ABSTRACTBackgroundLife after prostate cancer treatment may extend across decades; however, qualitative evidence describing how men in Oman navigate treatment sequelae, disclosure, family involvement, and religious coping remains limited. This study explored the lived experiences of Omani men who had completed primary therapy for prostate cancer.MethodsBetween September and November 2025, 16 Omani men attending routine follow‐up at a specialised tertiary care centre were invited to take part. Each participant granted a single, audio‐recorded, semi‐structured interview that was transcribed verbatim and analysed by thematic analysis.ResultsFive entangled themes were generated: (1) Silent onset: most men misread early symptoms as ‘normal ageing’ and delayed presentation. (2) Family arbitration: wives, sons and uncles often negotiated the choice between surgery, radiotherapy or androgen‐deprivation therapy. (3) Persistent corporeal shifts: urinary leakage and sexual dysfunction symptoms intruded on prayer routines, market visits and sleep. (4) Emotional oscillation: an initial surge of distress gave way to selective disclosure and gradual recalibration of self. (5) Faith as ballast: daily prayers, Qur'anic recitation and kin obligations supplied a stabilising counter‐weight to uncertainty.ConclusionLife after prostate cancer in Oman is shaped by biomedical sequelae, Islamic practice and extended‐family logic. Programmes that integrate relatives into follow‐up consultations and legitimise spiritual coping may reduce unmet psychosocial need more effectively than clinician‐only reviews.

Medical students face unique interpersonal challenges due to academic intensity and clinical training demands, yet the mechanisms linking self-identity, self-disclosure, and fear of intimacy in this population remain underexplored. This study examined the relationships among fear of intimacy (FOI), self-identity (SI), and self-disclosure (SD) and tested the mediating role of self-disclosure in the association between self-identity and fear of intimacy. A descriptive-correlational design was employed with 847 medical students (63.8% female; ages 17–25) recruited from a university in Guangdong, China. Participants completed the Fear of Intimacy Scale (FIS), Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status-2 (EOM-EIS-2), and Self-Disclosure Index (SDI). Results indicated moderate-to-high FOI levels (M = 100.16, SD = 15.18) and moderate SD levels (M = 39.02, SD = 8.76). Self-identity was characterized by relatively higher identity moratorium and achievement scores, with lower identity foreclosure. FOI correlated negatively with SD (r = -0.347, p < .001) and identity achievement (r = -0.235, p < .001), and positively with identity diffusion (r = 0.227, p < .001). Mediation analysis indicated that self-disclosure statistically mediated the association between self-identity (operationalized as an index derived from the EOM-EIS-2) and fear of intimacy (indirect effect = 1.101, 95% CI [0.555, 1.817]), with the direct effect becoming non-significant after accounting for self-disclosure. These findings suggest that identity development may influence intimacy-related anxiety primarily through its association with emotional expression patterns. Psychological interventions targeting medical students' emotional communication skills and identity integration may help reduce fear of intimacy and support interpersonal adaptation.

Academic stress significantly affects students’ well-being and academic performance, highlighting the need for more effective assessment methods to guide targeted interventions. This study investigates how self-disclosure chatbots—designed to share relevant experiences and thoughts—can enhance academic stress assessments by increasing student engagement, improving accuracy, and fostering deeper self-reflection. Two chatbot conditions were developed: a self-disclosure (SD) chatbot that used personal narratives to build empathy, and a non-self-disclosure (NSD) chatbot. In a randomized experiment with 50 university students, participants interacted with either the SD or NSD chatbot. Results showed that the SD chatbot elicited significantly higher engagement, as evidenced by longer session lengths (15.55 ± 5.92 min) and higher word counts (240 ± 114.02 words), compared to the NSD chatbot (11.31 ± 5.21 min; 162.38 ± 66.24 words). Assessment accuracy—evaluated by comparing results from the SISCO Inventory of Academic Stress with chatbot-generated evaluations—was slightly higher for the SD chatbot (0.936) than for the NSD chatbot (0.862), based on accuracy within a ± one-point deviation. Moreover, students who interacted with the SD chatbot reported deeper self-reflection and developed more actionable strategies for managing their stress. Overall, these findings illuminate the value of self-disclosure in chatbot-based assessments and highlight broader applications for addressing academic stress and mental health challenges in educational settings.

