Strength Model Of Self-control Research Articles

The differential effects of self-view in virtual meetings when speaking vs. listening

ABSTRACT With the surging reliance on videoconferencing tools, users may find themselves staring at their reflections for hours a day. We refer to this phenomenon as self-referential information (SRI) consumption and examine its consequences and the mechanism behind them. Building on self-awareness research and the strength model of self-control, we argue that SRI consumption heightens the state of self-awareness and thereby depletes participants’ mental resources, eventually undermining virtual meeting (VM) outcomes. Our findings from a European employee sample revealed contrary effects of SRI consumption across speaker vs listener roles. Engagement with self-view is positively associated with self-awareness, which, in turn, is negatively related to satisfaction with VM process, perceived productivity, and enjoyment. Looking at the self while listening to others exhibits adverse direct and indirect (via self-awareness) effects on VM outcomes. However, looking at the self when speaking exhibits positive direct effects on satisfaction with VM process and enjoyment.

Self-Control Depletion, Frustration Tolerance, Irritability, and Engagement in Risky Behaviors in College Students With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Risk

College students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often have poor self-control, low frustration tolerance (FT), and associated irritability. These features are associated with engagement in risky behaviors (ERBs). The Self-Control Strength Model (SCSM) was used to examine relationships between ADHD symptoms, FT, irritability, and self-control resource depletion and associations with ERBs in 247 college students randomized into depletion/non-depletion groups. Participants completed state and trait measures and two experimental tasks: the Stroop Color-Word Task to deplete resources, and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (Computerized) to induce frustration and measure frustration tolerance. Linear and logistic regressions were used to analyze associations, and demonstrated that ADHD symptoms and FT were positively associated with several ERBs. However, due to failure of the Stroop to adequately deplete self-control resources, the SCSM cannot be fully analyzed. Ultimately, these results provide additional support for positive associations between ADHD symptoms, state irritability, and ERB in college students.

Impact of chronic physical activity on individuals' creativity.

There is growing evidence to suggest that physical activity positively influences cognitive processes. A similar trend is seen in the literature examining the relationship between acute physical activity and creativity. Nevertheless, certain questions persist: Does engaging in physical activity over an extended period (chronic) influence creativity? If it does, what is the duration of this impact? The present study uses Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) to examine whether chronic physical activity for 6weeks can improve individual creativity vis-à-vis a control group that performs regular class activity without any physical activity. It also assesses whether the effect of chronic physical activity on creativity endures after 2weeks of ceasing the interventions. The study involves 49 school students who were randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control conditions. Their creativity, operationalized as divergent thinking is measured using the Alternate Uses Task. The measurements are taken before the intervention, again 6weeks later, and once more, after 2weeks of cessation of interventions. The results indicate that after 6weeks of engaging in physical activity, the participants showed improvements in both the fluency and originality components of divergent thinking when compared to the control group. Furthermore, the results demonstrate a lingering effect of physical activity on the originality component of divergent thinking. The findings lend some support to the strength model of self-control. The implications for research and practice are further discussed in the study.

The impact of work-family conflict on product preferences: The role of self-control

Despite the high incidence of work-family conflict, there has been a lack of research that investigates its impact on employee behavior, particularly concerning their consumption behavior, which has received inadequate attention. The present study draws on the strength model of self-control and investigates the influence of individuals’ work-family conflict on their preferences for hedonic and utilitarian products via self-control, with frugality acting as a moderator of this relationship. This study gathered data from 502 full-time employees with families in China. Results from the moderated mediating model analysis conducted using the SPSS-PROCESS macro revealed that work-family conflict was positively associated with a preference for hedonic products and negatively associated with a preference for utilitarian products. Self-control was found to mediate the relationship between work-family conflict and product preferences, with a weaker mediating effect observed for individuals with higher levels of frugality in the case of utilitarian products. The findings of this study contribute to the literature on work-family conflict and have implications for organizations and merchants in understanding and addressing the impact of work-family conflict on employee consumption behavior. Specifically, this study provides insight into how organizations can better manage work-family conflict and how merchants can make more informed marketing decisions for hedonic and utilitarian products.

