Self-cleaning Materials Research Articles

Fabrication of zirconium based coordination polymers for fluorine/silane free superhydrophobic coatings

Biomimicking of superhydrophobic surfaces popularly known as ‘Lotus effect’ has been widely researched as a solution for fabrication of anti-wetting, self-cleaning and functional surfaces. With the ban on the use of toxic perfluorinated materials by Environmental Protection Agency, the alternatives for fabrication of such materials with excellent stability in various conditions has been an area of great research interest. In this work, this property was realized by exploring the imine chemistry as a potential route to fabricate superhydrophobic materials through the modification of the amine group present in aromatic dicarboxylic acids with non-toxic long chain aldehydes followed by the formation of highly stable coordination polymers by reaction with biocompatible metal ions in aqueous conditions. A polymeric base coat served as a means for improving the fixation of the superhydrophobic material on the coated surfaces. The water contact angle of the coated materials increased to 155° with water sliding angles less than 5° making the surface superhydrophobic. Also, a procedure for directed growth of superhydrophobic particles on cellulose mesh was developed and its mechanism was evaluated using FTIR and XPS studies. The prepared material was extremely tolerant towards the action of acids and alkali and was very stable up to 350 °C. Additionally, a simple spray coating technique was demonstrated to overcome the loss of intended property due to the abrasion caused by prolonged use. The prepared material also exhibited good anti-wetting and anti-adhesion properties making this a suitable non-toxic alternative for fabrication of self-cleaning materials and superhydrophobic finish.

Sustained release /self-cleaning zein-based hybrid microcapsule leather finishing material

In this study, zein, Pluronic F127, artemisia argyis essence, and butyl titanate are used to craft zein-based hybrid microcapsule by interfacial condensation and anti-solvent precipitation approach. Morphology and structure of the hybrid microcapsule were characterized by SEM, UDFM, FTIR, XRD and XPS, separately. Sustained release behavior and self-cleaning performance of the hybrid microcapsule were also observed. The results indicated that the average size of zein-based hybrid microcapsule was approximately 6 μm with stable structure. It is worth noting that, this double-shelled microcapsule possessed sustained release behaviors, only 9% of AAE was released after 9 h. Significantly, the TiO2 in the outer shell endows the composite coating with superior self-cleaning performance. The as-prepared hybrid microcapsule finishing material is a good candidate for bio-based functional coatings applied in various fields including leather, paper, painting, cosmetics and so on.

Leak-free, high latent heat and self-cleaning phase change materials supported by layered cellulose/Fe3O4 skeleton for light-to-thermal energy conversion

Phase change materials (PCMs), with the green and reversible thermal storage features, have drawn tremendous interest in the energy storage field. However, their advanced application in solar storage is limited by high energy consumption during fabrication, easy liquid leakage, low latent heat and lack of light-to-thermal conversion capability. Herein, the composite PCMs are fabricated by the co-precipitation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and solvent exchange of molten polyethylene glycol (PEG) into layered cellulose skeleton, which replaces ultrasonic dispersion and vacuum impregnation procedures to reduce the energy consumption. The obtained composite PCMs have no leakage even under the weight of 200 times of its mass due to the supporting function of unique layered cellulose skeleton, revealing their excellent encapsulation effect. The introduced Fe3O4 nanoparticles endow the composite PCMs with enhanced thermal conductivity (12.7–61.9%), excellent light absorption capacity and light-to-thermal conversion efficiency (70.7–86.7%). The composite PCMs also maintain a high latent heat of 172.6–177.7 J/g, corresponding to 95.3–98.1% of that of pure PEG. Furthermore, the composite PCM coated with hydrophobic fluorocarbon resin exhibits the ability to maintain a relatively constant indoor temperature and self-cleaning when fixed atop the model house roof, indicating their promising potentials for applications in thermal regulation of intelligent buildings. Our approach represents a low-energy strategy for the production of leak-free composite PCMs with excellent light-to-thermal energy conversion.

