Item Selection Research Articles

Comparison of the response time-based effort-moderated IRT model and three-parameter logistic model according to computerized adaptive test performances: a simulation study

Depending on the developments in technology and information, paper-pencil tests leave their place for computerized adaptive tests (CATs). CAT is widely used in the field of health, mainly in psychiatry. Many item response theory models have been proposed in the literature regarding the use of response time focusing on item difficulty and personal characteristics by ignoring the multidimensional interactions, therefore these results may cause bias in estimates of individual ability levels. The present simulation study was conducted to compare the performance of CAT applications of the effort-moderated item response theory (EM-IRT) model, which is based on response time, and the three-parameter logistic (3PL) model. While simulating CAT with the EM-IRT model and the 3PL model, the hybrid method was used for ability estimation and maximum Fisher information (MFI) was used for item selection. The CAT process proceeded until the standard error of the estimation was <0.3 and <0.5, or all items in the item bank were used. The number of individuals was specified as 1000, while the number of items was changed to 50, 100, and 250. All six scenarios were repeated 1000 times. With the increase in the number of items and the decrease in the standard error as a stopping criterion, consistent results were obtained with true ability levels in both methods. The CAT with the EM-IRT model estimated true ability level slightly lower than CAT with the 3PL model. The EM-IRT model enables measuring the response time that could yield additional data to the physician about the mental and cognitive condition of the patient. The CAT method can be a promising method of telemedicine in the era of the pandemic.

Application of optimal defaults to increase selection of sustainable menu choices

Vegan diets confer less adverse environmental impact than omnivore and vegetarian diets. While many consumers have shifted to more environmentally sustainable diets in recent years, additional strategies are needed to encourage these choices. As some vegan foods are unfamiliar to mainstream diners, food neophobia may deter the selection of such items. The current research applied a behavioral economics strategy, optimal defaults, to menu design in a two-part study that aimed to increase selection of vegan menu choices. Two experiments were conducted in analogue internet and college dining hall settings to investigate the effect of menu default presentation (optimal default, suboptimal default, or free array) on choice of vegan and omnivore menu items, stratified across familiar and unfamiliar vegan food options (six menu conditions total). Two-hundred ninety-nine young adults without dietary restrictions completed the analogue internet experiment and 209 college students completed the college dining hall experiment. Participants were randomly presented with one of the six experimental menus and asked to choose their entree. Chi-square and binomial logistic regression analyses were used to assess the independent and interactive contributions of menu format and vegan-item familiarity level on entree choice (vegan or omnivore). Results showed that in both simulated and real-world settings, optimal default menus were more successful at nudging consumers toward sustainable, vegan entree choices than no-default, free array menus and, in the dining hall experiment, did not result in greater food waste. Vegan food familiarity level did not moderate the effect of menu format on entree choice. Optimal default menus could be a feasible and effective tool for the dining industry to transition to more sustainable, including less familiar, food offerings.

LINKING PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS IN YOUNG STUDENTS’ REASONING WITH CHANCE

This article reports on a study in which third-grade students (8–9 years) were given a degree of agency in conducting chance experiments and representing the outcomes. Students chose their own samples of 12 coloured counters, ensuring all colours were represented. They predicted the outcomes of item selection, tested their predictions, explained the outcomes, quantified their chances of colour selections, and created two representations displaying the probabilities. Children displayed awareness of randomness and variation, together with proportional reasoning, as evident in their identification of one or more colours as having a greater chance of being selected, or equal chances when proportions of colours were equal. Evidence of children’s metarepresentational competence appeared in their creation of two representations to display their probabilistic outcomes, with bar and circle graphs, as well as stacked bars, created. The inclusion of their own forms of inscription revealed a range of probability and statistics understandings. In selecting and justifying their preferred representations for conveying their outcomes, students favoured both bar and circle graphs, with a focus on how accurately, effectively, and efficiently their representation displayed the data, with the importance of the inscriptions highlighted.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Bulbar Dysfunction Index-Remote: Test-Retest and Interrater Reliability of Candidate Items.

