Self-efficacy Of Pregnant Women Research Articles

A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial of Prevention Guidance of Common Physiological Symptoms in Pregnancy for Self-Efficacy in Pregnant Women

A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial of Prevention Guidance of Common Physiological Symptoms in Pregnancy for Self-Efficacy in Pregnant Women

Stres dan Pengetahuan Mempengaruhi Efikasi Diri Ibu Hamil dalam Pencegahan Preeklampsi

Self-efficacy is very important to determine pregnant women's confidence in taking preeclampsia prevention measures. Pregnant women with high self-efficacy will actively participate in planning care during pregnancy to achieve healthy conditions for the mother and baby, whereas poor self-efficacy results in feelings of frustration and anger during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge and stress and the self-efficacy of pregnant women in preventing preeclampsia. This research uses a correlational analytical design with a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study was 60 pregnant women who were at risk of preeclampsia. Samples were selected using purposive sampling technique in accordance with previously determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data collection uses a questionnaire. Data analysis used the Spearman correlation test. The results of the analysis show that there is a relationship between knowledge (p: 0.015; r: 0.311) and stress (p: 0.048; r: -0.256) with the self-efficacy of pregnant women in preventing preeclampsia. Based on these results, efforts need to be made to increase knowledge and reduce stress in pregnant women through education and stress management activities so that they can increase the self-efficacy of pregnant women.

Comparison of Effects of WhatsApp-Based and Pamphlet-based Learning on the Awareness, Attitude, and Self-Efficacy of Pregnant Women about Urinary Tract Infections During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Online and social network-based training and clinical interventions during pregnancy and immediately after pregnancy can be beneficial for women, empowering them in their role as a mother. Nowadays, due to the spread of the COVID-19 accompanied by a reduction in the number of referrals for maternity care, there has been a higher incidence of urinary infections among the pregnant women. Taking these into account, the present study aims to shed light on the effect of the WhatsApp-based learning on awareness, attitude, and self-efficacy in relation to UTIs among pregnant women compared to the pamphlet-based learning.Material and Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 96 pregnant women at 30 weeks and less than 30 weeks of pregnancy who referred to the government Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in Isfahan city in 2021. The participants were simple randomly assigned to one of three independent groups, namely two intervention groups and one control group. Intervention took 6 weeks and the data were collected both before and after the intervention using a standardized questionnaire. SPSS software V21.0 and non-parametric statistical tests, including Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney were used for data analysis.Results: The results showed that the mean score of the awareness before and after intervention increased from 11 to 26 and from 11 to 15 (X2=36.00, p<0.001) in the WhatsApp-based and the pamphlet-based learning group, respectively. Furthermore, the mean score of the attitude before and after intervention increased from 54 to 82 in the WhatsApp-based and from 53 to 58 (X2=60.00, p<0.001) in the pamphlet-based learning group. For self-efficacy, the mean score before and after intervention changed from 47 to 71 in WhatsApp-based and from 46 to 51 (X2=62.00, p<0.001) in the pamphlet-based learning group. In the control group, there is no difference in the mean score of the awareness, attitude and self-efficacy before and after the intervention.Conclusion: Online training and clinical interventions during pregnancy can be beneficial for women. In fact, sharing health information among pregnant women through social networks is related to better pregnancy management. It also increased their awareness, attitude and self-efficacy.

The effect of perceived spousal support on childbirth self-efficacy on pregnant women in turkey

