Self-adhesive Cement Research Articles

Effect of thermomechanical aging on bond strength and interface morphology of glass fiber and zirconia posts bonded with a self-etch adhesive and a self-adhesive resin cement to natural teeth

Information regarding the effect of thermomechanical aging (TMA) on the bond strength of luting cements to root canal dentin and endodontic posts is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of TMA on the bond strength of fiber and zirconia posts bonded to root canal dentin with 2 different resin cements with microtensile and scanning electron microscopic evaluation. Eighty extracted single-rooted human premolars were endodontically treated and restored with either a glass fiber post (FP) or a zirconia post (ZP) with 2 commercially available resin luting cements. The teeth were divided into 2 main groups. In the first group, posts (n=40) were bonded with a self-etch adhesive cement (SEAC). In the second group (n=40), posts were bonded using a self-adhesive cement (SAC). During the first aging phase, all specimens in each group were stored in distilled water for 30 days at 37°C. During the second phase, half of the specimens in each group were subjected to the TMA. The test groups were as follows: FP/SEAC, FP/SEAC+TMA, ZP/SEAC, ZP/SEAC+TMA, FP/SAC, FP/SAC+TMA, ZP/SAC, and ZP/SAC+TMA. The bond strength was measured with a microtensile test. Data were analyzed by 3-way analysis of variance and the Tukey honest significant different test (α=.05). FP/SEAC at 30 days was higher than in the other groups. However, bond strength values were significantly reduced in this group after TMA (P<.001). Bond strength values and physical properties of SEAC with higher filler content were more affected by the TMA than those of SALC. According to scanning electron microscopic observation, TMA also affected the micromorphologic interface between the posts and the resin cements as well as between the resin cements and the root canal dentin.

Effect of Long-term Simulated Pulpal Pressure on the Bond Strength and Nanoleakage of Resin-luting Agents With Different Bonding Strategies

This study evaluated the effects of simulated hydrostatic pulpal pressure (SPP) on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin and nanoleakage patterns produced by self-adhesive luting agents after 12 months. Three self-adhesive luting agents (RelyX Unicem [UN], RelyX U100 [UC], and Clearfil SA Luting [SA]) and three conventional luting agents (Rely X ARC [RX], Panavia F [PF], and a two-step self-etching adhesive system [Clearfil SE Bond] associated with Panavia F [PS]) were evaluated. One hundred twenty-three human molars were abraded to expose occlusal surfaces. Resin cements were used to lute cylindrical composite blocks to the teeth either subjected or not to SPP. Sixty specimens were subjected to 15 cm H2O of SPP for 24 hours before and 24 hours or 12 months after cementation procedures. Afterward, restored teeth were serially sectioned into beams with a cross-sectional area of 1 mm(2) at the bonded interface and were tested in tension (cross-head speed of 1 mm/min). Failure mode was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were statistically analyzed by three-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test (p=0.05). Two additional teeth in each group were serially sectioned into 0.9-mm-thick slabs, which were submitted to a nanoleakage protocol with AgNO3 and analyzed with scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The μTBS values of the etch-and-rinse group (RX) were negatively influenced by SPP and long-term water storage with SPP. After 12 months, UC and SA presented premature failures in all specimens when submitted to SPP. SPP increased silver deposition in most groups in both evaluation times. The hydrostatic pulpal pressure effect was material dependent. The storage time without SPP did not affect bond strength. However, long-term SPP influenced the performance of the etch-and-rinse and self-adhesive cements regarding μTBS and nanoleakage pattern, except to UN.

The effect of endodontic chemicals on the retention of fiber posts luted using a self-adhesive cement

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of endodontic chemical substances on the retention of fiber posts luted using a self-adhesive cement. Single-canal human roots of 75 teeth were divided into 5 groups (n = 15). Root canals were instrumented with one of the following substances: 0.9% NaCl (control); 5.25% sodium hypochlorite; 5.25% Sodium hypochlorite + 17% EDTA; 2% chlorhexidine gel; 2% chlorhexidine gel + 17% EDTA. After chemo-mechanical preparation, fiber post cementation was performed with self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX Unicem, 3 M/ESPE). One-way ANOVA was performed followed by a multiple comparison Tukey post hoc test (α = 5%). The use of 2% chlorhexidine gel resulted bond strength statistically similar to the control group (p = 0.418), which was higher than the other groups. A final irrigation with 17% EDTA significantly reduced bond strength (p < 0.001). The use of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite negatively affected the bond strength, either with or without a final irrigation with 17% EDTA (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that 2% chlorhexidine gel used during endodontic chemo-mechanical preparation, without a final irrigation with 17% EDTA, promotes a more favorable condition to the retention of fiber posts luted using a self-adhesive cement than 5.25% sodium hypochlorite.

