Self-disclosure Research Articles

Revise of the self disclosure expectations scale (Chinese version)

Objective To revise the disclosure expectations scale and to exam its reliability and validity.Methods Based on researching foreign related questionnaire and preparing test,university students from different grades and majors were chosen as subjects to exam the reliability and validity of questionnaire of stigma for seeking professional psychological help.Results The Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the questionnaire were 0.7412 and 0.7423.The retest reliability of the questionnaire were 0.7527 and 0.7662.There was a significantly positive correlation between risk factor and the self-concealment scale(r=0.6554,P<0.01).There was a significantly negative correlation between benefit factor and the self-concealment scale(r=-0.6752,P<0.01).Confirmatory factor analysis verified the 2 dimensional models.Conclusion The revised disclosure expectations scale has good reliability and validity,and Can satisfy the domestic relevant research and applied demand. Key words: Self disclosure; Expectations; Scale

Directions for research on self-disclosure and immediacy: Moderation, mediation, and the inverted U.

The psychotherapist's use of self-disclosure (SD) and immediacy has been a controversial topic over the decades. In this article, some ingredients are described that will help advance knowledge in the area of the therapist SD and immediacy. More than has been the case, researchers in this area should construct clear definitions of the SD/immediacy variables being investigated, and make sure that their operationalizations are consistent with these definitions. In addition, it is argued that if the field is to advance, at this point in time researchers need to examine "who, what, when, and where" questions, making use of in-principle moderation, that is, the study of which SD/immediacy responses are most effective with what patients, suffering from what problems and disorders, when offered by which therapists doing what kinds of psychotherapy? In addition, the study of mediation is suggested, as is researchers' taking into account the operation of the inverted U when studying the frequency, intensity, or duration of SD/immediacy.

Humorous Self Disclosures as Resistance to Socially Imposed Gender Roles

Th is article examines the function of humorous Self Disclosures (SD) as a pragmatic means for women to grapple with their possible identities in modern society. In analyzing instances of SD, made freely in ordinary conversation and which place the speaker in a vulnerable position, we aim to observe identity stances situated between the personal and the social. The data show how humorous self disclosures co-constructed in talk-in-interaction build a shared history and display this history to others in talk. Th rough this sort of conversational exchange, female interlocutors develop relational (fluid) identities within particular constellations of interaction. Th e humorous frame through which the SDs are realized allows for resistance and exploration of roles imposed by the larger society, in particular gender roles. While, in the observed interactions, participants question hegemonic views of women as passive and victims, they also disclose contradictory practices questioning these women’s commitment to that resistance. Data for this study derive from two groups of professional women in distinct speech communities and languages.

Exploring the Relationship Between Pediatrician Self-Disclosure and Parent Satisfaction

Patient satisfaction is a frequently explored outcome in physician–patient communication research. One variable that may influence patient satisfaction, but that has not been extensively explored, is physician self-disclosure (SD). This study examined the effect of pediatrician SD on parent satisfaction in the context of a “sick child” office visit. Results showed that parents were more satisfied with visits in which pediatricians self-disclosed than with those in which pediatricians did not self-disclose. Implications of the study's results and directions for future research are discussed.

Study of the Relation of Self-Disclosure and Ego-Identity

Study of the Relation of Self-Disclosure and Ego-Identity

Virtual humans elicit socially anxious interactants' verbal self-disclosure

We explored the relationship between interactants' social anxiety and the interactional fidelity of virtual humans. We specifically addressed whether the contingent non-verbal feedback of virtual h...

Tell Me More: Online Versus Face-to-Face Communication and Self-Disclosure

Tell Me More: Online Versus Face-to-Face Communication and Self-Disclosure

Radical Hope or the Moral Imperative of Images in the Work of Susan Sontag Jean-Luc Godard

In the films For Ever Mozart, In Praise of Love and I Salute You Sarajevo, Go-dard’s images introduce radical hope to the world. I will demonstrate that this hope represents an ethical posture in the world; it is identical to goodness. Radical hope is grounded in the victim’s witnessing, internalizing and remembering catastrophe, while at the same time holding onto the belief that a variation of the self will survive the disaster. In The Gift of Death, Jacques Derrida argues that choosing to belong to the disaster is equivalent to giving the pure gift, or to goodness itself, and that it suggests a new form of responsibility for one’s life, as well as a new form of death. For Derrida, internalizing catastrophe is identical to death—a death that surpasses one’s means of giving. Such death can be reciprocated only by reinstating goodness or the law in the victim’s or the giver’s existence. The relation of survival to the gift of death—also a gift of life—challenges us to rethink our understanding of the act of witnessing. This relation also adds nuance to our appreciation of the intellectual, emotional and mental affects of the survival of the victim and the testimony and silence of the witness, all of which are important in my analysis of radical hope. On the one hand, the (future) testimony of the witness inhabits the victim or the ravaged self (now), on the other hand, testimony is not contemporaneous with the shattered ego. This means that testimony is anterior to the self or that the self that survives the disaster has yet to come into existence through making testimony material. Testimony thus exists before and beyond disaster merely as an ethical posture—a “putting-oneself-to-death or offering-one’s-death, that is, one’s life, in the ethical dimension of sacrifice,” in the words of Derrida. The witness is identical to the victim whose survival will include an unknown, surprising testimony or an event of witnessing. The testimony discloses the birth or revelation of a new self. And yet this new self survives through assuming the position of the witness even while s/he is purely the victim of catastrophe, being put to death owning the “kiss of death.”