BackgroundSpousal support during pregnancy reduces the anxiety and stress of the pregnant women and increases the ability to cope with the problems experienced by the pregnant women. The study aimed to examine the effect of perceived spousal support on childbirth self-efficacy on pregnant women in Turkey.MethodsThis cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted on 524 pregnant women who volunteered to participate in the research by approving the shared online survey and distributed by sharing the online questionnaire created by the researchers on social media (such as Facebook and Instagram) forums or group pages between 20 June and 27 July 2022. Data were collected with an e-questionnaire including The Information Form prepared by examining the literature from the pregnant women who volunteered to participate, the Spouse Support Scale measures the perceived spousal support level and consists of 27 questions, and the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Scale measures women's self-confidence in childbirth and their ability to cope and consists of 32 questions in the study.ResultsThe mean age of the pregnant women was 29.99 (5.62) and the mean week of gestation was 25.93 (7.72). It was determined that 11.5% of the pregnant women were related to their spouses, 78.2% were married voluntarily, 86.5% had knowledge about birth, and 74.6% had a planned pregnancy. The Spouse Support Scale (SSS) total score average was 66.06 (19.82), the emotional support sub-dimension mean score of SSS was 22.03 (6.63), the material support and information support sub-dimension mean score was 17.17 (5.12), appreciation support sub-dimension mean score was 19.52 (5.90) and social interest support sub-dimension mean score was 21.98 (10.18), while the total mean score of the Childbirth Self Efficacy Scale (CBSES) was 234.20 (108.14), CBSES's result expectation sub-dimension mean score was 116.98 (54.13), and proficiency expectation sub-dimension mean score was 117.22 (54.07). A statistically significant correlation was found between the total and sub-dimension mean scores of CBSES and the mean scores of the total and sub-dimension SSS in pregnant women (p < .001).ConclusionIt was determined that perceived spousal support has an effect on birth self-efficacy in pregnant women in Turkey. Obstetrics nurses and midwives should support the spousal support and birth self-efficacy of pregnant women during pregnancy follow-up and delivery.

Body Esteem and Self-Efficacy of Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

The diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus provokes a change in a pregnant woman's lifestyle, which may affect her well-being and precipitate a sense of loss of self-control over her own body. The perception of "body image" is not only physical appearance and physical attractiveness but also the emotional attitude to the body and beliefs about it. The aim of the study was to analyze the factors affecting body esteem and analyze the relationship between body esteem and self-efficacy in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. The study was conducted in the period from April 2019 to January 2021 among 287 women with gestational diabetes mellitus with the use of the following research tools: Body Esteem Scale (BES) and Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). The explanatory variables for the sexual attractiveness variable were age (β = 0.252; p = 0.006) and education (β = 0.334; p = 0.007), for the weight concern variable were age (β = 0.161; p = 0.005), BMI (β = 0.334; p = 0.005), and education (β = 0.252; p = 0.033), for the physical condition variable, were age (β = 0.096; p = 0.004) and education (β = 0.213; p = 0.006). Positive correlations were found between self-efficacy and body esteem in the aspects of sexual attractiveness (p = 0.350), weight concern (p = 0.296), and physical condition (p = 0.286). Positive correlations were found between self-efficacy and body esteem in the aspects of sexual attractiveness (p = 0.350), weight concern (p = 0.296), and physical condition (p = 0.286). Older women who had better education and a lower BMI rated their bodies better. In women with gestational diabetes mellitus, high self-efficacy determines a better perception of their bodies in all areas: sexual attractiveness, weight concern, and physical condition.