Modified anti-mosquito and self-cleaning fabrics utilizing clove oil–CuO/TiO2 composites

We report on the synthesis of CuO/TiO2 composites via a photo-assisted deposition method. The encapsulated clove oil was synthesized using oil-in-water emulsification. The optimum mass ratio of CuO:TiO2 was combined with encapsulated clove oil and then coated on fabric. The obtained CuO/TiO2 composites were examined using scanning electron microscopy to scrutinize their morphology and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra to identify the composites’ absorption range and bandgap energy. The modified fabrics were then characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that CuO/TiO2 samples possess spheroidal shapes, while the absorption spectra of CuO/TiO2 samples were red-shifted to the visible region as the CuO content increased. Photocatalytic activities of TiO2 and CuO/TiO2 were examined by degrading methylene blue under ultraviolet light, which shows that CuO-doped TiO2 exhibits higher activity than TiO2. The self-cleaning functionality of the modified fabrics was examined using sludge solution, revealing that the modified fabrics with CuO/TiO2 composites and encapsulated clove oil (CLO-CuO/TiO2) exhibit cleaner surfaces than blank fabric. The optimum capacity of the fabrics as repellents was obtained in a sample with the smallest average mosquitoes landing of four.

Chemically Engineered Porous Molecular Coatings as Reactive Oxygen Species Generators and Reservoirs for Long-Lasting Self-Cleaning Textiles.

Wearable personal protective equipment that is decorated with photoactive self-cleaning materials capable of actively neutralizing biological pathogens is in high demand. Here, we developed a series of solution-processable, crystalline porous materials capable of addressing this challenge. Textiles coated with these materials exhibit a broad range of functionalities, including spontaneous reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon absorption of daylight, and long-term ROS storage in dark conditions. The ROS generation and storage abilities of these materials can be further improved through chemical engineering of the precursors without altering the three-dimensional assembled superstructures. In comparison with traditional TiO2 or C3 N4 self-cleaning materials, the fluorinated molecular coating material HOF-101-F shows a 10- to 60-fold enhancement of ROS generation and 10- to 20-fold greater ROS storage ability. Our results pave the way for further developing self-cleaning textile coatings for the rapid deactivation of highly infectious pathogenic bacteria under both daylight and light-free conditions.

Preparation and Particle Size Effects Study of Sustainable Self-Cleaning and Durable Silicon Materials with Superhydrophobic Surface Performance

Preparation and Particle Size Effects Study of Sustainable Self-Cleaning and Durable Silicon Materials with Superhydrophobic Surface Performance

Circular self-cleaning building materials and fabrics using dual doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanomaterials

<abstract> <p>Nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) among other oxides can be used as a prominent photocatalytic nanomaterial with self-cleaning properties. TiO<sub>2</sub> is selected in this research, due to its high photocatalytic activity, high stability and low cost. Metal doping has proved to be a successful approach for enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency of photocatalysts. Photocatalytic products can be applied in the building sector, using both building materials as a matrix, but also in fabrics. In this study undoped and Mn-In, Mn-Cu, In-Ni, Mn-Ni bimetallic doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanostructures were synthesized using the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. Decolorization efficiency of applied nanocoatings on fabrics and 3-D printed sustainable blocks made from recycled building materials was studied, both under UV as well as visible light for Methylene Blue (MB), using a self-made depollution and self-cleaning apparatus. Nanocoated samples showed high MB decolorization and great potential in self-cleaning applications. Results showed that the highest MB decolorization for both applications were observed for 0.25 at% Mn-In doped TiO<sub>2</sub>. For the application of 3-D printed blocks Mn-In and In-Ni doped TiO<sub>2</sub> showed the highest net MB decolorization, 25.1 and 22.6%, respectively. For the application of nanocoated fabrics, three samples (Mn-In, In-Ni and Mn-Cu doped TiO<sub>2</sub>) showed high MB decolorization (58.1, 52.7 and 47.6%, respectively) under indirect sunlight, while under UV light the fabric coated with Mn-In and In-Ni doped TiO<sub>2</sub> showed the highest MB decolorization rate 26.1 and 24.0%, respectively.</p> </abstract>

Deposition and characterization of self-cleaning TiO2 thin films for photovoltaic application