The primary aim of this study was to establish the reliability of candidate items as a step in the development of the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Bulbar Dysfunction Index-Remote (ALS-BDI-Remote), a novel tool being developed for the detection and monitoring of bulbar signs and symptoms in remote settings. The set of candidate items included 40 items covering three domains: cranial nerve examination, auditory-perceptual evaluation, and functional assessment. Forty-eight participants diagnosed with ALS and exhibiting a range of bulbar disease severity were included. Data collection for each participant took place on Zoom over three sessions. During Session 1, the participants were instructed to adjust their Zoom settings and to optimize their recording environment (e.g., lighting, background noise). Their cognition and eating were screened to determine their ability to follow instructions and their eligibility to perform the swallowing and chewing tasks. During Session 2, two speech-language pathologists (SLPs) administered the tool consecutively to determine the items' interrater reliability. During Session 3, one of the SLPs readministered the tool within 2 weeks of Session 1 to assess test-retest reliability. The reliability of each item was estimated using weighted kappa and the percentage of agreement. To be considered reliable, the items had to reach a threshold of 0.5 weighted kappa or 80% percentage agreement (if skewed distribution of the scores) for both interrater and test-retest reliability. In total, 33 of the 40 candidate items reached the reliability cutoff for both reliability analyses. All assessment domains included reliable items. Items requiring very good visualization of structures or movements were generally less reliable. This study resulted in the selection of reliable items to be included in the next version of the ALS-BDI-Remote, which will undergo psychometric evaluation (reliability, validity, and responsiveness analyses). Additionally, the results contributed to our understanding of the remote administration of SLP assessments for telehealth applications.

Incorporating test-taking engagement into the item selection algorithm in low-stakes computerized adaptive tests

In low-stakes assessment settings, students’ performance is not only influenced by students’ ability level but also their test-taking engagement. In computerized adaptive tests (CATs), disengaged responses (e.g., rapid guesses) that fail to reflect students’ true ability levels may lead to the selection of less informative items and thereby contaminate item selection and ability estimation procedures. To date, researchers have developed various approaches to detect and remove disengaged responses after test administration is completed to alleviate the negative impact of low test-taking engagement on test scores. This study proposes an alternative item selection method based on Maximum Fisher Information (MFI) that considers test-taking engagement as a secondary latent trait to select the most optimal items based on both ability and engagement. The results of post-hoc simulation studies indicated that the proposed method could optimize item selection and improve the accuracy of final ability estimates, especially for low-ability students. Overall, the proposed method showed great promise for tailoring CATs based on test-taking engagement. Practitioners are encouraged to consider incorporating engagement into the item selection algorithm to enhance the validity of inferences made from low-stakes CATs.

A multi-method approach to selecting PRO-CTCAE symptoms for patient-reported outcome in women with endometrial or ovarian cancer undergoing chemotherapy

BackgroundWomen with endometrial or ovarian cancer experience a variety of symptoms during chemotherapy. Patient-Reported outcomes (PROs) can provide insight into the symptoms they experience. A PRO tool tailored to this patient population can help accurately monitor adverse events and manage symptoms. The objective of this study was to identify items in the National Cancer Institute’s measurement system Patient-Reported Outcomes Version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE®) appropriate for use in a PRO tool for a population of women with endometrial or ovarian cancer undergoing treatment with taxanes (paclitaxel or docetaxel) in combination with carboplatin.MethodsA two-phase, sequential multi-methods approach was applied. In phase one, a comprehensive literature search was done to map the toxicity of the applied chemotherapeutics and phase III clinical studies. Phase two, which comprised selecting the PRO-CTCAE items, included discussions with and feedback from a patient advisory board, an additional literature search, and focus group interviews with senior oncologists and specialized oncology nurses. A national expert panel facilitated both phases in terms of carefully select items from the PRO-CTCAE library.ResultsPhase one identified 18 symptoms and phase two, three additional ones, leading to the inclusion of 21 PRO-CTCAE symptoms in the final PRO tool. Since PRO-CTCAE also contains one to three sub-questions on the frequency, severity, and interference with daily activities of symptoms, there were 44 potential items.ConclusionsThis study describes taking a multi-method approach to selecting items from the PRO-CTCAE library for use in a population of women with endometrial or ovarian cancer undergoing chemotherapy. By systematically combining diverse approaches, we carefully selected 21 clinically relevant symptoms covered by 44 items in the PRO-CTCAE library. Future studies should investigate the psychometric properties of this PRO tool for women with endometrial or ovarian cancer.