Microleakage Of Composite Inlays Luted With Self-Adhesive Cements

Objective: To evaluate the microleakage of three self-adhesive cements and one etch & rinse resin cement on dentin and enamel interfaces. Methods: 48 inlays preparations (n=12) with enamel and dentin margins were performed on extracted teeth. After impressions, indirect composite inlays were manufactured and luted with self-adhesive resin cements (RelyX U100, Maxcem or SpeedCem) or an etch & rinse resin cement (Nexus 3). Restored teeth were thermocycled and immersed in a silver nitrate solution. Specimens were cut through restorations, surfaces were photographed and microleakage was measured with aid of computer software (Image J). Statistical analysis was realized with Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test (P<0.05). Results: Statistical analysis of enamel-cement interfaces showed that Nexus provided better marginal sealing than Speedcem (p<0.05). Considering dentin-cement interface, RelyX U100 presented the smaller microleakage degree than Speedcem and Maxcem (p<0.05). Conclusions: Among self-adhesive resin cements, RelyX U100 showed better sealing ability of enamel and dentin margins and its performance was comparable to Nexus 3.

Microtensile bond strength between indirect composite resin inlays and dentin: effect of cementation strategy and mechanical aging.

To evaluate the microtensile bond strength of indirect resin composite inlays to dentin using two cementation strategies, before and after mechanical aging. Standardized inlay cavities (bucco-lingual width: 3 mm; depth: 4 mm) were prepared in 32 human premolars. The teeth were embedded in self-curing acrylic resin up to 3 mm from the cementoenamel junction, impressions were made using a polyvinyl siloxane material, master dies were obtained using type 4 stone, and inlay composite resin restorations were fabricated (Sinfony, 3M ESPE). The teeth were randomly allocated into 4 groups according to the cementation strategy (conventional [C] and simplified [S]) and aging (mechanical cycling [MC] and not aged): C[G1]: Adper SingleBond + RelyX ARC without aging; CMC[G2]: conventional cementation + mechanical cycling (106 cycles, 88 N, 4 Hz, ± 37°C); S[G3]: self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U-100) without aging; SMC[G4] self-adhesive cementation + mechanical cycling. Intaglio surfaces of composite inlays were treated by tribochemical silica coating in G1 and G2, while G3 and G4 received no surface treatment. Non-aged specimens were stored in a moist environment at ca 37°C for the same period as MC (3 days). Non-trimmed beam specimens (bonding area = 1 mm²) were produced by serial cutting, and microtensile testing was performed (0.5 mm/min). Two-way ANOVA showed that the microtensile bond strength was affected only by cementation strategy (p < 0.0001). Tukey's test showed that groups G1 (35.1 ± 9.1) and G2 (32.7 ± 10.7) presented significantly higher bond strength values than G3 (8.7 ± 6.3) and G4 (5.2 ± 4.6). The use of a conventional adhesive technique and tribochemical silica coating resulted in higher μTBS than the one-step simplified cementation, even after mechanical cycling.