TiO2 is a self-cleaning material generally employed in engineering today because of its excellent physical and chemical characteristics. However, its self-cleaning behavior on photovoltaic panels has not been sufficiently studied and reported in the literature. This study synthesized, deposited and, characterized titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film for self-cleaning photovoltaic application. The TiO2 was synthesized using the sol–gel method and spin coating was used for the deposition on glass substrate at optimized parameters. The characterization was done to ascertain the morphology, structural, chemical bond and absorption spectrum, optical properties, photocatalytic, and thin-film durability. The surface morphology shows a snowflakes-like shape and at higher magnification shows they are clustered and pockets of a linked chain. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the TiO2 thin films deposited and annealed at 600 °C displayed mainly anatase phase in its crystal structure with an average particle size of 15.82 nm. The FTIR analysis revealed prominent bands at 2921.4, 1445.5, and 463 cm−1, with high anatase Titania peaking at 463–349 cm−1. The band for TiOTi stretching vibration is observed at 489 cm−1. Water contact angle measurement proved that the thin film has a super hydrophilic tendency. The TiO2 thin film calcined at 600 °C had a thickness of 63 nm and absorbed light in the UV–visible region starting from a wavelength of 500 nm. The obtained surface morphology for the calcined film encourages photocatalytic and self-cleaning activities on the photovoltaic application as oppose to the non-calcined TiO2 thin film. The snowflake shapes bring out well-exposed surfaces that promote the valuable spectrum of sunlight adsorption on the surface per unit area.

ALD based nanostructured zinc oxide coated antiviral silk fabric.

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of research and development in maintaining public health. Facing unprecedented challenges, the scientific community developed antiviral drugs, virucides, and vaccines to combat the infection within the past two years. However, an ever-increasing list of highly infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants (gamma, delta, omicron, and now ba.2 stealth) has exacerbated the problem: again raising the issues of infection prevention strategies and the efficacy of personal protective equipment (PPE). Against this backdrop, we report an antimicrobial fabric for PPE applications. We have fabricated a nanofibrous silk-PEO material using electrospinning followed by zinc oxide thin film deposition by employing the atomic layer deposition technique. The composite fabric has shown 85% more antibacterial activity than the control fabric and was found to possess substantial superoxide dismutase–mimetic activity. The composite was further subjected to antiviral testing using two different respiratory tract viruses: coronavirus (OC43: enveloped) and rhinovirus (RV14: non-enveloped). We report a 95% reduction in infectious virus for both OC43 and RV14 from an initial load of ∼1 × 105 (sample size: 6 mm dia. disk), after 1 h of white light illumination. Furthermore, with 2 h of illumination, ∼99% reduction in viral infectivity was observed for RV14. High activity in a relatively small area of fabric (3.5 × 103 viral units per mm2) makes this antiviral fabric ideal for application in masks/PPE, with an enhanced ability to prevent antimicrobial infection overall.

Utilization of Melt Fracture Phenomenon for the Preparation of Shark Skin Structured Hydrophobic Film

With the application of biomimetic shark skin microstructures with hydrophobicity in microfluidics, sensors and self-cleaning materials, microstructure processing methods are increasing. The preparation process has higher requirements for processing cost and efficiency. In this paper, linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) hydrophobic films were prepared with the help of melt fracture phenomenon. The equipment is a self-made single screw extruder. By adjusting the process parameters, the biomimetic shark skin structured LLDPE films with good hydrophobic property can be obtained. The surface microstructure shape of the product is related to kinds of additive, die temperature and screw speed. When AC5 was selected as an additive, the optimal processing parameter was found to be 160 °C die temperature and 80 r/min screw speed. A contact angle of 133° was obtained in this situation. In addition, the influences of die temperature and screw speed on the size of shark skin structure were also systematically investigated in this paper. It was found that the microstructure surface with hierarchical roughness had a better hydrophobic property.