KONSELING INTENSIF DAPAT MENINGKATKAN EFIKASI DIRI IBU HAMIL DENGAN HEPATITIS B DALAM MENGHADAPI PERSALINAN

Pregnant women with Hepatitis B must have confidence in their abilities to organize the actions needed to manage the situation during childbirth. Achieving self-efficacy in pregnant women requires internal and external support intensive counselling as part of the management of pregnant women with Hepatitis B. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the description of the self-efficacy of pregnant women with Hepatitis B in dealing with childbirth and whether there is an effect of Intensive counselling on the self-efficacy of pregnant women with Hepatitis B in facing a delivery. The purpose of this study was to describe the self-efficacy of pregnant women with Hepatitis B in dealing with delivery and to determine the effect of intensive counselling on the self-efficacy of pregnant women in dealing with the delivery in Lebak Regency in 2021. This study used a quasi-experimental approach with a pretest-posttest design approach. The sample size in this study was based on the number of pregnant women with Hepatitis B in the Lebak district in July 2021, as many as 32 (Consecutive sampling). Inclusion criteria in this study were pregnant women in the third trimester who suffered from Hepatitis B. Univariate data analysis aimed to present an overview of the frequency distribution of each variable, and bivariate analysis to analyze the relationship between independent and dependent variables, with the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. The results showed an increase in the self-efficacy of pregnant women with Hepatitis B in facing delivery, after intensive counselling, with a value of p = 0.000 (p &lt; ). Pregnant women with Hepatitis B need intensive counselling as external support in preparing for childbirth and caring for their babies. One strategy to increase people's knowledge and attitudes is through intensive counselling. The provision of health education, including the implementation of counselling, aims to improve knowledge, change behaviour, prevent complications, support health conditions, empowerment and self-efficacy.

Knowledge and Breastfeeding Experience are Associated with High Levels of Exclusive Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Pregnant Women from Dobo, Maluku

Background: The rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia, including Maluku Province, was still low. One of the factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding is maternal self-efficacy. This study aimed to determine factors associated with high levels of exclusive breastfeeding self-efficacy amongst pregnant women living in the catchment area of Dobo and Siwalima Health Centers in Dobo, Aru Islands District, Maluku Province. Methods: This study was conducted in October 2021 using a cross-sectional research design. Using total population sampling, 146 pregnant women living in Dobo and Siwalima Health Center’s catchment area were selected and interviewed. We examined the role of different factors: mothers' sociodemographic characteristics, number of children, breastfeeding knowledge, social support, antenatal care use, and mothers' history of breastfeeding. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with high levels of exclusive breastfeeding self-efficacy in pregnant women. Results: We found that 61.6% of pregnant women had high levels of exclusive breastfeeding self-efficacy. The odds of high levels of exclusive breastfeeding self-efficacy significantly increased in pregnant women with high levels of breastfeeding knowledge (aOR=4.73; 95%CI: 1.44-15.52, p=0.010). The odds also increased in mothers who had ever exclusively breastfed their previous child (aOR = 5.10; 95% CI: 2.02-12.86, p=0.001) or had any experience with breastfeeding (aOR=0.48; 95%CI: 1.88-12, p=0.001). Conclusions: The level of knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding and previous breastfeeding experience was associated with the level of exclusive breastfeeding self-efficacy amongst pregnant women. Health promotion efforts, including health education and provision of support from health workers and family members for pregnant women who did not have any breastfeeding experience, were beneficial to improving exclusive breastfeeding self-efficacy.

Factors relating to childbirth self efficacy among pregnant women: a CHAID analysis

Childbirth self-efficacy is a useful measure for determining a woman's confidence in managing childbirth and for determining any preconceptions that require reinforcement. Childbirth self-efficacy is also particularly helpful in advising not only how to cope with birth, but also maternal well-being and fostering the improvement of a wide variety of perinatal outcomes. The present study aims to determine the factors affecting childbirth self-efficacy in pregnant women. The sample size consisted of 380 pregnant women between the ages of 18 and 45. Data were collected via face to face interviews using the Childbirth Self Efficacy Scale Short Form (CBSEI-32) in the Akdeniz University Hospital between November 2019 and February 2020 and used Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector analyses, resulting in a mean CBSEI-32 score of 244.279 ± 45.121. As a result of the analysis, it was seen that income status affects self-efficacy, and personal experiences such as foetal loss affect a woman’s childbirth self-efficacy. In addition, it was also found that the level of prenatal education affected childbirth self-efficacy. Health professionals should assess pregnant women during the antenatal period in terms of their childbirth self efficacy and prepare personalised training programs and plan initiatives to increase perceptions of self-efficacy. IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject? Childbirth self-efficacy is one of the important psychological parameters to determine a woman's belief in her confidence in managing childbirth and to measure women's perceptions of her need for reinforcement. What do the results of this study add? Sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics of women affect their childbirth self-efficacy perception positively and negatively. Women's birth self-efficacy can be improved positively with prenatal education. In addition, it is one of the interesting findings of the study that the self-efficacy level of women who had a previous low experience was high. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Women's childbirth self efficacy can be improved with trainings and appropriate nursing interventions. For this reason, it is important to determine the factors affecting the self-efficacy perception of women. In future studies, the childbirth self-efficacy perceptions of women in different samples (risky pregnancy, disabled pregnant, etc.) should be measured.

