Self-assessment Scale Research Articles

Providing Inclusive Primary School Education for Children with Special Educational Needs in Wartime Ukraine: Challenges and Current Solutions

Since 2011 primary school students with special educational needs (SEN) in Ukraine have been allowed to study alongside mainstream students in the inclusive education program established by the Ministry of Education and Science. The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 challenged the possibility of maintaining inclusive education for children with SEN, which required providers to find new solutions.
 This paper focuses on the first response of inclusion providers in the Ukrainian primary school education system to the challenges of working in wartime from February to May 2022, using teachers in the city of Kryvyi Rih as a case study.
 A quasi-experimental study (n=495) involved a group of inclusion providers (n=92) in comparison to mainstream primary school teachers (n=403). The research included: collecting data on the professional qualifications and experience of the teachers; questions on changes in the educational process and the number of students; the Psychological Stress Measure; Oldenburg Burnout Inventory; Brief Resilience Scale; and Miroshnyk Teacher’s Roles Self-Assessment Scale (MiTeRoSA), designed as an online survey.
 The inclusion providers faced numerous challenges due to the war, namely, (a) the enormous workload of preparing for classes (φ*=8.7, p<.01), the extended non-educational work assignments (φ*=5.5, p<.01), working with students (φ*=2.9, p<.01) and their parents (φ*=3.5, p<.01), (b) volunteering at school, and (c) the changed composition of student groups, i.e., students who left school and fled the area (in 64.1% of responses) and incoming students displaced from combat zones (27.2%). Struggling with stress and burnout (self-reported by 48.91% of inclusion providers), using psychological self-care skills and social resilience capacity through the support of the student's parents and colleagues, primary school teachers invented and implemented seven ways to maintain education for the students with SEN, the kind of which depended on the teacher's professional role structure and available social support.

Psychological disorders in women of fertile age and postmenopausal women with advanced cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is a very preventable disease that poses a significant threat to women, especially in countries with low economic development. The aim of the study was to study some aspects of the psychological status of patients with cervical cancer. The psychological status of patients with cervical cancer (n = 83) was studied at the Osh Interregional Oncology Center (Republic of Kyrgyzstan) using the hospital scale of anxiety and depression (HADS) and the scale of self-assessment of the level of reactive and personal anxiety (the test of Spielberger-Khanin). Patients diagnosed with cervical cancer are a vulnerable group for the development of psychological disorders, and they need screening programs that can potentially identify candidates for psychotherapeutic treatment. The hospital scale of depression and anxiety showed that patients of both fertile and postmenopausal age have a high frequency of clinically expressed anxiety, more common among the latter. However, signs of depression were more pronounced among those of fertile age, compared with postmenopausal. Regarding reactive and personal anxiety, the frequency of their spread was the same among people of fertile and postmenopausal age.

The relationships among metacognitive functions, sleep-related thought-control strategies and sleep quality: A mediation analysis.

In the context of sleep disturbances, increasing evidence suggests a critical role of sleep-related dysfunctional metacognitive activity, including metacognitive control of intrusive thoughts in the pre-sleep period. Although the relationship between sleep-related thought-control strategies and poor sleep quality is well recognized, the possible contribution of general metacognitive functioning within this relation is still unclear. In this study, we performed a mediation analysis to examine the role of thought-control strategies on the relationship between metacognitive abilities and sleep quality in individuals with different self-reported sleep characteristics. Two-hundred and forty-five individuals participated in the study. Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Thought Control Questionnaire Insomnia-Revised, and the Metacognition Self-Assessment Scale to evaluate sleep quality, thought-control strategies and metacognitive functions, respectively. The results showed that worry strategy in the pre-sleep period mediates the relationship between metacognitive functions and sleep quality. Particularly, the ability to understand one's mental states and mastery functions could be the two metacognitive domains primarily involved in the dysfunctional metacognitive thought-control activity responsible for reduced sleep quality. The observed effect suggests that inadequate metacognitive functioning is associated with poor sleep quality in healthy subjects via the mediation of dysfunctional worry strategy. These findings suggest the potential relevance of clinical interventions to enhance specific metacognitive abilities, with the aim to promote more functional strategies for managing cognitive and emotional processes during the pre-sleep period.

Staff competence in caring for LGBTQ+ patients in the paediatric emergency department

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the competency of paediatric emergency department (PED) multidisciplinary staff in caring for LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, + inclusive of all identities) adolescents.DesignThis was...