“I’ve got a girlfriend”

This paper investigates when, how and for what interactional function, police officers disclose something about their personal lives to the suspects they interview. Anonymized recordings of 120 interviews between different police officers and suspects in a constabulary area of the British police service were transcribed and analysed using conversation analysis. The analysis revealed that ‘clear’ cases of self-disclosure (SDs) had two main functions: (1) When positioned as full turn responses within a suspect’s narrative telling, SDs were designed to affiliate with suspects, in contrast to ‘continuer’ turns that aligned with the telling. A similar affiliative action was accomplished by SDs positioned as sequence-launching first-pair parts of adjacency pairs. Affiliative SDs coalesced around categorial phenomena by displaying shared knowledge of categorial items in suspects’ prior turns, and by temporarily suspending ‘officer’ and ‘suspect’ category memberships and making other identities relevant (e.g., ‘heterosexual man’; ‘social worker’). (2) When positioned as second-pair part responses to suspects’ questions, SDs blocked suspects’ attempts to halt the routine pattern in police interviews of question-answer sequences, and sometimes functioned to pursue admissions from suspects. As such, these SDs had a clearer institutional function than the affiliative SDs. Four further possible types of SD were also considered for their admission-pursuing function. Overall, the paper challenges psychological and narrative analytic approaches to self-disclosure, grounding the analysis of such phenomena in the potent reality of everyday life, rather than in researcher-elicited, self-reported narrative accounts.

The Experiences of Guilt and Shame: A Phenomenological–Psychological Study

This study aims at discovering the essential constituents involved in the experiences of guilt and shame. Guilt concerns a subject’s action or omission of action and has a clear temporal unfolding entailing a moment in which the subject lives in a care-free way. Afterwards, this moment undergoes a reconstruction, in the moment of guilt, which constitutes the moment of negligence. The reconstruction is a comprehensive transformation of one’s attitude with respect to one’s ego; one’s action; the object of guilt and the temporal-existential experience. The main constituents concerning shame are its anchorage in the situation to which it refers; its public side involving the experience of being perceptually objectified; the exclusion of social community; the bodily experience; the revelation of an undesired self; and the genesis of shame in terms of a history of frozen now-ness. The article ends with a comparison between guilt and shame.

The Memoir and the Memoirist: Reading and Writing Personal Narrative (review)

Reviewed by: The Memoir and the Memoirist: Reading and Writing Personal Narrative Mary Jean Port (bio) The Memoir and the Memoirist: Reading and Writing Personal Narrative. By Thomas Larson. Swallow Press/Ohio University Press, 2007. 200 pages, cloth, $32.95; paper, $16.95. I’ve never met Thomas Larson, but from reading The Memoir and the Memoirist, I’ve concluded that I’d love to talk to him. In this work he is thoughtful, he is tender toward women (read his “Acknowledgments”), and he isn’t afraid of the “f” word (that is, “feeling”). He draws on long [End Page 159] experience as a reader, writer, and teacher to describe and embrace the modern memoir before it becomes fussed over and codified by academics. Like a good memoirist, he navigates a central paradox: he is, of course, himself framing and defining the form, but not in a reductive way, not with jargon, and not from a remove. Like Larson, I left a college English department to write, and have taught memoir to adults for years. My current office is at home. Reading his book reminded me of the conversations I used to have with colleagues down the hall, whom I miss. Simply put, Larson’s ideas broadened my understanding of the memoir enterprise. The first half of the book is especially compelling, with keen insights into what memoir writers attempt. Larson writes:“Memoir is a relational form.” The relation between the self and the family, and the self and the world are important, but the real spark in a memoir, according to Larson, comes from the writer examining the interplay between aspects of the self, especially “the remembering self and the remembered self ” (what Virginia Woolf called the “I-now” and the “I-then”). These terms clarify and provide a focus for the writer struggling to draft a work that represents some unruly part of a life. We think of the past as fixed, but, Larson writes, our understanding of our past, even our memories themselves, change as we remember, and write. The remembering self, the I-now, evolves, and in turn the remembered self, the I-then, evolves. Larson writes, “To present the self as a person disclosing the mutability of the self is the work of memoir.” If self and events are fluid, can we make things up? To Larson, memoir and fiction are distinct. He writes, “In my experience, nine out of ten memoirists will confess that they embellish their stories for dramatic effect,” an approach he sees as wrong-headed. “Emphasizing story won’t activate the disclosure of self,” he writes. “Emphasizing story, in fact, may subordinate the disclosure of self to the tale.” Isn’t this attention to self odious and narcissistic, as so many have written? To Larson, “the memoirist seeks to know himself by individualizing that self—but not for ego alone. There is social purpose to adult development. . . . It may be that the desire for individual fulfillment is what predominantly drives a society to evolve.” Larson doesn’t shy away from naming the difficulties memoir writers face. As he puts it, “telling the truth, to ourselves and to others, guarantees emotional anguish.” In his view, “anyone who wants to tell the truth soon learns the truth may not want to be told.” In fact, to Larson, “any means by which we record our lives is subject to question.” Nor does he shy away [End Page 160] from loaded subjects, like sexual obsession, sexual trauma, or mental illness. He treats the stories of men and women alike with fair-mindedness and sensitivity. Larson’s quietly professorial ruminations on published memoirs, many of them well known, make up a significant portion of the book. He traces the history of the genre, beginning with “autobiographies” (his term—and a “male genre” in his view, a “great-person-turned-writer” genre) by thinkers such as Ulysses S. Grant, Helen Keller, Malcolm X, and Bill Clinton. Memoir, he shows us, is a newer genre, emerging out of autobiography in the 1980s as “a new kind of storytelling . . . in which the author chose a particular life experience to focus on.” Among the writers ushering in memoir, Larson identifies...