Development of robust amphiphobic hierarchical structure on polymer substrate by thermal imprinting and sputter etching

Amphiphobic surfaces are found in many natural organisms for protection from external contamination because they can repel both water and oil. The development of an amphiphobic surface is based on the construction of hierarchical structures and chemical modification. In this study, thermal imprinting and sputter etching were conducted to create a micropillar array and nano-protrusions to form a hierarchical structure. Different hierarchical structures were developed by using different nickel stamps and upon varying the etching time. These structures were modified using an environment-friendly drysurf (G993G3, Harves) solution through a spraying method. The surface presented high repellency toward various liquid droplets with surface tensions ranging from 72 to 22 mN m −1 , with contact angles of 158° for water and 120° for hexadecane. The surface showed good self-cleaning performance without any traces of water droplets or glass bead particles. In addition, various tests including sand abrasion , bending, and immersion tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical and chemical robustness of the hierarchical structure, which exhibited good performance. Hierarchical structures with these excellent properties are expected to be widely applied in surface waterproofing, antifouling, and self-cleaning treatments. • Micropillars with appropriate size are required to create hierarchical structure. • Net-like nanoprotrusions are fabricated on micropillars by sputter etching. • Hierarchical micro/nanostructure shows better amphiphobicity than micropillars. • The amphiphobic surface presents good chemical stability and mechanical robustness. • The amphiphobic surface can be applied as antifouling and self-cleaning materials.

Photocatalytic self-cleaning and antibacterial activity of cotton fabric coated with polyaniline/carbon nitride composite for smart textile application

We have demonstrated the efficacy of a carbon nitride/polyaniline coated cotton fabric, as a smart self-cleaning material. The preparation of carbon nitride (CN) was carried out by thermal polymerization method and polyaniline (PANI) by chemical polymerization technique. The carbon nitride blended conducting polyaniline composite was coated over cotton fabric by using pad dry cure method. The carbon nitride polyaniline composite coated cotton fabrics show improved photocatalytic decomposition efficiency of 90% toward Rhodamine-B dye. The enhanced photocatalytic self-cleaning properties were achieved by using different colored dye stains under simulated solar light irradiation. The carbon nitride polyaniline composite has also shown good antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacteria.

Photocatalyst Activity Indicator Inks, paiis, for Assessing Self-Cleaning Films

ConspectusSemiconductor photocatalysis, usually referred to simply as “photocatalysis” is a relatively new and yet still a growing subject area, which has led to a billion-dollar industry, mostly focused on the production of self-cleaning architectural materials, such as glass, paint, tiles, fabric, plastic and concrete. All such materials need to be tested for activity, but for self-cleaning activity there are few appropriate tests; the International Standards Organization, ISO, for example, have at present only two, both of which are slow and largely ineffective for most commercial self-cleaning products. The photocatalyst community in general, and the manufacturers of self-cleaning photocatalytic products in particular, need a fast, simple, easy to use method of assessing photocatalytic activity, which can also be used to demonstrate the efficacy of self-cleaning materials in minutes, i.e., a quantitative and qualitative test.In this account we highlight our work on photocatalyst activity indicator inks, i.e., paiis, which address the above need and work via the photocatalyzed reduction of a dye, usually resazurin, Rz, and concomitant oxidation of an organic, almost always glycerol. We describe our early work on the Rz ink which showed that, when used to assess photocatalytic film activity, the measured rate of change in color is directly proportional to the measured rate of photocatalyzed mineralization of the popular test pollutants stearic acid, SA, and methylene blue, MB, by O2. We show that photography, coupled with digital color analysis, is just as effective and much less expensive at measuring the rate of color change exhibited by paiis as UV/vis spectrophotometry and also can be used for testing clear and opaque photocatalytic samples in the laboratory and in situ. We demonstrate how the Rz ink can be used to assess the activities of both UV and Visible light absorbing photocatalytic powders and thin films, and highly colored samples. The kinetics of the photocatalyzed color change are outlined, which are zero-order with respect to the initial dye concentration and ink film thickness. We describe the basic features of the recently published Rz-ink based ISO for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of activity of nonporous, flat photocatalytic films.Although the Rz ink is best suited for assessing films of moderate photocatalytic activity, such as found in most examples of commercial self-cleaning glass, other paiis are described which can be used to assess commercial products that have much higher or lower, activities, such as photocatalytic paints and tiles, respectively. Examples of how paiis have been used in research over recent years are given, a highlight of which is their use in the search for a suitable, visible light absorbing photocatalyst alternative to TiO2, that can compete with the latter in terms of cost, durability, stability, and activity. Finally, the novel, photocatalyst-based inks that have been developed as a consequence of the works on paiis are discussed briefly, including ones for, photodepositing metal films and conducting wires on photocatalytic films, cleaning tarnished metals, and indicating UV levels and dose and O2 concentration.