Self-Adhesive Cements and All Ceramic Crowns : A Review

Adhesive bonding techniques and modern all-ceramic systems offer a wide range of highly esthetic treatment options. The inherent brittleness of some ceramic materials and certain clinical situations require resin bonding of the restoration to the tooth for long-term clinical success. A surface pretreatment of the ceramic and the tooth is necessary to obtain a good adhesion. The clinician faces many problems when luting restorations such as the choice of the appropriate agent depending on the restoration material, the technique sensitivity and the necessity of applying different luting materials. To overcome some of the disadvantages of the conventional and resin cements, self-adhesive cements were introduced to the market. They do not require any pretreatment of the tooth surface and their application is accomplished in a single clinical step. A wide literature review was conducted, through a MEDLINE search. Articles that treat self-adhesives properties were selected. According to in vitro studies, self-adhesive cement adhesion to dentin and to all-ceramic materials is satisfactory and comparable to other multistep resin cements. Randomized clinical trials and long-term in vitro studies are necessary prior to any recommendation regarding their use. Les techniques de collage et les systemes d’adhesifs modernes offrent un large eventail d’options de traitements esthetiques. Dans certaines situations cliniques, la fragilite inherente a certains materiaux en ceramique exige le collage de la restauration a la dent a l’aide d’un ciment a base de resine pour une meilleure perennite. Un traitement prealable de la surface de la ceramique et de celle de la dent est necessaire pour obtenir une bonne adherence. Le clinicien est confronte a de nombreux problemes lors du collage des restaurations tels que le choix de l’agent approprie en fonction du materiau de restauration et la necessite de proceder souvent par etapes. Pour pallier a certains inconvenients des ciments conventionnels, des ciments auto-adhesifs ont ete introduits sur le marche. Ces derniers ne necessitent pas un traitement prealable de la surface dentaire et ils sont appliques en une seule etape. Une revue de la litterature a ete realisee par une recherche sur MEDLINE. Les articles qui traitent des ciments auto- adhesifs ont ete selectionnes. Selon les etudes obtenues, l’adhesion du ciment auto-adhesif a la dentine et aux restaurations en ceramique est satisfaisante et comparable aux autres ciments en resine conventionnels. Des essais cliniques randomises et de long-terme sont necessaires avant toute recommandation concernant l’utilisation des ciments auto-adhesifs.

Resin Tags Have No Contribution On Push-Out Bond Strength Of Self-Adhesive Resin Cement

Aim: To assess the contribution of resin tags in the interfacial bond strength of self-adhesive cement used to lute fiber posts into root canals. Methodology: Twenty extracted human canine teeth were selected and root filled. Roots were randomly assigned into two groups (n=10) according to pre-treatment of root dentin: non-etched (G1) or etched using 37% phosphoric acid (G2). Glass fiber posts (White Post) were luted into the root canals using the self-adhesive cement RelyXTM UniChem. Before insertion of the post, the cement was labeled with Rhodamine B isothiocyanate. Roots were sectioned transversally into slices of 1.5 mm thickness to perform the tests at the coronal, middle and apical regions of the root canal. Each slice was analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy to determine the presence or absence of resin tags, and then, subjected to a push-out test. Bond strengths data (MPa) were analyzed by Student t-test (α=0.05). Results: The qualitative analysis of the post-dentin interface revealed that was not possible to observe the formation of resin tags into the root dentin in G1, whereas all slices belonging to G2 exhibited the presence of resin tags. For the push-out test, there were no significant differences between G1 (10.5 ± 3.53) and G2 (10.61 ± 3.84) groups (p<0.05) in all root canal regions. Conclusions: Resin tags, as a result of root dentin etching, did not affect the push-out bond strength of fiber posts to root canals when using the self-adhesive cement RelyXTM Uni Cem.

Bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements to composite submitted to different surface pretreatments

ObjectivesExtensively destroyed teeth are commonly restored with composite resin before cavity preparation for indirect restorations. The longevity of the restoration can be related to the proper bonding of the resin cement to the composite. This study aimed to evaluate the microshear bond strength of two self-adhesive resin cements to composite resin.Materials and MethodsComposite discs were subject to one of six different surface pretreatments: none (control), 35% phosphoric acid etching for 30 seconds (PA), application of silane (silane), PA + silane, PA + adhesive, or PA + silane + adhesive (n = 6). A silicone mold containing a cylindrical orifice (1 mm2 diameter) was placed over the composite resin. RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE) or BisCem (Bisco Inc.) self-adhesive resin cement was inserted into the orifices and light-cured. Self-adhesive cement cylinders were submitted to shear loading. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05).ResultsIndependent of the cement used, the PA + Silane + Adhesive group showed higher microshear bond strength than those of the PA and PA + Silane groups. There was no difference among the other treatments. Unicem presented higher bond strength than BisCem for all experimental conditions.ConclusionsPretreatments of the composite resin surface might have an effect on the bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements to this substrate.