Background: Registered nurses employed in acute and semi-acute wards of mental hospitals frequently encounter elevated levels of stress, a significant component of which is the constant threat of violence from patients. Consequently, the capacity to adapt in challenging circumstances is referred to as resilience. Resilience, defined as the ability to cope with adversity, enables individuals to perceive challenges as catalysts for personal growth. Purpose: to identify the relationship between self-disclosure and the level of resilience exhibited by nurses at Aceh Mental Hospital. Methods: used a quantitative correlational approach, involved 45 nurses through a total sampling technique. The instruments used were the Resilience Scale for Nurse (RSN) (α = 0.830) and the Revised Self Disclosure Scale (RSDS) consisting of five dimensions with varying reliability. Results: A substantial relationship was identified between resilience and the dimensions of intent to disclose (p=0.002; r=0.456), amount of disclosure (p=0.029; r=0.326), and positive factor of disclosure (p=0.029; r=0.326). Meanwhile, the dimensions of honesty-accuracy and control of general depth did not show a significant relationship. Conclusion: Several factors related to self-disclosure have been shown to be positively associated with resilience, suggesting that openness may play a crucial role in enhancing the mental resilience of nurses working in high-risk environments. Abstrak Latar Belakang: Perawat yang bekerja di bangsal akut dan semi-akut Rumah Sakit Jiwa kerap menghadapi tekanan berat, termasuk risiko kekerasan dari pasien. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan kemampuan untuk beradaptasi dan tetap tangguh dalam situasi menantang, yang dikenal sebagai resiliensi. Resiliensi memungkinkan individu untuk melihat tekanan dan kesulitan sebagai peluang untuk berkembang. Tujuan: bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan antara self disclosure dengan tingkat resiliensi pada perawat di Rumah Sakit Jiwa Aceh. Metode: Menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif korelasional, melibatkan 45 perawat melalui teknik total sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah Resilience Scale for Nurse (RSN) (α = 0.830) dan Revised Self Disclosure Scale (RSDS) yang terdiri dari lima dimensi dengan reliabilitas bervariasi. Hasil: Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara resiliensi dengan dimensi intent to disclose (p=0.002; r=0.456), amount of disclosure (p=0.029; r=0.326), dan positive factor of disclosure (p=0.029; r=0.326). Sementara itu, dimensi honesty-accuracy dan control of general depth tidak menunjukkan hubungan signifikan. Kesimpulan: Beberapa aspek self disclosure berkorelasi positif dengan resiliensi, menunjukkan pentingnya keterbukaan dalam memperkuat daya tahan mental perawat di lingkungan kerja berisiko tinggi.

ABSTRACT This article explores various ways that dominant discourse around identity disclosure and use of self are enacted in the supervision of graduate students. More explicitly, the author explores their own process of clinical disciplining over the course of graduate school through a tapestry of transpoetics and object relations theory. This exploration is presented through extended metaphor to underscore the ways Westernized, white, heterosexual, cisgender, able-bodied identities continue to be unconsciously used as the baseline by which clinicians with different identities are measured and interpreted by those with evaluative power. For many trans clinicians in particular, the ability to pass graduate school hinges on our ability to pass as non-trans. Through the policing of trans existence in psychoanalysis, trans clinicians experience violence and colonization with regard to their minds and bodies, and by extension the minds and bodies of their patients. This is a call from within the institution to trans the cis-tem of psychoanalysis through a radical transformation of the supervision space.

The development and life process of each student is very likely to encounter various problems. Each issue will likely impact students. Through self-disclosure, students can express their feelings, opinions and problems to other people. At school, guidance and counseling teachers have a role in helping and alleviating problems experienced by students. This research aims to see students' self-disclosure towards guidance and counseling teachers at SMP N 7 Jambi City. This research uses quantitative descriptive methods. In this research, it was found that 60 students were open to their guidance and counseling teachers who were also respondents in the research. The results of the research show that students' self-openness towards guidance and counseling teachers at SMP N 7 Jambi City as a whole is at a percentage of 61.84% which is included in the majority proportion category.