The Nuances of Self-disclosure

The Nuances of Self-disclosure

The Nuances of Self-disclosure—Reply

The Nuances of Self-disclosure—Reply

New Support for Long-standing Cautions About Self-disclosure

New Support for Long-standing Cautions About Self-disclosure

Physician Self-Disclosure During Patient Visits

Many physicians share personal experiences as a way to improve patient-physician dialogue and patient comfort. In a recent study, researchers assessed

Facilitating Analysis with Implicit and Explicit Self-Disclosures

Facilitating Analysis with Implicit and Explicit Self-Disclosures

英詩教學的探索：意象運用、語言節奏、心境自顯

English poetry teaching may begin with the analysis of the essence of poetry by examining the fundamental differences among itself, prose, drama, and novel as four genres. Western literature, traditionally, approaches poetry by the method of ”form and content,” but students in Chinese culture are generally used to the method of ”language and Hsin-ching (the heart-mind).” Hsin-ching means the phenomenon of the existential state of the current situations of Hsin's activities; briefly, it indicates Hsin's activities or human experience. The poet uses his poetic inner language to manifest the substance, the static form, and the dynamic changes of his experience and then reveals, in the written language, the idiosyncratic features of his poetic creation. To explore poetry is equal to the analytical reading of the poet's idiosyncratic use of the written language, his inner language of recognition, and his Hsin-ching as the substantial experience itself. To teach a poem, basically, is to analyze its literature, its language, its Hsin-ching, and the interrelation among the previous three realms, which are, apparently, different from one another and, yet, tightly combined into one. Affected by Greek rhetoric, English poetry teaching is chiefly based on the idea of classification in distinguishing the sound and the sense, the function of words, and the figures of speech, such as denotation and connotation, image, simile, metaphor, metonymy, personification, allusion, tone, rhyme, apostrophe, symbol, allegory, paradox, overstatement, understatement, irony, and others, but these classes are too minute for the beginner to fully and quickly understand. Therefore, this thesis turns to emphasize the relation between language and Hsin-ching, to focus on three main points of the poet’s creation: the use of image, the rhythm of language, and the self-revelation of Hsin-ching, and thereby, to reorganize the traditional readings into a better knowledge as a whole. The use of image may be discussed in the following aspects: the dominant single image, the juxtaposed double images, and the serial images, which may be linked in the synthetic way, or leap from one to another in the irrational way, or remain, separately, in the form of non-fixed substance. The self-revelation of Hsin-ching means that the poet may, consciously or unconsciously, manifest, in different degrees, his self through the poems, which may be radically lyrical, or simply narrative, or objectively representative, or merely self-concealing-in fact, he may either strongly expose or carefully conceal himself. In any case, the language of a poem reflects the poet's Hsin-ching with varying degrees, and this reflection can be traced in the linguistic rhythm of the poem. A few poems are selected here as examples for analysis, and the proposed method is applied to them so that a useful way of solution may be found to solve the common difficulties that are often faced by the student beginners with Chinese cultural background.

“Aerial Kiss Attack”: Affect Communication, Demystification, and Analytic Self-Disclosure

“Aerial Kiss Attack”: Affect Communication, Demystification, and Analytic Self-Disclosure

Psychological factors influencing self-disclosure in marital relationships

Building on the social exchange theory, self-disclosure in marital relationships was assumed to be influenced by self–esteem, self-monitoring and social–demographic factors of gender, age, education qualification and duration of marriage. An Ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study while a sample of 204 married people completed measures of self-esteem, self-monitoring, self-disclosure and social-demographic factors as measured by a well structured questionnaire. It was hypothesized that jointly and independently self-esteem, self-monitoring, sex, age, duration of marriage and educational level will predict self-disclosure in marital relationship. The results indicated significant joint prediction of self-disclosure by self-esteem, self-monitoring, age, gender, educational levels and duration of marriage (R 2 = .11; F (6,197) = 4.48; P African Journal for the Psychological Study of Social Issues Vol. 8(1) 2005: 73-87

Confession(Self-Disclosure) in the Field of Christian Counseling

Confession(Self-Disclosure) in the Field of Christian Counseling