Making Sense of Ego Depletion: The Replication Crisis, A Path Forward, and Lessons for Accounting Researchers

SUMMARY Ego depletion, an influential social psychology theory that has been applied in auditing research, is currently in crisis following unsuccessful attempts to replicate the phenomenon. I summarize the questions surrounding ego depletion as a phenomenon and the strength model of self-control as its theoretical explanation. Existing evidence suggests that depletion is a real phenomenon but that its effect is likely overstated in prior literature. However, it seems that the strength model is not the best theoretical explanation for depletion. To provide a path forward to continue investigating this phenomenon, I describe four alternative theories from prior literature. Highlighting motivation as a common thread in these theories, I then propose a new theory that views ego depletion as transient cognitive fatigue. Finally, I discuss opportunities for future research in auditing, best practices for the design of these studies, and meta-lessons that accounting researchers can take from crises in psychology research.

Influencing mechanism of coal miners’ safety compliance in the de-overcapacity circumstances of coal production: Role of emotional exhaustion and mind wandering

Recent years, the large-scale wave of coal mine closures directly caused by the de-overcapacity initiative has increased concerns among China’s coal miners in relation to the continuity and stability of their jobs. In this circumstances of coal production in China, based on the strength model of self-control and conservation of resources theory, a chain mediating model was constructed to determine the relationships between job insecurity, emotional exhaustion, mind wandering, and safety compliance among coal miners in China. The sample consisted of 449 miners from three coal mines in Henan Pingdingshan Coal Industry Group. The results showed that job insecurity negatively predicted safety compliance, and emotional exhaustion and mind wandering played a chain mediation effect in the relationship between job insecurity and safety compliance. These findings help to deepen the understanding of the internal mechanism of job insecurity affecting individual safety performance, and provide an empirical basis for managers to intervene effectively in the safety performance of coal miners.

Influencing mechanism of coal miners' safety compliance: A chain mediating model.

The influence that job insecurity has on employees' safety psychology and behavior has been identified in many empirical studies, but few of these examine the influencing mechanism of job insecurity on coal miners' safety behaviors. In the de-overcapacity circumstances of coal production in China, using the strength model of self-control and conservation of resources theories, a chain mediating model was constructed to determine the relationships between job insecurity, emotional exhaustion, mind wandering, and safety compliance among coal miners. Data were collected from 447 coal miners working in three coal mines of Henan Pingdingshan Coal Industry Group. It was found that job insecurity negatively affected safety compliance, and emotional exhaustion and mind wandering played a chain mediating effect in the relationship between job insecurity and miners' safety compliance, along three specific paths. This study helps advance the understanding of the internal mechanisms of coal miners' job insecurity and how this affects individual safety performance. It also provides empirical evidence that managers can use effectively intervene in coal miners' safety performance.

Negative workplace gossip and turnover intention among Chinese rural preschool teachers: The mediation of ego depletion and the moderation of bianzhi.

In China, the high turnover rates of teachers have become one of the biggest obstacles to the development of rural preschool education. Objective: Based on the social information processing theory and the strength model of selfcontrol, this study examined the relationship between negative workplace gossip and turnover intention and the role of ego depletion and bianzhi in this relationship. The questionnaire method was applied, and 411 rural preschool teachers in Hubei Province, China, participated in the survey. The correlation results showed that negative workplace gossip was positively correlated with ego depletion, and ego depletion was positively correlated with turnover intention. After controlling for age, negative workplace gossip positively predicted turnover intention. The mediation analysis indicated that ego depletion played a mediating role in the relationship between negative workplace gossip and turnover intention. Moreover, the mediation effect was moderated by bianzhi. Negative workplace gossip had a stronger effect on the ego depletion of teachers without bianzhi than on that of teachers with bianzhi. The current research is the first to clarify that ego depletion mediates the relationship between negative workplace gossip and turnover intention, and the mediation effect is moderated via bianzhi. These findings expand our understanding of the influential factors and formation mechanisms of turnover intention. In practice, this study provides a novel perspective for policymakers and administrators to reduce the turnover intention among rural preschool teachers in China.