The rise of social networking sites (SNS) has transformed the digital landscape, especially for older adults.While previous studies have explored various theoretical frameworks like the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Social Support Theory (SST), there is a need for a deeper understanding of older adults' motivations and behaviours on these platforms.This study addresses this gap by applying the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) theory to examine how older adults' perceptions influence their continued use of SNS.This framework considers various factors such as platform quality (PQ), content quality (CQ), knowledge self-efficacy (SE), and social connectedness (SC).It also incorporates perceived enjoyment (PE), self-disclosure (SD), and subjective well-being (WB) as internal states, with SNS continuous use intention (SU) as the ultimate response.Additionally, the study includes habit (HB) as a mediator in the relationship between subjective well-being and SNS continuous use intention.Survey data from 190 older adults in Sabah, Malaysia, were collected for this study, and partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to validate the proposed framework.PQ, CQ, and SE significantly and positively affect WB and PE.SC positively impacts PE but is not significant with WB.WB mediates the relationships between PQ, CQ, SE, and SU.Additionally, HB mediates the effect of WB on SU.In conclusion, this study emphasises the transformative potential of technological solutions within SNS, offering practical implications for creators and providers.It contributes to developing effective strategies to enhance the SNS experiences of older adults.

Self-disclosure (SD) in teaching helps students link theory to practice, scaffold learning, show our human side (Rasmussen and Mishna, 2008), and encourage student−teacher interaction (Jebbour, 2018). Teachers must weigh the pedagogical risks versus rewards (Tobin, 2010), as negative SD can raise incivility in the classroom (Miller et al., 2013). Self-disclosures can be about ourselves or our practice experience (Rasmussen and Mishna, 2008). In nurse education, we frequently share stories from clinical practice. But what if I am the story? After teaching neurodiversity to nursing students, I wanted to tell my own story of being autistic and having ADHD. I did not find the permission that I was looking for from the literature. Would this be ethical? Would my students see this as self-indulgent? Would self-disclosure allow neurodivergent students to feel included when their experience is often one of exclusion (Griffin and Pollack, 2009)? The idea of self-disclosure made me feel vulnerable. Following the disclosure, my students were shocked, but this led to discussions of harmful stereotypes and masking. Since my self-disclosure, my students see me as authentic, imperfect, and credible. Neurodivergent students seek me out for support. More importantly, my students understand more about autism and ADHD through my lived experience to apply this to clinical practice. This presentation told my story of self-disclosure, how it felt, how the literature guided me, and how self-disclosure can be an effective teaching tool. I used objects as metaphors to tell my story like I did in my teaching.

Self disclosure merupakan proses pengungkapan diri seseorang dimana memberikan informasi pribadi kepada orang lain. Hal ini mencakup perasaan, pengalaman atau pikiran yang mungkin sebelumnya tidak diketahui oleh orang lain. Pengungkapan diri yang dilakukan biasanya melalui unggahan foto, caption atau komentar yang dilakukan dalam sosial media terutama pengguna second account instagram. Salah satu faktor penyebab pengungkaapan diri seseorang melalui sosial media adalah tipe kepribadian yang dimiliki individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat perbedaan self disclosure pada mahasiwa pengguna second account instagram ditinjau dari tipe kepribadian. Penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode komparatif dan teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling, data dikumpulkan menggunakan teknik survey dengan menyebar kuesioner secara online. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 45 orang. Pengumpulan data untuk variabel self disclosure menggunakan alat ukur self disclosure yang disusun oleh Wheeless dan Grotz (1976), dan variabel tipe kepribadian menggunakan alat ukur dari Ab (2019) berdasarkan alat ukut International Personality Item Pool-Big Five Factor Marker 25 (IPIP-BFM25) yang awalnya disusun oleh Lewis Goldberg guna mengukur big five personality traits kemudian diadaptasi oleh Akhtar dan Azwar (2018). Analisis data menggunakan teknik uji Kruskal Wallis. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian hipotesis didapatkan hasil bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan self disclosure ditinjau dari tipe kepribadian pada mahasiswa pengguna second sccount instagram dengan taraf signifikansi p > 0.235. Berdasarkan nilai rata-rata (mean), self disclosure pada tipe kepribadian openness diperoleh 28.25, pada tipe kepribadian conscientiousness diperoleh 20.62, pada tipe kepribadian extraversion diperoleh 25.92, pada tipe kepribadian agreeableness diperoleh 26.6 dan pada tipe kepribadian neuroticism diperoleh 13.33