The Mediating Role of Dispositional Optimism in the Relationship between Health Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy in Pregnant Women at Risk of Preterm Delivery.

Difficult situations during pregnancy, such as threatened preterm labor, trigger negative experiences in women. The levels of stress experienced and the way individuals cope with it depend on their personal resources, such as optimism, internal health locus of control, and self-efficacy, among other factors. The purpose of this paper was to determine the role of dispositional optimism in the relationship between health locus of control and self-efficacy in pregnant women with threatened preterm labor. Dispositional optimism plays the role of mediator in relationships between: (1) internal health control and self-efficacy; and (2) impact of random events on one’s health and self-efficacy. Dispositional optimism does not mediate the relationship between the perceived impact of others on one’s health and self-efficacy. For women with a high-risk pregnancy, dispositional optimism is a significant resource for coping with the problems they encounter. It changes the direction (from negative to positive) of the association between experiencing the impact of external factors (random events) on one’s health and perceived self-efficacy. It prevents the cycle of loss caused by the interpretation of random events as having an impact on one’s health, and acts as a mediator to initiate a cycle of gains that leads to greater perceived self-efficacy. Optimistic pregnant women maintain a positive outlook, even when confronted with difficult, negative experiences such as threatened preterm labor.

Between Personality Traits and Postpartum Depression: The Mediated Role of Maternal Self-Efficacy.

PurposePostpartum depression is related to many factors, which affect the health of mothers and infants. The purpose of this study is to test the mediated effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between vulnerable personality and postpartum depression.Patients and MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted with pregnant women aged ≥20 years from February to April 2021 in Zhengzhou, China. We recruited 587 pregnant women, and 429 pieces of data were available. The demographic characteristics questionnaire, General Self efficacy Scale (GSES) and Vulnerable Personality Style Questionnaire (VPSQ) were distributed in the prenatal survey. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to screen postpartum depression symptoms at one month through WeChat and telephone follow-up. A mediated model was constructed to explain the relationship of variables and test the mediated effect of self-efficacy.ResultsThe valid questionnaires were 429 (effective response rate: 90.7%). The vulnerable personality and low self-efficacy were related to postpartum depression (all P< 0.01). The self-efficacy of pregnant women was inversely associated with vulnerable personality (β= −0.415) and postpartum depression (β= −0.216). The vulnerable personality and self-efficacy can explain 29.0% of the variation in postpartum depression. It was confirmed that a partial mediating effect of self-efficacy accounted for 18.0% (0.090/0.501) of the total effect.ConclusionMaternal self-efficacy partly mediates the relationship between vulnerable personality traits and postpartum depression. The study implies the importance of targeted interventions to improve self-efficacy for women with vulnerable personality traits to reduce the risk of postpartum depression.

The Effectiveness of Positive Thinking Training on Childbirth Fear and Childbirth Self-efficacy in Pregnant Women in Sari

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive thinking training on childbirth fear, and childbirth self-efficacy in primiparous pregnant women in Sari. Methods: The present research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population of this study will be all primiparous pregnant women in Sari in autumn of 98. The sample included 30 pregnant women (15 for the control group and 15 for the experimental group) who were selected by non-random sampling. Data collection tools were unconditional acceptance questionnaire and cognitive-emotional adjustment questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using spss software version 26. In this study, to analyze the data, to investigate all the hypotheses and to determine the impact of intervention on the experimental group and to evaluate the difference between the two groups in the pre-test and post-test intervals, first use KS to normalize the data and then analyze Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used. Results: The results of this study indicate that the training of positive thinking intelligence training has a positive effect on fear of childbirth (F=109.25, P=0.001) and childbirth self-efficacy (F=80.19, P=0.001) in primiparous women. Conclusion: According to the results of the research, it can be said that positive thinking training is an effective treatment for the fear of childbirth and childbirth self-efficacy in pregnant women, which can be used by psychologists and counselors.