Shear bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements to base metal alloy

Many self-adhesive cements have been introduced in the past few years, with little or no data regarding their clinical performance. This study investigated the shear bond strength of some recently introduced self-adhesive resin cements. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of self-adhesive and conventional resin-based cements to a base metal alloy. Four groups (10-12 each) that comprised 3 self-adhesive cements (SmartCem2; RelyX Unicem; seT SDI) and a conventional resin-based cement (RelyX ARC) were tested. Cylindrical cement specimens (diameter, 3 mm; height, 3 mm) were applied to nickel-free base metal alloy (Sheradent) disks with a diameter of 12 mm, and the surface was treated with airborne-particle abrasion of 50 μm aluminum oxide. The metal disks were fixed in brass molds specifically designed for the shear bond test device. Test specimens were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and then the shear bond was tested with a Zwick Roll testing machine at a 0.8 mm/min cross-head speed. In addition, bond failures were investigated and categorized as adhesive, cohesive, or mixed. Shear bond strengths were calculated by dividing the maximum debonding force over the cross-sectional area of each specimen. One-way ANOVA and the Tukey (honestly significant difference) post hoc test were used to test statistical significant differences among the groups (α=.05). Statistical analysis showed significant differences among different resin cements (F=14.34, P<.001). The highest mean shear bond strength was observed for SmartCem2 (14.18 MPa), and the lowest was reported for seT (3.52 MPa). The observed failure mode in all the materials was adhesive in nature, which occurred at the resin-metal interface. The early bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements varied significantly among the tested materials. SmartCem2 showed the highest bond strength, which was 4 times the strength observed for seT SDI.

Water Aging Reverses Residual Stresses in Hydrophilic Dental Composites

Dental composites develop residual stresses during polymerization due to shrinkage. These stresses may change with time because of relaxation and water sorption in the oral environment. This phenomenon is likely dependent on the composition of the materials, specifically their hydrophilic characteristics, and could result in deleterious stresses on restorative materials and tooth structure. The purpose of this experiment was to use the thin ring-slitting method to compare the residual stress generated within composite materials of varying hydrophilicity when aged in wet and dry conditions after polymerization. Water sorption, solubility, elastic modulus, and residual stresses were measured in 6 commercial composites/cements aged in water and dry conditions. The self-adhesive resin cement showed the highest water sorption and solubility. All composites showed initial residual contraction stresses, which were maintained when aged dry. Residual stresses in 2 of the self-adhesive cements and the polyacid-modified composite aged in wet conditions resulted in a net expansion. This experiment verified that residual shrinkage stresses in dental composites can be reversed during aging in water, resulting in a net expansion, with the effect directly related to their hydrophilic properties.

Retentiveness of Metal Coping Luted to Teeth of Uremic Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis Using Five Different Luting Cements

This study aimed to assess the retention of metal copings luted to uremic teeth with five different luting agents. A total of 35 sound natural molars was collected from uremic patients and randomly assigned into five groups (n=7). The teeth were prepared for metal copings using diamond tips and water coolant. Metal copings with a loop on the occlusal surface were fabricated using base metal alloy (Rexillium III). The copings were luted using Fuji I, glass ionomer (GI); Fuji Plus, resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI); Panavia F 2.0, resin cement; Rely X Unicem, self-adhesive cement (SA); and Adhesor, zinc phosphate cement (ZPh). All specimens were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, conditioned in artificial saliva for 7 days, and then thermocycled for 5000 cycles (5°C-55°C). The dislodging force was measured using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. The mode of failure of the loaded adhesive copings was evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. GI and SA cements had the highest and the lowest mean retentive strength, respectively (580.90±17.3, 406.6±12.7). There was no significant difference between ZPh, SA, and resin cements. These cements were inferior to GI and RMGI cements (p<0.05), which showed statistically similar retentive strengths. The results of this study support the use of glass ionomer and resin-modified glass ionomer cements for luting of metal copings to uremic teeth with retentive preparations.

Self-adhesive resin cements: a new perspective in luting technology

Many materials are available for the fabrication of indirect restorations such as, metal alloys, resin-based composites and ceramics. Resin cements have long been valued as luting agents for indirect restorations because of their high retentive strength, resistance to wear, and low solubility. However, one of the common discouraging factors regarding their chairside use is the need of multiple-steps (etching, drying, priming and luting) for bonding. Thus the current impetus is towards the use of self-adhesive cements that require no etching, priming or bonding agents to bond to the tooth surface. Their increased popularity can be judged by the commercial availability of more than a dozen self-adhesive resin products/brands, in a short span of time. This article reviews the composition, physical and biological properties, adhesion characteristics and clinical performance of self-adhesive (resin) cements. Self-adhesive resin cements are dual-cured and adhere to tooth structure without the requirement of a separate etching step and application of an adhesive/bonding agent.