Everyone has different self-disclosure abilities, especially individuals who are adapting to a new learning environment, such as students. It's not easy when we open up or talk about ourselves to other people, but when we are reluctant or difficult to tell stories directly, we can put it in written form. One of the skills to improve a person's self-disclosure is expressive writing techniques. This research aims to determine the effect of expressive writing in increasing self-disclosure among Psychology Students at Padang State University. This type of research is experimental research with One Group Pre-test Post-test Design and a quantitative approach. The research population was 27 students from the Department of Psychology, Padang State University, Class K Class of 2022. The research sample consisted of 4 people using purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques through initial interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis method used is parametric analysis through paired sample T test hypothesis testing via the SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solution) 25.0 for window application. The research results show that there are differences in the pretest and posttest results where the results of the paired sample T test hypothesis test obtained are 0.019 < 0.05, which shows that expressive writing has an effect on increasing self-disclosure among Psychology Students at Padang State University with a population of Class K students, Class of 2022.

Final year students often experience stress in planning, compiling and making final assignments. One way to understand stress is to know the conditions and situations that are being experienced, including self-disclosure. This study aimed to determine the relationship between self-disclosure and the level of academic stress in nursing students. The research method used quantitative with a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used in this research was simple random sampling with a total of 41 respondents. Data were analyzed using the Spearman rho test. The research results showed a significant correlation between self-disclosure and academic stress in final year Bachelor of Nursing students with a p value (0.000) 0.05. There is a relationship between self-disclosure and the level of academic stress in final year Bachelor of Nursing students

With the movement towards recovery-oriented mental health (MH) services, individuals with MH lived-experience are increasingly employed as peer providers (peers). Peers are unique in that they bring knowledge from experience and eye-level connection to service users that enhance the quality of services and humanize MH systems’ culture. In Israel, hundreds of peers are employed in various roles and settings across the MH system. However, peer integration into MH services faces challenges. One issue involves the use of self-disclosure (SD) in MH services which varies with explicitness across roles and settings. This study sought to understand perspectives and experiences regarding peers’ SD (use & sharing of knowledge from experience) among different stakeholders in MH health services. Six focus groups and 4 semi-structured interviews (N = 42) were conducted as a part of a larger international project (UPSIDES; ERC Horizon 2020, Moran et al., Trials 21:371, 2020). Data was transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Four categories and 7 themes were identified regarding current perspectives and experiences with peers’ SD in MH organizations: (i) Restrained or cautious organizational approach to SD; (ii) Attitudes of peers to SD approach; (iii) The influence of designated peer roles on SD; and (iv) Unwarranted SD of peers working in traditional roles. The findings reveal that peers’ SD in MH services is a complex process. Organizational approaches were often controlling of non-designated peers’ SD practices; participants had diverse attitudes for and against peers’ SD; SD occurred according to personal preferences, specific peer role and the director’s approach to peers’ SD; Conflictual SD dilemmas emerged in relation to service users and staff. SD sometimes occurs unwarrantely due to ill mental health. The presence of peer-designated roles positively impacts peers' SD. We interpret the current mix of views and general conduct of peer SD practice in statutory MH services as related to three aspects: 1. The presence of a traditional therapeutic SD model vs. a peer SD model – with the former currently being dominant. 2. Insufficient proficiency and skill development in peers’ SD. 3. Stigmatic notions about peer SD among service users and staff. Together, these aspects interrelate and sometimes create a negative cycle create tension and confusion.A need to develop professionalism of peer SD in statutory services is highlighted alongside enhancing staff and service user acknowledgement of the value of peer SD. Developing peer-designated roles can positively impacts peer SD in MH statutory services. Training, support, and organizational interventions are required to further support for peer-oriented SD and the enhancement of a person-centered and recovery orientation of MH services.