Multifunctional Switchable Nanocoated Membranes for Efficient Integrated Purification of Oil/Water Emulsions.

Surfaces with unusual under-liquid dual superlyophobicity are attractive on account of their widespread applications, but their development remains difficult due to thermodynamic contradiction. Additionally, these surfaces may suffer from limited antifouling ability, which has restricted their practical applications. Herein, we report a successful in situ growth of a hybrid zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 and zinc oxide nanorod on a porous poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane (ZIF-8@ZnO-PPVDF) and its application as a self-cleaning switchable barrier material in rapid filtration for emulsified oily wastewater. The novel ZIF-8@ZnO-PPVDF exhibits superior mechanical strength, reversible under-liquid dual superlyophobicity, photocatalytic self-cleaning property, and an effective alternate separation capacity toward both oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions with ultrahigh fluxes and efficiencies (>99%). By simply using a "bait-hook-eliminate" method to separate the O/W emulsions containing soluble organic pollutants, we demonstrate that the ZIF-8@ZnO-PPVDF can achieve stable separation fluxes over 600 L m-2 h-1 with high efficiencies and be completely/nondestructively regenerated by visible-light irradiation after each cycle. This study would demonstrate a new approach to prepare an under-liquid dual superlyophobic revivable membrane for various applications.

Robust self-cleaning effects of cotton fabrics coated with reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocomposites

The self-cleaning textiles coated with reduced graphene oxide-titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocomposites have enhanced photocatalytic activities and could have great potential in practical applications. However, it is still problematic regarding how to avoid aggregation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets in producing reduced graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposites. In this research article, we propose a new method to reduce the aggregation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets in producing cotton fabrics coated with reduced graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposites by combining vibration-assisted ball milling and hydrothermal synthesis process. The microstructure and photocatalytic-related properties of the resultant reduced graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposites and their coating cotton fabrics were characterized by using a series of techniques including field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Raman, particle size distribution, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller,(BET), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscope (UPS), and photoluminescence (PL). It was indicated that the aggregation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets in reduced graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposites was successfully avoided via ball milling in the presence of tetrabutyl titanate. After hydrothermal treatment, the resulting reduced graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposites were firmly immobilized on cotton fabric. It was demonstrated in the self-cleaning experiments that the resultant self-cleaning cotton fabrics are hydrophilic and could directly decompose color contaminants such as methylene blue, Congo red, and coffee stains under simulated sunlight irradiation due to the photo-degradation reactions of the reduced graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite coating. The reduced graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite-modified cotton fabric also exhibited excellent performance in both robust abrasion resistance and soap-washing resistance. The fabric photocatalytic self-cleaning capability was not found to decrease significantly after being repeatedly used for five times.

The preparation and properties study of novel hydrophobic/superhdrophobic coatings based on fluorine modified perhydropolysilazane

Superhydrophobic materials have received widespread attention due to their special non-wetting properties. Superhydrophobic coatings have important characteristics such as waterproof, self-cleaning, and anticorrosive candle. Therefore, Superhydrophobic coatings have broad application prospects in self-cleaning materials, metal protection, waterproof fabrics, oil-water separation, biological materials, etc. In this article, a novel fluoropolymer fluorine-modified perhydropolysilazane(PHPS) was prepared. The hydrophobic coating and the superhydrophobic coating were fabricated by spraying and flow coating methods, respectively. The water contact angle (CAwater) of the hydrophobic coating and the superhydrophobic coating are 113.0° and 150.1°, respectively. Compared to the PHPS coating, fluorine-modified PHPS coating increased the CAwater dramatically by 22°. In addition, the fluorine-modified PHPS coatings also exhibit excellent adhesion, heat resistance and UV resistance. To sum up, these merits of the fluorine-modified PHPS coatings show great potential of application in hydrophobic/superhydrophobic materials.