Classroom interaction and metacognition by ‘enculturation’ of thinking in early education

ABSTRACT This case study explores the impact of a thinking-based teacher training and professional development programme on the quality of classroom interactions and on students’ metacognitive capacity in early childhood education and elementary first-grade classrooms. The study was conducted in a Spanish school, and the sample comprised 13 educators and 117 students aged 4 to 7 years old. The self-assessment scale of cultural forces for the promotion of thinking was used to analyze the change in the self-perception of teachers after the completion of the thinking-based training programme. The Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) was used to assess teacher–student interactions, and the drawing-telling technique was used to analyze students’ metacognitive capacity. The results reveal that the thinking-based teacher training improved their self-assessment as teachers that promote thinking, enhance the quality of classroom interactions (organisation and learning support), and develop children’s metacognitive processes. These findings indicate that a culture of thinking helps to develop key skills for twenty-first-century teachers and students.

Spirituality and Attitudes Toward Death Among Older Adults in Rural and Urban China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate spirituality and attitudes toward death among rural and urban elderly. We asked 134 older adults from rural areas and 128 from urban areas to complete a self-administrated questionnaire including the Spiritual Self-assessment Scale and Death Attitude Scale. The fear and anxiety of death, escape acceptance, natural acceptance, approach acceptance, and death avoidance scores of older adults living in rural areas were higher than those living in urban areas. The construction of social infrastructure and medical care should be strengthened in rural areas so as to improve older adults' attitudes toward death.

Constructing and validating a self-assessment scale for Chinese college English-major students’ feedback knowledge repertoire in EFL academic writing: Item response theory and factor analysis approaches

Constructing and validating a self-assessment scale for Chinese college English-major students’ feedback knowledge repertoire in EFL academic writing: Item response theory and factor analysis approaches

Conceptualizations of Happiness and Vegetarianism: Empirical Evidence from University Students in Spain

Vegetarianism improves human and planetary health in addition to animal welfare. Motivations for meat-reduced diets include health-related and ethical reasons, with the latter being the main driver for eschewing meat. However, evidence on vegetarian happiness is inconclusive and the results reported are mixed. This constitutes a challenge for policy aiming to encourage people to shift toward plant-based diets. In this research, we aim to provide some evidence on this question: to what extent is there a link between the different moral codes related to ideas of happiness and vegetarianism? To do so, we apply the happiness moral codes from the Conceptual Referent Theory, and assess vegetarianism from the perspective of the psychological aspect of vegetarian identity (flexitarian, pescatarian, lacto-ovo vegetarian, and vegan) and dietary behavior (vegetarian self-assessment scale). Analyzing a sample of university students in Spain, we discover that some happiness constructs (tranquility, fulfilment, and virtue) are positively related to vegetarianism while others are inversely related (enjoyment and stoicism). In terms of policy implications, we find that ethical grounds one holds on happiness in relation to vegetarianism may play a role in fostering or hindering plant-based lifestyles.Graphical

Correlations of Oral Hygiene and Health Behavior of Teenagers Living in the Cumulatively Disadvantaged Northern Region of Hungary

Abstract Objective In the present research, we aim to highlight the urgent need for prevention and health education by exploring the oral health indicators of the most deprived groups in Northern Hungary, especially in the light of the severely negative effects (pandemic) and circumstances of the past years. Material and Method The study included 111 students living in Borsod-Abaúj Zemplén county with a high level of disadvantage, but studying in a secondary school in a large city, average age 16.2±1.5 years, gender ratio 37.3/62.7(%).We performed a dental screening, completed a questionnaire on lifestyle and health behaviour, and used Rosenberg Self-Assessment Scale, Shame Experience Scale. Results Dental status of the students is poor, with many decay and few filled teeth. They consumed energy drink, alcoholic drink (strong alcohol) in high percent, and this occurs great frequency in the family. Students exercise little outside of class, do not play sports regularly, and hardly ever see their parents playing sports. Students do little physical activity outside of school, do not play sport regularly and their parents are hardly ever seen playing sport. Their feelings of shame are minimal and their self-esteem low, many have special educational needs. Conclusion Together, the results can increase the separation of these social groups to an extent that is already difficult to manage even at the level of society as a whole. All of this calls for cooperation between psychopedagogues, special education teachers and health professionals.