PERSON FIT ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSING ACADEMIC WRITING PERFORMANCE USING RASCH MODEL

Assessing academic writing performance is a critical aspect of educational practices. The thesis is derived from writing is an essential skill that students need to develop to succeed academically and professionally. To fulfill this, the Rasch model offers important test statistics that play a crucial role in constructing tests related to evaluation and item selection problems, as well as in decision-making regarding the generated test scores. Building upon this narrative, this research is conducted with the aim of identifying person fit in assessing academic writing performance using the Rasch model. The sample in the form of essays was obtained from a group of 40 students who had previously undergone a six-month academic writing program. The data was then analyzed using Ministep 4.8.2.0 built for Rasch Model analysis. The analysis results indicated that there were 31 students in the person misfit category, suggesting a need to reconsider the appropriateness of the conducted treatment and whether there were other factors contributing to it. Additionally, a discrepancy was found in 5 students with persons misfit or overfit, and their better performance was observed on more difficult items, contrary to the Rasch model's profile

Using Response Time in Multidimensional Computerized Adaptive Testing

AbstractIn multidimensional computerized adaptive testing (MCAT), item selection strategies are generally constructed based on responses, and they do not consider the response times required by items. This study constructed two new criteria (referred to as DT‐inc and DT) for MCAT item selection by utilizing information from response times. The new designs maximize the amount of information per unit time. Furthermore, these two new designs were extended to the DTS‐inc and DTS designs to efficiently estimate intentional abilities. Moreover, the EAP method for ability estimation was also equipped with response time. The performances of the response‐time‐based EAP (RT‐based EAP) and the new designs were evaluated in simulation and empirical studies. The results showed that the RT‐based EAP significantly improved the ability estimation precision compared with the EAP without using response time, and the new designs dramatically saved testing times for examinees with a small sacrifice of ability estimation precision and item pool usage.

Introducing the New Patient Expectations in Spine Oncology Questionnaire.

It has been hypothesized that a discrepancy between pretreatment expectations and perceived outcomes is a significant source of patient dissatisfaction. Currently, there is lack in understanding and tools to assess patient expectations regarding the outcomes of treatment for spinal metastases. The objective of this study was therefore to develop a patient expectations questionnaire regarding the outcomes after surgery and/or radiotherapy for spinal metastases. A multiphase international qualitative study was conducted. Phase 1 of the study included semistructured interviews with patients and relatives to understand their expectations of the outcomes of treatment. In addition, physicians were interviewed about their communication practices with patients regarding treatment and expected outcomes. In phase 2, items were developed based on the results of the interviews in phase 1. In phase 3, patients were interviewed to validate the content and language of the questionnaire. Selection of the final items was based on feedback from patients regarding content, language, and relevance. In phase 1, 24 patients and 22 physicians were included. A total of 34 items were developed for the preliminary questionnaire. After phase 3, a total of 22 items were retained for the final version of the questionnaire. The questionnaire is divided into 3 sections: (1) patient expectations regarding treatment outcomes, (2) prognosis, and (3) consultation with the physician. The items cover expectations related to pain, analgesia requirements, daily and physical function, overall quality of life, life expectancy, and information provided by the physician. The new Patient Expectations in Spine Oncology questionnaire was developed to evaluate patient expectations regarding the outcomes after treatment for spinal metastases. The Patient Expectations in Spine Oncology questionnaire will allow physicians to systematically assess patient expectations of planned treatment and thus help guide patients toward realistic expectations of treatment outcome.