The Effect of Light-curing Access and Different Resin Cements on Apical Bond Strength of Fiber Posts

This study evaluated the effect of light-curing access on the bond strength of fiber glass posts to the apical area of bovine roots using self-adhesive cement or dual-cured cement with an etch-and-rinse adhesive system. The root canals of 60 bovine teeth were endodontically treated and filled. A 15-mm-length post space was prepared and roots were randomly divided into three groups, simulating the levels of light-curing access: coronal (C), with 15-mm post space; middle (M), in which the coronal thirds of roots were cut out, leaving a 10-mm post space; and apical (A), in which the coronal and middle thirds of roots were cut out, leaving a 5-mm post space. Fiber glass posts (Reforpost # 3, Angelus) were cemented with RelyX U100 (3M ESPE) or RelyX ARC/Scotchbond Multi Purpose Plus (SBMP) (3M ESPE) (n=10) and light-cured. After 24 hours, the apical thirds of roots were sectioned perpendicularly to the long axis and submitted to a push-out test (0.5 mm/min, 200 N). The Kruskal-Wallis test compared the three levels of light-curing access, and the Mann-Whitney test compared the cements. The bond strength was significantly higher in the groups C (p=0.028) and M (p=0.016) when U100 was used, whereas it was similar for both cements in group A. The bond strengths of posts cemented with ARC/SBMP were significantly higher in group A compared to group C (p=0.031). The type of cement used and the light-curing access level influenced the bond strength between glass fiber posts and root canals. The bond strength of the RelyX ARC/SBMP cement proved to be more dependent on photoactivation than was the RelyX U100 cement. The light-curing access level did not influence the apical bond strength of RelyX U100.

In-vitro evaluation of an experimental method for bonding of orthodontic brackets with self-adhesive resin cements

Self-adhesive resin cements do not require the surface treatment of teeth and are said to release fluoride, which makes them suitable candidates for bonding of orthodontic brackets. The objectives of this study was to investigate the shear bond strength (SBS) of self-adhesive resin cements on etched on non-etched surfaces in vitro and to assess their fluoride release features. Four fluoride-releasing dual-cure self-adhesive resin cements were investigated. For SBS experiment, 135 freshly extracted human maxillary premolars were used and divided into nine groups of 15 teeth. In the control group, brackets were cemented by Transbond XT (3M Unitek, USA), in four groups self-adhesive resin cements were used without acid-etching and in four groups self-adhesive cements were applied on acid-etched surfaces and the brackets were then deboned in shear with a testing machine. Adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were also calculated. For fluoride release investigation, 6 discs were prepared for each self-adhesive cement. Transbond XT and Fuji Ortho LC (GC, Japan) served as negative and positive control groups, respectively. The fluoride release of each disc into 5 ml of deionized water was measured at days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 using a fluoride ion-selective electrode connected to an ion analyzer. To prevent cumulative measurements, the storage solutions were changed daily. The SBS of brackets cemented with Transbond XT were significantly higher compared to self-adhesives applied on non-etched surfaces (P<0.001). However, when the self-adhesive resin cements were used with enamel etching, no significant differences was found in the SBS compared to Transbond XT, except for Breeze. The comparisons of the ARI scores indicated that bracket failure modes were significantly different between the etched and non-etched groups. All self-adhesive cements released clinically sufficient amounts of fluoride for an extended period of time. For the tested cements, the strongest bonds were obtained by enamel acid-etching prior to bracket bonding. All the self-adhesive resin cements had significant long-term fluoride release and could be recommended as suitable fluoride-releasing orthodontic bonding materials.