The Content of the Attitudes “I Am Now” and “I Am an Adult” in Adolescents with Different Characteristics of Personal Maturity

Introduction. In the modern world, there is an expansion of the spectrum of transition trajectories to adulthood in adolescents and young people as well as the increased importance of “subjective markers of adulthood”, which represent a set of qualities of a “mature personality”. There is no idea about the specifics of the growing up trajectories among modern adolescents, taking into account their psychological characteristics. The purpose of the article is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the images “I am now” and “I am an adult” in adolescents with different levels of personal maturity. Materials and Methods. The survey involved 1 097 adolescents aged between 13 – 17. The method of contrast groups by the Self-assessment Scale of personal maturity allowed to identify subgroups of adolescents with high and low levels of personal maturity. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the attitudes “I am now” and “I am an adult” obtained by the modified “Who am I?” technique were compared in these subgroups. Results. Regardless of the characteristics of personal maturity, adolescents include more elements in the attitudes “I am now” than in “I am an adult”; the core of both attitudes includes mainly the characteristics of the socio-demographic, formalized and individualized Self. Differences between the subgroups of adolescents with HPM and LPM include: different age dynamics of the number of elements in the attitudes “I am now” and “I am an adult” (a consistent decrease in the number of elements in adolescents with HPM against an absence of significant changes in the sample of their peers with LPM), as well as a more significant contribution of the characteristics of social-role functioning in attitudes “I am now” and “I am an adult” in adolescents with HPM. Discussion and Conclusion. The research contributes to the understanding of the psychological characteristics of modern adolescents who are at the stage of transition to adulthood. The results will be useful for the practice of psychological and pedagogical support of growing up and psychological counseling on personal self-determination in adolescence.

Effects of sleep quality on suicide risk in COVID-19 patients: The chain mediating of anxiety and depressive symptoms

BackgroundAlthough current studies have identified sleep disorders as an independent risk factor for suicide, the relationship between sleep disorders and suicide risk has not been well established. This study explored whether anxiety and depressive symptoms are used as mediators to participate in the impact of sleep quality on suicide risk. MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study. We administered a psychological questionnaire to the participants, using a combination of self-assessment and psychiatrist assessment.Sleep quality, suicide risk, level of anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed by PSQI, NGASR, SAS and SDS.The study subjects were 391 hospitalized COVID-19 patients from Wuhan hospitals. We used model 6 in the PROCESS (version 3.5) plug-in of SPSS software to conduct mediation test with sleep quality as the independent variable, suicide risk as the dependent variable, level of anxiety and depressive symptoms as intermediate variables. ResultsThe severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms and the risk of suicide in the sleep disorder group (63.15 ± 13.71, 59.85 ± 13.38, 6.52 ± 3.67) were higher than those in the non-sleep disorder group (49.83 ± 13.14, 44.87 ± 10.19, 2.87 ± 3.26) (P < 0.001). The mediation model works well, The total indirect effect was 0.22 (95%CI = [0.17, 0.28]), and the direct effect was 0.16 (95%CI = [0.08, 0.24]). LimitationsThis study used a self-assessment scale. ConclusionsAnxiety and depressive symptoms played a chain mediating role between sleep quality and suicide risk.

Automatic anxiety recognition method based on microblog text analysis.

Mental health has traditionally been assessed using a self-report questionnaire. Although this approach produces accurate results, it has the disadvantage of being labor-intense and time-consuming. This study aimed to extract original text information published by users on the social media platform (Sina Weibo). A machine learning method was used to train the model and predict the anxiety state of the user automatically. Data of 1,039 users were collected. First, Weibo users were invited to fill the anxiety self-assessment scale. All original text data ever published by the users were collected. Second, the Simplified Chinese-Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (SC-LIWC) were extracted for feature selection and model training. We found that the model achieved the best performance when the XGBoostRegressor algorithm was used. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the model predicted scores and self-reported scores was moderate (r = 0.322). In addition, we tested the reliability of the model, and found that the model had high reliability (r = 0.72). The experimental results further showed that the model was feasible and effective and could use the digital footprints to predict psychological characteristics.