Do depression, anxiety, emotional intelligence, and sleep quality affect diabetes management self-efficacy in Korean women with gestational diabetes in pregnancy?: a descriptive correlational study.

PurposeThis study aimed to identify factors associated with diabetes management self-efficacy in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Korea.MethodsA total of 173 pregnant women with GDM in Korea were recruited by posting announcements at two Korean online communities focusing on pregnancy and GDM. Participants completed a structured online survey from July to September 2018. Thirteen inappropriate responses were excluded and a total of 160 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated and multiple regression with the enter method was done to identify the associations of depressive mood, anxiety, emotional intelligence, and sleep quality with diabetes management self-efficacy.ResultsRespondents reported a moderately depressive mood (mean, 10.36), low to moderate anxiety (mean, 41.65), above-average emotional intelligence (mean, 78.04), moderate sleep quality (mean, 42.01), and above-average diabetes management self-efficacy (mean, 52.29). The major factor associated with diabetes management self-efficacy of pregnant women with GDM was emotional intelligence (β=.51, p<.001). Other factors, in descending order of influence, were sleep quality (β=.22, p<.001) and exercise (β=.18, p=.004). Taken together, the aforementioned factors explained 34.6% (F=39.53, p<.001) of the total variance. ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that to improve the diabetes management self-efficacy of pregnant women with GDM, it is necessary to develop an education program that can also enhance emotional intelligence, sleep quality, and exercise.

Self efficacy of pregnant women in areas affected by Covid 19.

ObjectiveSelf efficacy is an important factor that plays a role in dealing with stress during pregnancy, especially during the Covid 19 pandemic era. This study aims to determine the self efficacy of pregnant women during the Covid 19 pandemic era.MethodThis is quantitative research with a cross-sectional design. The number of research subjects was 99 taken from the entire population or total sampling. Data were collected using the General Self-Efficacy Scale and analyzed by logistic regression.ResultsThe result showed that the Profession and education of the research subjects have an effect on the self efficacy of pregnant women with a significance value of <0.05.ConclusionsIn Conclusion, profession is the most influential factor on the self efficacy of pregnant women in the Bandarharjo Village, North Semarang, Semarang, Central Java with an OR value of 0.101 and p-value 0.001.

Does the Presence of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Mediate the Association Between Family Functions and Self-Efficacy in Pregnant Women in the Third Trimester?: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

Objectives: Pregnant women in the third trimester can be more vulnerable to adverse mental health outcomes, but there is limited research on the association between family function and self-efficacy and potential mediation by symptoms of anxiety and depression.Methods: The cross-sectional study enrolled 813 pregnant women in the third trimester from 14 communities of Hengyang city, Hunan province of China. All of the participants completed a battery of self-report measures of family function (Family Adaptation Partnership Growth and Resolve Index, APGAR-family), self-efficacy (General Self-Efficacy Scale, GSES), anxiety (measured by Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale with seven items, GAD-7), and depression symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire with nine items, PHQ-9). The correlation analysis was performed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Baron and Kenny's method and multiple mediation models with bootstrapping were used to determine whether the symptoms of anxiety and depression mediated the association between family functions and self-efficacy.Results: There were 22.6% pregnant women in the low level of self-efficacy, with 60.9% in the moderate level and 16.5% of respondents in the high level. Self-efficacy had significant correlations with both anxiety symptoms (r = −0.19, p < 0.05), depression symptoms (r = −0.22, p < 0.05), and family function (r = 0.31, p < 0.05). Anxiety symptoms were significantly associated with self-efficacy (β = −0.016, p < 0.05). Depression symptoms were significantly associated with self-efficacy (β = −0.024, p < 0.05). Anxiety and depression symptoms partly mediated the association between family function and self-efficacy, accounting for 11.4 and 16.4% of total effect, respectively. It was indicated that pregnant women with a high degree of family function are less likely to have emotional symptoms and predicted to have higher levels of self-efficacy.Conclusions: Anxiety and depression show mediating effects in the association between family function and self-efficacy. Improved family function can have a positive impact on pregnant women in the third trimester.

