addition, the calculation of work experience, as well as the amount of social taxes paid to self-employed persons, citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistanworking abroad, engaged in individual and family business activities

(Ne)opravdanost primene radnopravnih pravila o zaštiti od otkaza na samozaposlena lica

In this paper the rights of employees and self-employed persons and the distinction between them are analysed, with the special focus on dismissal protection. Using the comparative and normative method, the author analyses these legal questions in legal systems in Spain, Austria, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland, and the United States of America, including the existence of the mid-category of semi-dependent self-employed persons in the first three abovementioned jurisdictions and practical consequences of their existence. Dismissal protection of self-employed persons represents a legal question that is not sufficiently researched in comparison to the dismissal protection of employees. The hypothesis of the author in this paper has been based on the opinion that self-employed persons who work for others are justifiably deprived of dismissal protection, unlike semi-dependent self-employed persons who are unjustifiably deprived of it, especially because the second mentioned category does not experience entrepreneurial risks and chances. Also, the question of dismissal protection of self-employed persons is very relevant when we consider the amount of misuse of this occurrence and cost savings which employers often have when employing them. In the end, de lege ferenda solutions and their implications for other legal systems are proposed by the author of the paper.

THE CORONAVIRUS CRISIS OUTBREAK AND THE ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES

The article aims to deepen the study of the economic and social impact of the coronavirus pandemic worldwide and in Slovakia. The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic changed the usual stereotypes of government agencies, businesses, hospitals, schools and all other structures where people existed. The world has changed. Restraint measures have affected people's lives and the professional activities of both the public and private sectors of individual states. From a social point of view, the fate of many people has changed, many professions are unable to do their jobs due to restrictive measures, many people face a lack of their income, many people have suffered from the disease, many have succumbed. Mutations in the coronavirus mapped against the release of containment measures and thus hindered office work, school education, and the operation of all types of shops and services. A study of the impact of the Kovid pandemic on such industries as mining, food industry, textile, woodworking, chemical, pharmaceutical, metallurgy, computer manufacturing, machine building, vehicle manufacturing, energy supply, steam, gas and cold air. Almost all industries have reduced production. This was reflected in world trade. The slowdown in economic activity has created new challenges that countries have to deal with. The negative impact of the Pandemic was felt by the tourism industry, in particular in Slovakia. The coronacrisis caused the slow-down of the prices on the real estate market due to economic instability caused by the decrease of the disposable income of the households. The decline in economy caused by the pandemic forced states to prepare some safety measurements for employers and employees and self-employed persons as well. States have created various arrangements to help their economies go through. The Ministry of Employment of Slovak republic prepared the project called “The First Aid for Employees, Enterpreneurs and Self-Employed Persons” with the aim to prevent the increase of the unemployment rate in the tough times of coronacrisis. The Ministry of culture of Slovak republic has published the grant to help those self-employed persons working in the sector of the culture or the creative industry whose netto income was not higher than 540 EUR/month. KEY WORDS: CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC, DETERRENCE MEASURES, ECONOMY, SOCIAL SPHERE, TOURISM, TRANSPORT, POPULATION, WORLD TRADE.

Актуальные социально-трудовые аспекты самозанятости в современной России

Chernykh and N.V. Loktyukhina consider the scope of self-employment and disclose contradictions between data reported by the Federal State Statistics Service and other sources, which manifests the need to adjust the methodology for relevant studies of the workforce. The article analyzes the structure of self-employment based on the criteria of relationship to the main job, status and other criteria (demographic, professional, sectoral) and presents the results of the authors’ original analysis of self-employed persons’ characteristics based on RLMS data. The authors consider the correlation of self-employment with intersecting employment types, including freelance, platform employment and contracted work, and establish the problem of substituting actual labor relations with self-employment. The article substantiates recommendations on regulating social and labor aspects of self-employment under separate self-employment law, the social security system and other securities for self-employed persons.