Development of a self-evaluation scale of nursing practices for improving sleep quality among dementia patients taking sleeping pills

Background &amp; Aim: Many patients with dementia experience sleep-related issues. However, the nursing practices that address those issues are unclear. Therefore, to develop a self-assessment scale of nursing practices to improve sleep quality in patients with dementia taking sleep medication and confirm its validity and reliability.&#x0D; Methods &amp; Materials: In this mixed-methods study, qualitative research was conducted by interviewing six expert-level nurses with a wealth of experience in caring for patients with dementia; then, quantitative survey questions were administered. The preliminary scale was created and evaluated its face validity. This quantitative study was conducted using questionnaire surveys among nurses with psychiatric ward experience employed at dementia treatment centers across Japan. Data from 525 nurses were used to verify the validity and reliability of the scale.&#x0D; Results: Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a three-factor, 16-item scale. Criterion validity was confirmed by calculating correlation coefficients with existing scales (the self-evaluation scale of oriented problem-solving behavior in nursing practice) as external criteria (r= 0.574, p&lt; .05). The sum of scale scores and Cronbach’s α coefficients for the three factors all exceeded 0.7.&#x0D; Conclusion: The development of this scale will improve the quality of nursing practice for patients with dementia who take sleeping pills. Additionally, it provides foundational research on nursing practice for the appropriate use of medications, as it offers evidence that nurses participate in drug treatment.

Cognitive Fusion, Ruminative Response Style and Depressive Spectrum Symptoms in a Sample of University Students.

Psychological inflexibility is related to depressive symptoms through the 'ruminative response style' (RR) and 'cognitive fusion' (CF). We aimed at exploring whether university students were more exposed to CF, RR and depressive symptoms because of their intellectual performance than non-university students of the same age. We compared university students (US) (n = 105) vs. non-university students (NUS) (n = 76) through online administration of the 'Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire' (CFQ-7), the 'Depression-Zung Self-Assessment Scale' (ZSDS) and the 'Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire' (PTQ) (study protocol #0077818/2022, approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Pisa, Italy). University students scored significantly higher than non-university students in the CFQ-7 Total Score (27.5 ± 9.4 vs. 24.4 ± 9.5; p = 0.040), ZSDS Total Score (41.1 ± 7.7 vs. 39.0 ± 7.3; p = 0.031), PTQ Total Score (26.1 ± 13.1 vs. 21.8 ± 13.9; p = 0.029), PTQ 'Repetitiveness' (5.3 ± 2.8 vs. 4.5 ± 2.9; p = 0.034), 'Intrusiveness' (5.8 ± 3.0 vs. 4.8 ± 3.1; p = 0.046) and 'Repetitive Negative Thinking capturing mental resources' (5.0 ± 3.1 vs. 4.0 ± 3.0; p = 0.013) (MANOVA analysis). In a binary logistic regression analysis of US (with ZSDS scores < 44 vs. ≥44 as the dependent variable, and PTQ Total Score and dimensions, CFQ-7 Total Score, age and gender as the covariates), PTQ Total Score predicted the more severe depressive symptomatology (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.017-2.039; p = 0.040). We believe that RR and CF should be specifically targeted through psychoeducational/psychotherapeutic interventions in university students.

Validity and reliability of a Chinese version of the self-evaluation of negative symptoms.

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia can be present at any clinical stage, but evaluating the negative symptoms always remains challenging. To screen the negative symptoms effectively, self-evaluation should be introduced. To date, professional psychiatrists used almost all of the scales available to screen the negative symptoms but could not obtain an accurate outcome. At the same time, an advanced self-assessment scale is needed to accompany the patients' self-feeling-based treatment strategies to understand their feelings about their symptoms. Hence, Chinese self-evaluation of negative symptoms (SNS) should be introduced in China. This study aims to examine the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of SNS. Two hundred patients with schizophrenia were included in this study and were evaluated entirely with the self-assessed negative symptoms by the Chinese version. The correlation analysis was performed between SNS and the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) to assess the criterion validity of SNS for screening negative symptoms. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the constructive validity of the SNS. Two senior professional psychiatrists were involved in this assessment based on their clinical experience and capability to define the severity of the negative symptoms. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the cutoff point of SNS. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficient were used to determine the reliability of SNS. We have the following findings: The Chinese version of SNS demonstrated a significant correlation with the SANS (r=.774, p<.05). Exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that the factor loading varies from .442 to .788. ROC analysis demonstrated that at SNS≥8, the patients demonstrated a mild severity of negative symptoms, and at SNS≥15, the patients demonstrated a severe severity of negative symptoms. Subsequently, 9<SNS<14 was defined as a moderate severity of negative symptoms. The Cronbach's alpha and ICC coefficients of the Chinese version SNS were .877 and .774, respectively. Our results showed that the acceptable validity and reliability of the Chinese version of SNS confirmed that SNS is an ideal tool for self-assessment of the negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.

Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical correlates of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders in chaperones for children in the emergency department in China during COVID-19.

The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, Hubei Province, in 2019 and its rapid spread across the country caused severe public panic in China. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mental health problems of children's chaperones at the emergency clinic during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and to analyze the related influencing factors. A total of 260 chaperones for children in the emergency department participated in this cross-sectional study through the questionnaire constellation platform. The survey period was from February to June 2021. Information collected included demographic data and mental health scales. The Self-Assessment Scale for Anxiety, the Self-Rating Scale for Depression, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index assessed anxiety, depression, and sleep quality, respectively. Logistic regression was used to analyze influential factors associated with mental health problems. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders among family members accompanying children attending the emergency room was 41.54%, 20.00%, and 93.08%, respectively, with 21.54% of family members suffering from moderate sleep disorders. Univariate analysis showed that being in Wuhan or not during the city closure (X2 = 8.61, P < .01) was strongly associated with the occurrence of depression; female (X2 = 4.87, P = .03), working or not (X2 = 6.39, P = .01) and fear of going to the hospital (X2 = 7.80, P = .01) were key factors for the occurrence of anxiety symptoms; Knowledge of transmission routes and prevention of COVID-19 (X2 = 12.56, P = .03) was a key factor for sleep disorders; logistic stepwise regression analysis showed that fear of going to the hospital was a risk factor for anxiety symptoms (odds ratio = 2.51, P < .01, 95% confidence interval = 1.30-4.85). Our findings suggest that mental health problems were prevalent among family members accompanying children attending the emergency department during the COVID-19 outbreak, with a high prevalence of sleep disturbances in particular. Relevant factors included presence or absence in Wuhan during the outbreak closure, gender, work or absence, and fear of hospital visits. There is a need to focus on the mental health distress of the chaperones for children in the emergency department, and to provide timely intervention and diversion.

Comparison of SSS-CN and PHQ-15 in the evaluation of patients with suspected psychological disorders in cardiovascular medicine.

Somatic Symptom Scale-China (SSS-CN) has been applied to assess the presence and severity of somatization symptom disorders (SSD) in Chinese patients. However, there was no study comparing SSS-CN with Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15). The aim of this study was to compare the consistency of the SSS-CN with the PHQ-15 in evaluating SSD in patients with suspected psychological disorders in cardiovascular medicine and to explore the relationship between scores on the two SSD self-rating scales and scores on self-rating scales for anxiety or depression. In this study, 1,324 subjects were enrolled by using a "three-question method." Then, they completed four self-assessment scales, i.e., SSS-CN, PHQ-15, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), in turn. The ability of SSS-CN to diagnose SSD was analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the area under the curve (AUC) value, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. Reliability analysis was performed with the Kappa statistic to determine consistency between SSS-CN and PHQ-15. The relationship between two qualitative variables was analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis. The proportions of SSD evaluated by SSS-CN and PHQ-15 were 83.2 and 87.0%, respectively. SSS-CN score was significantly correlated with PHQ-15 one (r = 0.709, p < 0.001). The AUC of the SSS-CN for the diagnosis of SSD was 0.891, with a high sensitivity and acceptable specificity. There was a moderate agreement between SSS-CN and PHQ-15 in assessing SSD, with a Kappa value of 0.512. Anxiety and/or depression were detected in about 70% of patients with SSD. There was significant correlation between the score of each SSD scale and that of GAD-7 or PHQ-9 (SSS-CN: r = 0.614 or 0.674; PHQ-15: r = 0.444 or 0.582, all p < 0.001). In addition, the SSS-CN score was more closely correlated with the GAD-7 or PHQ-9 score than the PHQ-15 score, and a higher proportion of patients with anxiety or depression was detected in those with moderate and severe SSD evaluated by SSS-CN. The SSS-CN could be one of the ideal scales for the rapid screening of patients with suspected psychological disorders in cardiovascular medicine.