Self-disclosure (SD) is a common psychological intervention that involves expressing the patient's feelings and thoughts. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of different themes of SD on cancer patients. We searched eight databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library Trials, Web of Science, CINAHL, Medline, EMBASE, CNKI and Wanfang from inception to July 2022. Other sources included clinical data registers. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. RevMan Analysis software 5.3 was used for data analysis. The protocol of this meta-analysis has been registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022339661). Twenty-two RCTs studies were included. The pooled results demonstrated that self-regulation self-disclosure (SRD) had significant effects on patients' sleep quality, benefit-finding, anxiety and quality of life (QOL), whereas emotional disclosure (ED) did not. Furthermore, enhanced self-regulation self-disclosure (ESRD) or cancer-related self-disclosure (CD) significantly improved patients' QOL, although health education self-disclosure (HED) and positive self-disclosure (PD) did not. Our study suggests that different themes of SD have varied effects on patients, but it remains unclear which themes to use at what point in time. Future research should investigate what themes of SD are adopted at different points in time and the duration of different periods.

Poetry is a form of creative art, through which many writers express their emotions, feelings, and also their bitter experiences to the world. Poetry, along with autobiography helped in the revelation of self, especially among African-Americans. Black women writers, in particular, have experienced many trials and tribulations while struggling for identity and freedom in the land of America. As women were considered inferior since the early period, their writings reflect deeply on their life stories and create a positive self-identity. Qualitative descriptive method is commonly used in the reviewed articles. This article examines the existing research on Angelou’s poems with the explored areas such as racism, gender issues, figurative analysis, feminism, stylistics, etc., and identifies the characteristics of self-portrait in them.

Enjoyment of language learning (ELL) is recognized as the most commonly experienced positive emotion in foreign language learning.The present study set out to investigate the relationships between English language learners' ELL as the outcome variable and the three factors of emotional intelligence (EI), willingness to communicate (WTC) in L2, and self-disclosure (SD) as the predictor variables.To this end, 147 Iranian English language learners (109 female and 38 male), aged 8 to 50, participated in the study.They were selected through convenience sampling from a population of Iranian foreign language learners studying English at different levels in Tehran.Quantitative data on the predictor and outcome variables were collected through relevant standardized questionnaires.Pearson correlation tests, linear regression analyses, and multiple regression analyses were performed to answer the research questions.Based on the findings, ELL demonstrated moderate to strong positive correlations with EI (.24, p .05),WTC (.54, p .05),and SD (.53, p .05).Regression analysis also revealed that the three predictor variables of the study (EI, WTC, and SD) predicted 41 percent of the variance of ELL as reported by the targeted Iranian learners.The findings of the study contribute to

The presentation of Self and Other as the basis of inclusion and exclusion strategies, which is the core of ideologically formation of national identity, has been examined using various branches of CDA. This paper demonstrates that the keyness technique combined with concordance can reveal the ideology behind the representation of Self and Other in national identity construction relying on the discourse-historical approach (Wodak et al. 2009) as a theoretical basis. Accordingly, four discursive strategies that signal the presentation of Self and Other: constructive strategies, perpetuation strategies, transformation strategies, and dismantle strategies, are explored. As a methodology, the six-step outline proposed by Subtirelu and Baker (2018) was followed. A corpus was compiled with data from two focus group interviews. For the focus group interviews, ten participants were recruited purposefully from postgraduate students in University Utara Malaysia. As the study is on how Kurds depict Self and Other in their national identity construction discourses, only Kurdish students were reached. The paper seeks to contribute to the body knowledge of corpus linguistic analysis in the revelation of ideology through co-text and intertext. The findings display that Kurds emphasize the ingroup sameness and sharply distinguish themselves from their Other. However, they intend to confer a shade of vagueness on their other through depersonalizing and institutionalizing. Through the discursive construction of Kurdish national identity, the informants rely primarily on transformation and dismantling strategies.