Evaluation of Childbirth Self-Efficacy in Pregnant Women with Variables: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: The present study aims to examine childbirth self-efficacy levels with potential moderating variables. Methods: The systematic searches were conducted in nine databases in July 2019. The PRISMA checklist was used. The quality of studies was evaluated by two researchers. The random-effect model was used in the present meta-analysis. The heterogeneity tests and moderator analyses were performed. There were 18 eligible articles. Results: Results indicated that childbirth self-efficacy levels do not change based on parity (Q = 0.784, p = 0.376 for efficacy expectancy, Q = 0.190, p = 0.663 for outcome expectancy). The between-study variance was not significant for subdimensions of CBSEI (Qb = 1.531, p = .216), which means no significant difference between OE and EE levels was found. The between-study variance was not significant for OE levels (Qb = 0.333, p = .847), which means no significant difference was found between Outcome-AL, Outcome-SS, and OE-16. The moderator analysis, including Efficacy-AL, Efficacy-SS, and EE-16 presented a higher pooled mean score for EE-16 (111.56; 95% CI = 98.66 to 124.46). However, the between-study variance was not significant for EE levels (Qb = 4.240, p = .120). Despite the moderator analysis, the finding of high heterogeneity suggests the need for further studies which examine the concept of childbirth self-efficacy with additional variables. Conclusion: The study presents that childbirth self-efficacy levels do not change based on parity, stages of labor and subdimensions of CBSEI. Researchers need to examine the concept of childbirth self-efficacy with new variables for further clarify of concept.

Investigating the Role of Hardiness, Social Support and Self-Control Skills in Predicting Childbirth Self-Efficacy in Pregnant Women

Investigating the Role of Hardiness, Social Support and Self-Control Skills in Predicting Childbirth Self-Efficacy in Pregnant Women

Husband Support Affects Self Efficacy in Pregnant Women During the Covid 19 Pandemic

The period of the Covid 19 pandemic is a difficult time for all people, including pregnant women. In undergoing pregnancy, pregnant women must have self-efficacy, and husband support is needed. This paper determines the correlation between husband support and self-efficacy in pregnant women. This study was an analytical research design with a cross-sectional approach. The population was 52 pregnant women checked at Independent Midwifery Practice (IMP) Nanik Cholid, Sidoarjo, from May to November 2020. Meanwhile, the sample size was 46 respondents by purposive sampling. The independent variable was husband support, and the dependent variable was self-efficacy in pregnant women. The instrument to evaluate husband support was Family Support Questionnaire (FSQ), and to assess self-efficacy was a questionnaire with a Likert scale. Then, data were analyzed with the Spearmen Rank test with a significance (α) of 0.05. The results showed that most respondents had good self-efficacy (91.3%) and received high husband support (65.2%), particularly emotional support (28%). The statistical tests result using the Rank Spearmen test obtained p=0.016 indicating a correlation between husband support and self-efficacy in pregnant women. In conclusion, Husband support increases self-efficacy in pregnant women during the COVID 19 Pandemic. Health workers should educate husbands to provide support to pregnant women during pregnancy.