The impact of SARS-Cov-2 pandemic on mental health in medical staff

IntroductionSARS-Cov-2 pandemic resulted in a great amount of mental health suffering both in patients, families and medical staff.ObjectivesTo assess the personal impact of SARS-Cov-2 management in hospital health care staff.MethodsThe study included 300 participants, comprising medical staff, 150 of which directly treated patients with SARS-Cov-2 infection, whilst the rest did not. Participants were asked to fill in online self-assessment scales: PSS-10 (Perceived Stress Scale), BAI (Beck Anxiety Inventory), BDI (Beck Depression Inventory), and SSOSH (Self Stigma of Seeking Psychology Help Scale). The data were collected at the end of 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic with the Omicron variant.Results238 (79.3%) women and 62 (20.7%) men responded to the online assessment. Participants working in COVID wards had higher scores for anxiety and depression (χ²=12.21, p=0.007). The intensity of depression and anxiety (BDI / BAI) depends on the professional degree (higher in senior specialists and specialists than in nurses and residents), working in shifts (χ²=8.77, p=0.01) and recent contact with patients infected with SARS-Cov-2 (χ²=76.10, p&lt;0.0001). Regarding PSS-10 total scores, participants that had contact with 1-10 SARS-Cov-2 patients during the past month had significantly higher scores than those who did not. SSOSH showed that participants who had more than 5 on-calls per month had significantly higher scores than the participants who had one on-call per month (p=0.008). Logistical regression showed that participants who had higher BDI scores had a probability of 136.67 times higher (95% CI [16.42; 1137.53]) to present high stress levels.ConclusionsRespondents who had higher scores in the BDI (and not other assessment scales) had by far the highest probability of developing high stress levels.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Primary Education in Wartime: How the Russian Invasion Affected Ukrainian Teachers and the Educational Process in Kryvyi Rih

The ability of children in Ukraine to continue their primary education after the Russian invasion is inextricably linked to the direct providers of education – primary school teachers. This study aimed to clarify the psychological effects of the war on Ukrainian primary school teachers and their everyday educational activities, using teachers in the city of Kryvyi Rih as a case study. The research design included personal and professional data, questions on changes in students and the educational process, Psychological Stress Measure (PSM-9), Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), and Miroshnyk Teacher’s Roles Self-Assessment Scale (MiTeRoSA) integrated into an online survey conducted three months after the invasion. In the results, primary education in Ukraine during the invasion required teachers (n=495) to make significant changes in their work, namely shifts in schedules, increased workload, conducting remote lessons, providing tutoring for certain students, conducting crisis interventions with a broader range of subjects, and volunteering. The majority of the surveyed practitioners experienced considerable stress due to a significant increase in the amount of time they spent preparing their lessons. The psychological conditions of primary school teachers depended on the number of students who were expelled and new students who had been evacuated from other war-torn regions, the ability of school administrators to re-organize the work for online teaching, and perceived support from colleagues. All of these factors along with resilience were predictors of stress and burnout among teachers in wartime. Teachers experiencing burnout, especially exhaustion, high-stress scores, and low levels of resilience frequently evaluated the performance of their students with more leniency. In addition to a list of typical teachers’ roles (MiTeRoSA), teachers indicated frequently taking on the new roles of a ‘tutor’ and a ‘crisis counselor’ in response to the war.

IMPLEMENTATION OF PRACTICAL E-LEARNING MODEL ON K.A.P (PSYCOMOTOR AFFECTIVE COGNITIVE) IN MIDWIFE STUDENTS IN THE ERA OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; The outbreak of the corona virus (Covid-19) poses challenges for educational institutions, especially those based on clinical practice skills. E-learning is one of the best solutions for distance learning to protect students and teaching staff from the transmission of the Covid-19 virus. The DIII Midwifery Study Program curriculum consists of 40% theory and 60% practice. The study program manager determines practical learning using learning videos. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the practical e-learning model on K.A.P (Affective Psychomotor Cognitive) in midwifery students in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; This reseach was a cross-sectional conducted on May-July, 2021. Cognitive assessment used multiple choice questions (MCQ), affective assessment used a self-assessment scale questionnaire that was valid and reliable (0.877&amp;gt; 0.235), Student psychomotor assessment was carried out using Skills checklist assessment sheet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Result:&lt;/strong&gt; The results showed the significance value of each variable (0.001 &amp;lt;0.05) which means that there is an influence of the practical e-learning model on the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains of students in the course of maternity midwifery care.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;There is an effect of practical e-learning model on the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains of the students after the practical of e-learning model&lt;/p&gt;