IntroductionYoung people represent a vulnerable population, with 75% of mental disorders first emerging before 25 years of age. This pilot stems from the acknowledged need to design and test non-stigmatizing programs that are appealing to young people and suited for the protean mental health problems that they experience.ObjectivesThe study involves a group of youths (aged 16-25) with different forms of mental ill-health in a locally and culturally meaningful activity, namely hand-harvesting grape in the renowned area of Langhe (Italy). The aim is to investigate viticultural practices as possibly effective in supporting recovery by promoting social interaction and fostering a sense of belonging in the broader process of winemaking.MethodsThe project is multidisciplinary in its design and implementation, involving psychiatrists, psychologists, rehabilitation specialists and sociologists. Research methods include clinical assessment, participant observation, and semi-structured interviews with the participants.ResultsDuring the harvest season, a stable group of participants has been involved in a one-to-one relationship with professional vine growers. This relational geometry was built around the performance of a practical task: that of filling in a box with manually harvested grape and moving it along the rows of vines. Within each dyad, which represents the most fragile and intimate of all social forms, practical knowledge has been conveyed from the experienced worker to the youth. Most importantly, the repeated encounters provided an opportunity for human interaction and exchange that went beyond the activity being performed, involving the gradual disclosure of self, the ability to listen, connect and empathize with personal stories from diverse backgrounds. Participants’ narratives collected during and after the pilot describe the vineyard as a psychic more than a physical place – a landscape of the mind, structured around the emotional and sensorial contents of the experience. The study’s core finding emerging from fieldwork and youths’ accounts is the beneficial effects of the intervention on transdiagnostic factors such as social anxiety symptoms, low self-efficacy and poor social skills.ConclusionsThe pilot provides suggestions to orient meaningful and non-stigmatising programs for vulnerable young people, hosted in landscapes that can become therapeutic not by virtue of their aesthetic features, but because of the access they provide to social (i.e. opportunities for new relationships), material (occasions to create and share something tangible) and affective (promotion of positive emotions, containment of loneliness and feelings of inadequacy) resources.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

“I Can't believe I said that”: An analysis of preservice teacher ideological transformation in a social-issues-in-education course

Background: Sex life is a critical issue in maintaining good general health and motives. Disclosure of self-sexual willing greatly varies from one couple to another. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the link between having good sexual communication with your spouse and having good sexual pleasure in your marriage. We developed an online questionnaire that was disseminated through social media to be self-filled as a method with complete privacy. It was written in English and also translated into an Arabic form to be easily understood whatever their educational background is. This questionnaire covered sexual activity, communication, and satisfaction. Results: The majority of participants were between the ages of 30-39y (73.8%). In addition, the majority of them had a university degree (97.8%). Eighty-four percent of them were city dwellers, and the majority of them had been married for six to ten years (46.9%). The majority of individuals were contented with their current sexual situation (63.1 %). Eighty six% of women who were sexually happy said that their husbands ensured they had orgasm. Sixty-four% of those who were pleased stated it was easy to talk about their sexual wants and dreams with others. The pleased group had a confidence in their bodies that was 76.7%. Conclusion: In intimate partnerships, better sexual communication is linked to more sexual pleasure. Increasing the sexual happiness of women in marriage requires encouraging them to talk openly about their sexual needs, preferences, concerns, and dreams with their partners.

During the COVID-19 emergency, people must face the invisible threat of uncertain death and comply with social distancing and other related protective measures. But social networking sites (SNSs) like WeChat have emerged as alternative contexts where people can maintain self and obtain gratification, despite the disclosure of self to others often being a challenging issue. To examine the effect of personality factors on people's self-disclosure on SNSs, we develop a model based on the time perspective theory and the socioemotional selectivity theory. We suggest that people's narcissism traits and two types of time perspective (i.e. future and present-hedonistic) have positive effects on their self-disclosure. In addition, we propose that virtual presence and hedonic gratification mediate the effects of both future time perspective and present-hedonistic time perspective. We obtain a sample of 516 WeChat users in China and take ex-ante and post-hoc measures to deal with common method variance. By means of partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) methods, we validate both our measurement model and the structural model, so we confirm all the hypothesized causal paths in the proposed model. Our study broadens the boundaries of the time perspective theory and the socioemotional selectivity theory, and offers new insights for addressing some of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.