3.10 Self-Control Depletion, Frustration Tolerance, Irritability, and Engagement in Risky Behaviors in College Students With ADHD Risk

To expand upon the existing literature on college students with ADHD, this study used the Strength Model of Self-Control as a theoretical framework and: 1) experimentally investigated associations between self-control resource depletion, frustration tolerance, and irritability; and 2) considered associations between frustration tolerance, irritability, and engagement in risky behaviors (ERBs) for which college students with ADHD are at elevated risk.

Mindfulness-Based Interventions for the Recovery of Mental Fatigue: A Systematic Review.

Background: There is evidence that mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) can help one to recover from mental fatigue (MF). Although the strength model of self-control explains the processes underlying MF and the model of mindfulness and de-automatization explains how mindfulness training promotes adaptive self-regulation leading to the recovery of MF, a systematic overview detailing the effects of MBI on the recovery of MF is still lacking. Thus, this systematic review aims to discuss the influences of MBI on the recovery of MF. Methods: We used five databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for articles published up to 24 September 2021, using a combination of keywords related to MBI and MF. Results: Eight articles fulfilled all the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. The MBI directly attenuated MF and positively affected the recovery of psychology (attention, aggression and mind-wandering) and sports performance (handgrip, plank exercise and basketball free throw) under MF. However, the interaction did not reach statistical significance for the plank exercise. Therefore, the experience and duration of mindfulness are necessary factors for the success of MBI. Conclusions: mindfulness appears to be most related to a reduction in MF. Future research should focus on improving the methodological rigor of MBI to confirm these results and on identifying facets of mindfulness that are most effective for attenuating MF.

How technostress and self-control of social networking sites affect academic achievement and wellbeing

PurposeSocial networking sites (SNS) are heavily used by university students for personal and academic purposes. Despite their benefits, using SNS can generate stress for many people. SNS stressors have been associated with numerous maladaptive outcomes. The objective in this study is to investigate when and how SNS use damages student achievement and psychological wellbeing.Design/methodology/approachCombining the theoretical perspectives from technostress and the strength model of self-control, this study theoretically develops and empirically tests the pathways which explain how and when SNS stressors harm student achievement and psychological wellbeing. The authors test the research model through a two-wave survey of 220 SNS using university students.FindingsThe study extends existing research by showing that it is through the process of diminishing self-control over SNS use that SNS stressors inhibit achievement and wellbeing outcomes. The study also finds that the high use of SNS for academic purposes enhances the effect of SNS stressors on deficient SNS self-control.Originality/valueThis study further opens up the black box of the social media technostress phenomenon by documenting and validating novel processes (i.e. deficient self-control) and conditions (i.e. enhanced academic use) on which the negative impacts of SNS stressors depend.

Is Job Insecurity Harmful to All Types of Proactivity? The Moderating Role of Future Work Self Salience and Socioeconomic Status.

How and when do uncertain factors affect employees’ different types of proactive behavior? Building on the strength model of self-control, the present study examines the different effects of job insecurity on individual-oriented and organizational-oriented proactive behaviors, and the moderating role of future work self salience (FWSS) and socioeconomic status (SES). Two-wave data collected from 227 employees in China were used to test our hypotheses. The results indicate that job insecurity is negatively associated with all the proactive behaviors. Moreover, the FWSS positively moderates the above relationship, and the moderating role on individual-oriented proactive behavior is stronger than organizational-oriented proactive behavior. The SES negatively moderates the relationship between job insecurity and the two types of proactive behaviors. In addition, the FWSS and SES have a three-way interactive effect on the relationship between job insecurity and individual task proactive behavior. The practical implications of these results are discussed.

The Role of Impulses in Predicting Within- and Between-Person Exhaustion and Job Performance

Self-control research in organizational behavior has focused overwhelmingly on the hypothetical limited nature of control capacity, while neglecting further important components. This predominant “strength” model dictates that only effortful self-control leads to mental exhaustion within situations, and has led to the belief that this effort is responsible for the positive outcomes (e.g., job performance) that are typically associated with trait self-control. We draw on a broader perspective of self-control that also includes the disruptive impulses, which may trigger the need to exert self-control. We examined both disruptive impulses (spontaneous urges, motivational resistance, and distractions) and expended control effort meant to resist these impulses and their prediction of mental exhaustion and job performance. In an experience-sampling study with employees over 10 workdays, we found that disruptive impulses were more important than expended self-control effort in predicting mental exhaustion and job performance both on the within- and between-person levels. Our findings challenge the pervasive use of the strength model of self-control as an explanatory model and instead suggest that concentrated work may be best achieved by implementing measures to reduce the disruptive impulses one experiences rather than relying on willpower.