Silicon carbide nanowire modified mullite fabric hierarchical structure applied as a stable and self-cleaning superhydrophobic material

Superhydrophobic materials have wide application potential in self-cleaning, anti/de-icing, anticorrosive and oil/water separation. A key challenge for superhydrophobic materials is insufficient stability under harsh conditions. Recently, ceramic materials have been used to prepare superhydrophobic materials due to their intrinsic chemical inertness, high mechanical properties and stability. Here, a stable nonfluorinated superhydrophobic mullite fabric modified by in situ growth of silicon carbide (SiC) nanowires, dopamine and octadecylamine (ODA), was successfully prepared through a simple in situ growth and polymerization method. The modified mullite fabric exhibited repellency to water with a water contact angle (WCA) of more than 150° and a sliding angle (SA) of less than 10°. The modified mullite fabric showed excellent durability against mechanical abrasion while retaining the three-dimensional rough structure due to the SiC nanowires and dopamine anchoring of the ODA tightly onto the surface of SiC nanowires, thus sustaining superhydrophobicity. Moreover, the obtained mullite fabric maintained stable superhydrophobicity under severe environments, such as in corrosive solutions or in organic solvents. We believe that a facile, inexpensive and environmentally friendly approach and a high-performance superhydrophobic material could be applied for many important industrial applications.

Superhydrophobic and photocatalytic self-cleaning cotton fabric using flower-like N-doped TiO2/PDMS coating

Self-cleaning fabrics can be developed based on introducing two mechanisms of superhydrophobicity and photocatalytic activity to conventional fabrics. However, there are some downsides such as inefficiency of superhydrophobic coatings against oily contaminants and low effectiveness of photocatalytic surface treatments under visible light which have restricted the widespread applications of these functional products. This research presents the development of self-cleaning cotton fabric with dual functionalities of superhydrophobicity and photocatalytic activity using microhierarchial TiO2-based particles. It is aimed to fabricate fluorine-free durable superhydrophobic coatings with simultaneous photocatalytic self-cleaning under simulated sunlight. Fluorine-free coating formulations composed of flower-like particles, either TiO2 or nitrogen-doped TiO2, and polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) polymer were applied to cotton fabrics using a facile dip-coating method. The self-cleaning performance of fabrics was assessed based on their superhydrophobicity and effective removal of oil-based stains under simulated sunlight. Additionally, the impact of nitrogen doping on enhancing the photocatalytic activity of flower-like TiO2 particles was investigated. The obtained results demonstrated that the presence of both PDMS and hierarchical particles generated excellent superhydrophobicity on the cotton fabric with a water contact angle of 156.7° ± 1.9°. In addition, the coated fabric exhibited highly efficient photocatalytic activity, decomposing absorbed stains after 30 min of irradiation. Nitrogen doping process significantly boosted the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 particles in degrading food stains and Rhodamine B dye solution. The developed fabrics showed high robustness against chemical and physical durability tests.

Eco-friendly and superhydrophobic nano-starch based coatings for self-cleaning application and oil-water separation

High-performance nano-based superhydrophobic coatings have attracted tremendous attention in a wide range of sectors. As a biodegradable and low-cost natural polymer, starch nanoparticles (SNPs) exhibit significant potential for use in many advanced materials. However, nano-starch based superhydrophobic coatings have not yet been reported. Herein, SNPs/polydimethylsiloxane composites were applied to fabricate these coatings using an environmentally friendly approach. The coating exhibited superhydrophobic (water contact angle >152.0° and sliding angle <9.0°) and self-cleaning properties owing to the hierarchical micro and nanostructures formed by coralloid SNP aggregates combined with the low surface energy of the PDMS covering. Meanwhile, the strong adhesion of PDMS and chemical bonding of SNPs with PDMS endowed the coatings with mechanical and chemical robustness. The excellent oil-water separation abilities of the coating were also comprehensively confirmed. This coating shows the potential application in the development of eco-friendly self-cleaning materials and oily wastewater treatment.

Post-Coronialism Impact on Interior Design Concept for Residential Spaces

Post-Coronialism Impact on Interior Design Concept for Residential Spaces