The effect of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on self-efficacy of pregnant women in adapting to normal vaginal delivery

Introduction: Cognitive therapy training reduces the negative thoughts of pregnant women and increases the likelihood adapting to normal delivery. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mindfullness based cognitive therapy on the self-efficacy of pregnant women in adapting to with normal vaginal delivery. Method: This research was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study with a control group. The statistical population includes all pregnant women reffering to Kamali Hospital and Karaj Health centers affiliated to the Alborz University of Medical Sciences from January 2020 to July 2020 and the sample includes 80 pregnant women who selected by purposeful sampling method. Both groups completed the CBSEI-Standard Birth self-efficacy questionnaire before and immediately after the intervention. Data analyzed with Covariance by SPSS-25. Results: The mean self-efficacy for delivery adjustment increased from 2.99 in the pre-test to 3.08 in the post-test in the control group and in the intervention group from 1.92 to 4.06. After the intervention, a statistically significant increase was observed in the mean score of self-efficacy in coping with normal delivery in pregnant women in the intervention group (P&lt;0.05) and the effect of the intervention was 0.379. Conclusion: Cognitive therapy based Mindfulness training increased the self- efficacy of pregnant women in adapting to normal vaginal delivery.

Association of Perceived Threat, Negative Emotions, and Self-Efficacy With Mental Health and Personal Protective Behavior Among Chinese Pregnant Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-sectional Survey Study.

BackgroundCOVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease that has created health care challenges worldwide. Pregnant women are particularly affected by this disease.ObjectiveThe aims of this study are to assess the levels of perceived threat (susceptibility, severity, impact), negative emotions (fear, worry), and self-efficacy of pregnant women in China related to COVID-19 and to examine their associations with mental health (depression and anxiety) and personal protective behavior (wearing a face mask).MethodsA total of 4087 pregnant women from China completed a cross-sectional web-based survey between March 3 and 10, 2020.ResultsThe prevalence of probable depression and anxiety was 48.7% (1989/4087) and 33.0% (1347/4087), respectively; 23.8% participants (974/4087) reported always wearing a face mask when going out. Of the 4087 participants, 32.1% (1313) and 36.4% (1490) perceived themselves or their family members to be susceptible to COVID-19 infection, respectively; 3216-3518 (78.7%-86.1%) agreed the disease would have various severe consequences. Additionally, 2275 of the 4087 participants (55.7%) showed self-efficacy in protecting themselves from contracting COVID-19, and 2232 (54.6%) showed efficacy in protecting their family members; 1303 (31.9%) reported a high level of fear of the disease, and 2780-3056 (68.0%-74.8%) expressed worry about various aspects of COVID-19. The results of the multivariate multinominal logistic regression analyses showed that perceived severity, perceived impact, fear, and worry were risk factors for probable depression and anxiety, while self-efficacy was a protective factor. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that perceived susceptibility was associated with always wearing a face mask.ConclusionsChinese pregnant women showed high levels of mental distress but low levels of personal protective behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions are needed to promote the mental health and health behavior of pregnant women during the pandemic.

Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on sexual function and sexual self-efficacy in pregnant women: An RCT.

BackgroundCognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the ways to improve an undesirable sexual function.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CBT on the sexual function and sexual self-efficacy of pregnant women.Materials and Methods In this randomized clinical trial, 36 pregnant women referred to five healthcare centers in Ahvaz, Iran, from December 2016 to January 2017 were enrolled through stratified random sampling in two groups. The case group received counseling based on cognitive behavioral therapy for eight consecutive weeks and the control group received the routine training provided by healthcare staff. Two and four weeks after the end of sessions, both groups completed the Female Sexual Function Index and self-efficacy questionnaires again.ResultsThe mean of sexual function and self-efficacy scores in pregnant women in the case and control groups before the intervention did not show a significant difference (p = 0.56). The mean of sexual function and self-efficacy scores of pregnant women in the case and control groups was statistically significant two and four weeks, respectively, after the intervention (p 0.0001).ConclusionThe results of this study showed that counseling based on CBT in comparison with the routine training during pregnancy improves the sexual performance and self-efficacy of pregnant women.