Effect of coworker ostracism on newcomer socialization: A self-control perspective

Researchers have consistently reported the negative role of workplace ostracism, and the importance of newcomers to an organization. However, none have examined the effect of coworker ostracism on newcomer socialization. Drawing on the strength model of self-control, we empirically tested the effect of coworker ostracism on newcomer socialization via the mediator of state self-control. Participants were 155 matched supervisor–subordinate dyads. Results show that coworker ostracism toward newcomers was negatively related to newcomer socialization and that this relationship was mediated by state self-control. Further, the direct effect of coworker ostracism on state self-control and the indirect effect of coworker ostracism on newcomer socialization were moderated by proactive personality. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The Role of Ego Depletion and Autonomy in the Relationship Between Time-pressure and Knowledge-based Behavior

This research explored the mechanisms by which time-pressure may influence differentknowledge-based behavior, e.g., knowledge sharing and knowledge hiding. Based on the strengthmodel of self-control, we proposed that ego depletion may explain why time-pressure maydecrease knowledge sharing and increase knowledge hiding. Moreover, based on the job demandcontrol model, we also proposed that job autonomy would weaken the positive associationbetween time-pressure and ego depletion. To test our hypotheses, we conducted a daily diary studyover ten workdays. We recruited 24 employees from a post-graduate class in a university inMyanmar to participate in our study and made 153 observations. We found that time-pressure wasassociated with increased ego depletion. We also found a positively but marginally significantassociation between time-pressure and evasive knowledge hiding and playing dumb knowledgehiding. A small negative mediation effect of ego depletion was found on the relationship betweentime-pressure and knowledge sharing. Moreover, we found a significant moderation effect of jobautonomy on the relationship between time-pressure and ego depletion. This study contributes toextant research by exploring for the first time the underlying mechanisms by which time-pressureinfluences knowledge sharing and clarifying the mixed results found in previous studies of therelationship between time-pressure and knowledge hiding

Academic Self-Efficacy and Postgraduate Procrastination: A Moderated Mediation Model.

Studies in recent years have shown that academic procrastination in postgraduates is very common and has a negative impact on their mental health. Therefore, we conducted this study to explore the influencing mechanism of postgraduate academic procrastination. In this study, based on the Temporal Decision Model (TDM) of procrastination and the strength model of self-control, we administered a questionnaire survey to 577 full-time postgraduates (351 females, 226 males) to explore the influence mechanisms and gender differences of motivational and volitional factors on academic procrastination. Our results indicated significant differences in academic self-efficacy between females and males. Academic self-efficacy was positively correlated with academic self-control and negatively correlated with academic procrastination; academic self-control was negatively correlated with academic procrastination. Academic self-control had a completely mediating effect in the influence of academic self-efficacy on academic procrastination. Gender variables moderated the influence of academic self-efficacy on academic self-control and thus significantly moderated the mediating effect of academic self-control. Specifically, academic self-control had a stronger mediating effect between academic self-efficacy and academic procrastination for female postgraduates. Our findings may provide guidance for postgraduates who exhibit academic procrastination and extend the theory of academic procrastination.

Bored Into Depletion? Toward a Tentative Integration of Perceived Self-Control Exertion and Boredom as Guiding Signals for Goal-Directed Behavior

During the past two decades, self-control research has been dominated by the strength model of self-control, which is built on the premise that the capacity for self-control is a limited global resource that can become temporarily depleted, resulting in a state called ego depletion. The foundations of ego depletion have recently been questioned. Thus, although self-control is among the most researched psychological concepts with high societal relevance, an inconsistent body of literature limits our understanding of how self-control operates. Here, we propose that the inconsistencies are partly due to a confound that has unknowingly and systematically been introduced into the ego-depletion research: boredom. We propose that boredom might affect results of self-control research by placing an unwanted demand on self-control and signaling that one should explore behavioral alternatives. To account for boredom in self-controlled behavior, we provide a working model that integrates evidence from reward-based models of self-control and recent theorizing on boredom to explain the effects of both self-control exertion and boredom on subsequent self-control performance. We propose that task-induced boredom should be systematically monitored in self-control research to assess the validity of the ego-depletion effect.