The Role of Resin Cement on Bond Strength of Glass-fiber Posts Luted Into Root Canals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of In Vitro Studies

Because there are several ways to cement glass-fiber posts (GFPs) into root canals, there is no consensus on the best strategy to achieve high bond strengths. A systematic review was conducted to determine if there is difference in bond strength to dentin between regular and self-adhesive resin cements and to verify the influence of several variables on the retention of GFPs. This report followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. In vitro studies that investigated the bond strength of GFPs luted with self-adhesive and regular resin cements were selected. Searches were carried out in the PubMed and Scopus databases. No publication year or language limit was used, and the last search was done in October 2012. A global comparison was performed between self-adhesive and regular resin cements. Two subgroup analyses were performed: 1) Self-adhesive × Regular resin cement + Etch-and-rinse adhesive and 2) Self-adhesive × Regular resin cement + Self-etch adhesive. The analyses were carried out using fixed-effect and random-effects models. The results showed heterogeneity in all comparisons, and higher bond strength to dentin was identified for self-adhesive cements. Although the articles included in this meta-analysis showed high heterogeneity and high risk of bias, the in vitro literature seems to suggest that use of self-adhesive resin cement could improve the retention of GFPs into root canals.

Fibre post adaptation and bond strength in oval canals

To evaluate ex vivo the bond strength and adaptation of fibre posts with oval and circular cross sections luted in oval canals with post spaces prepared using dedicated drills or ultrasonic tips. Forty extracted premolars with oval canals were root filled, then randomly divided into four groups according to the post space preparation device and the shape of the luted fibre post: dedicated drill + round post, dedicated drill + oval post, ultrasonic tip + round post and ultrasonic tip + oval post. Posts were cemented with a self-adhesive cement (RelyX Unicem 2; 3M ESPE). Samples were sectioned in 1-mm-thick slices and observed under a microscope, and the area occupied by the post within the post space area was calculated. Bond strength was then measured using a push-out test, and the failure modes were evaluated with a stereomicroscope at 40× magnification. Fibre post adaptation and push-out test results were evaluated by analysis of variance (P < 0.05). Fibre posts, both round and oval, were better adapted to the apical region of the post space (P = 0.001). In oval canals, the bond strength was significantly higher in coronal regions, when the post space was prepared with a dedicated drill and an oval post was luted (P < 0.0001). Adhesive failures between cement and post were the most frequent type of failure in all groups. Circular and oval posts achieved similar adaptation to oval canals, but the use of ultrasonic tips and round posts resulted in reduced bond strength values.

Comparative study of enamel adhesion between RelyX™ Unicem® (3M), a self-adhesive bonding agent, and the combination of MIP® (3M), a hydrophilic adhesive, and Transbond Supreme Low Viscosity® (3M), a traditional hydrophobic adhesive

Although the bond strength of self-adhesive bonding agents is inferior to that of other families of adhesives, it is still adequate for orthodontic purposes provided prior enamel etching is performed. To determine the efficacy of RelyX™ Unicem(®)(3M) self-adhesive cement both in vitro and in vivo and to compare it with the combination of MIP(®) (3M), a moisture-insensitive primer, with a traditional hydrophobic adhesive, Transbond Supreme Low Viscosity(®) (3M). Comparison of bonding results on 23 trial dentures using RelyX™ Unicem(®)(3M) with bonding results on 29 trial dentures using a combination of MIP(®) and Transbond Supreme Low Viscosity(®) (3M), by means of a multipurpose Instron(®) 4444 testing machine. the breaking force of MIP(®)/Transbond Supreme Low Viscosity(®) (3M)(mean: 144±37.5 Newtons) was significantly higher than that of RelyX™ Unicem(®) (3M) (mean=110±26 Newtons) (P=0.001). A 12-month prospective, randomized, monocentric, single-blind clinical study in order to investigate the failure rate of orthodontic attachments according to the type of adhesive used, and the precise site of the debonding. Bracket bonding was performed on 16 patients with randomized allocation of the two adhesives to each of the semi-arches. The failure rates were: 15.3% for the MIP(®)/Transbond Supreme Low Viscosity(®) (3M)combination and 8.2% for the RelyX™ Unicem(®)(3M), with a significant difference (P=0.039). The more posterior the bonded teeth, the greater the superiority of RelyX™ Unicem(®)(3M). The in vivo results did not concord with those obtained in vitro. RelyX™ Unicem(®) (3M) exhibited lower adhesion values in vitro and yet it presented a debonding rate almost half that of the MIP(®)/Transbond Supreme Low Viscosity(®) (3M). The viscosity of RelyX™ Unicem(®)(3M) and its moisture tolerance would appear to account for these results. With prior etching, RelyX™ Unicem(®)(3M), a self-adhesive, self-etching bonding agent is compatible with use in the orthodontic indirect bonding technique. The MIP(®)/Transbond Supreme Low Viscosity(®) (3M) combination, though very effective, still remains sensitive and requires special care during usage.

