Self-contained Mechanism Research Articles

Intellectual Property Protection in Outer Space: Conflict in Theory and Application in Practice

The granting of intellectual property protection to space activities plays a significant role in promoting the sustainable development of space commercialization. However, the international intellectual property treaties have not explicitly stated in their provisions the issue of intellectual property protection in outer space, neither the provisions of the five outer space treaties explicitly address the legal issue. Such legal uncertainty may discourage States and non-governmental entities from actively participating in commercial space activities. One concerned rationale resulting in such legal status is the territoriality conflict in theory between the legal regimes of outer space and intellectual property. This article purports to illustrate territoriality conflict in theory between legal regimes of outer space and intellectual property. It then moves to argue that the conflict is proved to be a problem that exists purely in legal theory rather than legal practice because the legal value of Article VIII of the Outer Space Treaty elaborately reconciled the territoriality conflict in theory and offers a self-contained mechanism that would allow guaranteed levels of intellectual property protection in outer space. This mechanism employs space objects as a connecting factor to link space activities with the existing laws of the State of registry to realize the purpose of intellectual property protection in outer space.

Managing a Secure Refresh Token Implementation with JSON Web Token in REST API

JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact and self-contained mechanism, digitally authenticated and trusted, for transmitting data between various parties. They are mainly used for implementing stateless authentication mechanisms. The Open Authorization (OAuth 2.0) implementations are using JWTs for their access tokens. OAuth 2.0 and JWT are used token frameworks or standards for authorizing access to REST APIs because of their statelessness and signature implementation and JWT tokens are based on JSON and used in new authentication and authorization protocols in OAuth 2.0 because of their small size. When refresh tokens are stored in cookies, the size limit of a cookie or URL may be quickly exceeded. There may be refresh tokens for accessing users and getting the refresh token is a bit more complicated and refresh tokens in the browser require additional security measures and the attacker steals a refresh token and attempts to use it after the application has already used it. This implies that the attacker was able to steal a refresh token from the application. If the refresh token can be stolen, then so can the access token, even short token lifetimes can still lead to major abuse scenarios. In this article, we discuss the security properties of refresh tokens in the browser and the pattern to secure JWT tokens in the web front-end better. We propose a Backend for Frontend (BFF) pattern, where the token handling is deferred to the server-side component to a secure token that provides a lot of flexibility to the client-side.

Managing a Secure JSON Web Token Implementation By Handling Cryptographic Key Management for JWT Signature in REST API: : A survey

JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact and self-contained mechanism, digitally authenticated and trusted, for transmitting data between various parties. They are mainly used for implementing stateless authentication mechanisms. The Open Authorization (OAuth 2.0) implementations are using JWTs for their access tokens. OAuth 2.0 and JWT are used token frameworks or standards for authorizing access to REST APIs because of their statelessness and the signature implementation. The most important cryptographic algorithms were tested namely a symmetric algorithm HS256 (HMAC with SHA-256) and an asymmetric algorithm RS256 (RSA Signature with SHA-256) used to construct JWT for signing token based on several parameters of the speed of generating tokens, the size of tokens, time data transfer tokens and security of tokens against attacks.In this research,we propose an approach used for handling cryptographic key management for signing RS256 tokens to ensure the security of the application's architecture. JWT offer a variety of options to manage keys, the server always needs to verify the validity of the key before trusting it for verify that a JWT implementation is secure.The experimental results show It's better to use the RS256 signature method for handling cryptographic key management for signing tokens to manage a secure JWT Implementation

Theoretical Territoriality Paradox for the Intellectual Property Protection in Outer Space and Its Regulatory Approach for Reconciliation

The sustainable development of outer space demands the protection of intellectual property in outer space. However, it worth noting that the intellectual property international treaties have not explicitly regulated in their provisions the issue of intellectual property protection in outer space, neither the provisions of the five outer space treaties explicitly address the legal issue. One suspicious rationale resulting in this legal status is the theoretical territoriality paradox between the legal regimes of outer space and intellectual property. This article aims to unveil the theoretical territoriality paradox by comparing the two legal regimes of outer space and intellectual property. It then moves to argue that the paradox is proved to be a theoretical problem since the legal value of Article VIII of the Outer Space Treaty elaborately reconcile the theoretical paradox and practically provides a self-contained mechanism that would permit guaranteed levels of intellectual property rights protection in outer space.