Effects of Pain Reduction by Self-Natural Posture Exercise on Affective Complexity in Women: The Moderating Effect of Self-Regulation.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of pain reduction and self-regulation efficacy on affective complexity in female patients with chronic pain after participation in an exercise therapy program—Self-Natural Posture Exercise (SNPE)—within the theoretical framework of the Dynamic Model of Affect. A 12-week SNPE program (thrice a week, 70 min per session) was conducted with 101 women with chronic pain lasting longer than 6 months. Pre- versus post-SNPE difference in the correlation between positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) was examined through Fisher’s z test, and the moderation effect was confirmed through hierarchical regression analysis. Upon completion of the program, participants experienced pain [Mpre = 5.68 (SDpre = 1.96) vs. Mpost = 3.12 (SDpost = 2.16)] and stress reduction [Mpre = 2.92 (SDpre = 0.95) vs. Mpost = 2.62 (SDpost = 0.86)], higher satisfaction with life [Mpre = 4.25 (SDpre = 1.20) vs. Mpost = 4.80 (SDpost = 1.15)], and decreases in the negative correlation between PA and NA (rpre = −0.541 vs. rpost = −0.379). Furthermore, participation in the SNPE program neutralized the impact of PApost on NApost (β = −0.03) in participants with high self-regulation and pain reduction. These results suggest that self-regulation helps to increase SNPE adherence, which would induce pain reduction and restore affective complexity. Based on the strength model of self-control, to increase the pain reduction through exercise therapy, the instructor should ensure that the participants are not being ego depleted.

Self-control during daily work activities and work-to-nonwork conflict

Drawing on theories of self-regulation we propose that the nature of the activities performed at work, particularly those requiring self-control, can play an important role in the work-to-nonwork conflict process. We argue that because functional nonwork behavior requires continued self-control after work, occurrences of work-to-nonwork conflict will be more likely when one's limited self-control resources are expended during the day, and incidents of subsequent self-control failure in relation to the nonwork domain become more likely. We test hypotheses via a daily diary study, capturing the timing of different activities across a workday, along with independent ratings of how much self-control the activities require. We find, at the within-person level, that the extent that work activities performed that day require selfcontrol explains variance in work-to-nonwork conflict, beyond the effects of work hours and mediated by depleted state self-control capacity after work. Furthermore, afternoon self-controlled work activities, compared to morning, are more strongly associated with work-to-nonwork conflict. Against our hypothesis, low sleep quantity weakened the association between self-controlled work activities and self-control capacity. We discuss our findings in relation to the utility of self-regulation approaches to work-to-nonwork conflict based on the self-control strength model.

The “10 Mentality”: A Longitudinal Case Study of Self-Control Strength in Two Competitive Recurve Archers

In this case study, the authors’ aim was to apply the tenets of the strength model of self-control (Baumeister et al., 1998) with two Israeli competitive archers over the 2019–20 season. According to this model, the ability to control the self is based on a finite resource that can become temporarily depleted. Under ego depletion, subsequent self-control acts are executed less efficiently, potentially resulting in lower effort and attentional focus. Recurve archery is a closed, self-paced shooting sport, which requires exerting control over physical and mental elements. Archers’ ability to control their performance sequence is partly dependent on self-control. The two archers practiced (in consultation sessions, training and competitions, and independently) a range of well-established intervention techniques (e.g., self-talk, performance routines, mindfulness) designed to increase their self-control strength and focus on the present shot. Archers self-reported data on their trait and state of self-control and mental states during several performance situations in training and competition. The results indicated a complex self-control—performance relationship, potentially underlined by the athletes’ preperformance mental state, self-control strength, and subjective perceptions of temporarily available self-control resources. The archers’ and the authors’ reflections demonstrate the importance of incorporating self-control training in an idiosyncratic manner to achieve positive performance outcomes.