Push-out bond strengths of different dental cements used to cement glass fiber posts

Since the introduction of glass fiber posts, irreversible vertical root fractures have become a rare occurrence; however, adhesive failure has become the primary failure mode. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the push-out bond strength of glass fiber posts cemented with different luting agents on 3 segments of the root. Eighty human maxillary canines with similar root lengths were randomly divided into 8 groups (n=10) according to the cement assessed (Rely X luting, Luting and Lining, Ketac Cem, Rely X ARC, Biscem, Duo-link, Rely X U100, and Variolink II). After standardized post space preparation, the root dentin was pretreated for dual-polymerizing resin cements and untreated for the other cements. The mixed luting cement paste was inserted into post spaces with a spiral file and applied to the post surface that was seated into the canal. After 7 days, the teeth were sectioned perpendicular to their long axis into 1-mm-thick sections. The push-out test was performed at a speed of 0.5 mm/min until extrusion of the post occurred. The results were evaluated by 2-way ANOVA and the all pairwise multiple comparison procedures (Tukey test) (α=.05). ANOVA showed that the type of interaction between cement and root location significantly influenced the push-out strength (P<.05). The highest push-out strength results with root location were obtained with Luting and Lining (S3) (19.5 ±4.9 MPa), Ketac Cem (S2) (18.6 ±5.5 MPa), and Luting and Lining (S1) (18.0 ±7.6 MPa). The lowest mean values were recorded with Variolink II (S1) (4.6 ±4.0 MPa), Variolink II (S2) (1.6 ±1.5 MPa), and Rely X ARC (S3) (0.9 ±1.1 MPa). Self-adhesive cements and glass ionomer cements showed significantly higher values compared to dual-polymerizing resin cements. In all root segments, dual-polymerizing resin cements provided significantly lower bond strength. Significant differences among root segments were found only for Duo-link cement.

Influence of technique and manipulation on self-adhesive resin cements used to cement intraradicular posts

Resin cements are widely used to cement intraradicular posts, but bond strength is significantly influenced by the technique and material used for cementation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of 3 self-adhesive cements used to cement intraradicular glass fiber posts. The cements all required different application and handling techniques. Forty-five human maxillary canines were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups n= 15 by drawing lots: Group BIS - Biscem, Group BRE - Breeze, and Group MAX - Maxcem. Each group was divided into 3 subgroups according to application and handling techniques: Sub-group A - Automix/Point tip applicator, Sub-group L - Handmix/Lentulo, and Sub-group C - Handmix/Centrix. Cementation of the posts was performed according to the manufacturers' instructions. The push-out test was performed with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min, and bond strength was expressed in megapascals. The results were evaluated by 2-way ANOVA and the all pairwise multiple comparison procedures (Tukey test) (α=.05). Breeze cement showed the highest average for the subgroups A, L, and C when compared to the Biscem cement and Maxcem Elite (P<.05). Statistically significant differences among the subgroups were only observed for Biscem. This study shows that application and handling techniques may influence the bond strength of different self-adhesive cements when used for intraradicular post cementation.

Microtensile bond strength of resin cements to caries-affected dentin

The bonding of resin materials to caries-affected dentin, especially self-adhesive cements, remains a challenge in dentistry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of different resin cements to sound or caries-affected dentin at 24 hours and 6 months after the bonding procedure. Thirty-six human molars were used, 18 sound and 18 affected by caries. Indirect composite resin blocks (Tescera) were bonded to dentin by using 3 different resin cements: RelyX ARC, Panavia F, and RelyX Unicem. A universal testing machine was used to measure the microtensile bond strength 24 hours and 6 months after the bonding procedure. Representative specimens were analyzed with a scanning electron microscopy. The results were submitted to 3-way analysis of variance and the Fisher test (α=.05). The highest values of microtensile bond strength were found with RelyX ARC for both tooth conditions (P<.001). There was no difference between RelyX Unicem and Panavia F (P>.05). There was no difference between caries-affected and sound dentin (P=.89). Caries did not influence the bonding strength of resin cements to dentin.