Archive-Enabling Tagging Using Progressive Barcodes

We have previously described the Progressive Barcode, a high-density color barcode that changes over incrementally. This article expands on previously published work [S. J. Simske and A. M. Vans, “Archive-enabling tagging using progressive barcodes,” Proc. of Archiving (Los Angeles, CA, 2015), pp. 130‐135]. We describe how the progressive barcode works and its applicability to information workflows and archiving applications. In particular, we tie the progressive, or sequential, aspect of this approach to the temporal relationship of multiple items (including documents in a workflow, items in a supply chain, etc.) We present an inference model that allows for the possibility of the loss of tags (called knockout) that were originally created as part of a sequence of tags, usually in manufacturing or printing as examples. Taken together, the progressive barcode with the inference model is a self-contained mechanism for the support of workflows.

Implications from the Internet Standard: A Potential Bridge Connecting the Copyright Law and Human Rights Law

This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive description on the issues counted in the copyright protection of the Internet Standard. The self-contained mechanism protecting the Internet Standard needs multiple private licenses which make the protection indirect and complicated. Some scholars already recognized the importance of protecting the process under various human rights law contexts, and this thesis is trying to put the progress a little further by attempting to import human rights protection to find an alternative approach.

Dynamic regulation of growing domains for elongating and branching morphogenesis in plants

With their continuous growth, understanding how plant shapes form is fundamentally linked to understanding how growth rates are controlled across different regions of the plant. Much of a plant's architecture is generated in shoots and roots, where fast growth in tips contrasts with slow growth in supporting stalks. Shapes can be determined by where the boundaries between fast- and slow-growing regions are positioned, determining whether tips elongate, branch, or cease to grow. Across plants, there is a diversity in the cell wall chemistry through which growth operates. However, prototypical morphologies, such as tip growth and branching, suggest there are common dynamic constraints in localizing chemical growth catalysts. We have used Turing-type reaction-diffusion mechanisms to model this spatial localization and the resulting growth trajectories, characterizing the chemistry-growth feedback necessary for maintaining tip growth and for inducing branching. The mechanism defining the boundaries between fast- and slow-growing regions not only affects tip shape, it must be able to form new boundaries when the pattern-forming dynamics break symmetry, for instance in the branching of a tip. In previous work, we used an arbitrary concentration threshold to switch between two dynamic regimes of the growth catalyst in order to define growth boundaries. Here, we present a chemical dynamic basis for this threshold, in which feedback between two pattern-forming mechanisms controls the extent of the regions in which fast growth occurs. This provides a general self-contained mechanism for growth control in plant morphogenesis (not relying on external cues) which can account for both simple tip extension and symmetry-breaking branching phenomena.

Basic research and industrial enterprise

Our generation has the dubious privilege of living in the midst of a major scientific revolution, but the roots of that experience go back to the seventeenth century. That earlier phase of the new science and its technological consequences bore witness to several remarkable achievements; these included an understanding of the quantitative factors involved in the transformation of matter, a reasonable description and some explanation of the laws of motion, and some grasp of basic physiological processes, such as the circulation of the blood. These accomplishments were also the product of an emerging awareness of the use of systematic experimentation as an essential instrument of understanding. The scientific revolution of the seventeenth century was itself profoundly influenced byand was influential upon the fluid, formative society in which it found itself. The study of such turning-points has demonstrated that science and society are significantly interactive and interdependent; science is not the product only of individual geniuses, and society is not a self-contained mechanism of material interests. The experiences attendant on major social changes, and the new attitude towards the value of understanding nature, forced the system of knowledge to absorb new and surprisingly large quantities of information and unexpected points of view. With unforseeable consequences, technological apparatus and processes engendered by new inventions and instruments entered into the working of society. This, too, continues as scientific discovery moves from being a theory arising from intellectual imagination and rigour and skill in a laboratory, to industrial or social practicein a sense, from luxury to necessity, from periphery to centre. Fateful and unforeseeable consequences have flowed from the advancement of science. Although it is possible to enumerate an extraordinarily large list of technological triumphs, these have often carried with them a set of subtle, second-order consequences that have only recently been acknowledged as parts of the true cost of progress. It is as if for every overt advance, there is, or has been, an unrecognised covert cost. Conditioned by this history, and accepting the principles that the success of modern industrial enterprise, and of technology which it uses, rests upon the enhancement of understanding through basic research, I try in this paper to assess the issues put before liberal-democratic societies by the developing arrangements between academic institutions and private industrial firms and their possible effect upon the advancement of learning.