OREV: An item response theory-based open receptive vocabulary task for 3- to 8-year-old children

Individual differences in early language abilities are an important predictor of later life outcomes. High-quality, easy-access measures of language abilities are rare, especially in the preschool and primary school years. The present study describes the construction of a new receptive vocabulary task for children between 3 and 8 years of age. The task was implemented as a browser-based web application, allowing for both in-person and remote data collection via the internet. Based on data from N = 581 German-speaking children, we estimated the psychometric properties of each item in a larger initial item pool via item response modeling. We then applied an automated item selection procedure to select an optimal subset of items based on item difficulty and discrimination. The so-constructed task has 22 items and shows excellent psychometric properties with respect to reliability, stability, and convergent and discriminant validity. The construction, implementation, and item selection process described here makes it easy to extend the task or adapt it to different languages. All materials and code are freely accessible to interested researchers. The task can be used via the following website: https://ccp-odc.eva.mpg.de/orev-demo.

Cold-Start Next-Item Recommendation by User-Item Matching and Auto-Encoders

Recommendation systems provide personalized service to users and aim at suggesting to them items that they may prefer. There is an increasing requirement of next-item recommendation systems to infer a user's next favor item based on his/her historical selection of items. In this paper, we study the next-item recommendation under the cold-start situation, where the users in the system share no interaction with the new items. Specifically, we seek to address the problem from the perspective of zero-shot learning (ZSL), which classifies samples whose classes are unseen during training. To this end, we crystallize the relationship and setting from ZSL to cold-start next-item recommendation, and further propose a novel model called User-Item Matching and Auto-encoders (UIMA) which learns the latent embeddings for both users and items by exploiting user historical preferences and item attributes. Concretely, UIMA consists of three components, i.e., two auto-encoders for learning user and item embeddings and a matching network to explore the relationship between the learned user and item embeddings. We perform experiments on several cold-start next-item recommendation datasets, including movies, music, and bookmarks. Promising results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for cold-start next-item recommendation.

A New Direction of Professional Activity of Consulting Engineers in the Construction Industry

Today, the professional activities of consulting engineers need new functions based on a research-based approach to the design, construction and operation of sophisticated construction projects. The authors introduce new terms and use the concept of technology platforms to present a research-driven platform for consulting engineers. This platform is a complex system that has three constituent subsystems, including “Processes”, the “Database of work items” and “Participants”. Formalized interaction between the platform constituents is based on a tree of goals. The implementation of actions, focused on each goal, allowed (1) clustering the requirements applicable to the new type of consulting engineers; (2) developing an algorithm that underlies the database of work items to be performed by new consulting engineers; (3) developing the principle of automated selection of work items; (4) making a graphical representation of activities, performed by consulting engineers in the form of a BPMN diagram. The platform is a concept for a novel approach to the activities of consulting engineers, who will contribute their experience and use the research-driven approach to ensure the reliability and safety of sophisticated construction projects.

A comparison of younger and older burglars undertaking virtual burglaries: the development of skill and automaticity

Abstract Objectives The study examines the development of offence-related expertise over time and age in a sample of convicted burglars. Methods A quasi-experimental design was used to assess indicators of expertise in younger (n=36) and older (n=32) burglars as they completed a “virtual burglary”. It was predicted that (i) older burglars would use more efficient scoping and searching strategies than younger burglars, and (ii) older burglars would be more discerning in their selection of items to steal than younger burglars. Results Findings suggested that indicators of expertise were evident in both age groups however, compared to younger burglars, older burglars demonstrated more developed expertise in relation to items stolen and the efficiency of the search. Conclusions The research supports the role that expertise plays in offence-related decision-making across the criminal career. It provides additional support for the use of VR to assess offender expertise.

Construction and Validation of a Protocol Targeting Patients on Oral Anticoagulation with Warfarin.

Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that is very useful in preventing thromboembolism, though it is considered a drug with a high risk of causing adverse events. Considering the practical challenges in controlling oral anticoagulation, the patients on warfarin could benefit from educational strategies aimed at behavioral changes, active participation in self-care, and adherence to drug therapy. The aim was to construct and validate the EmpoderACO protocol for behavioral changes in warfarin patients. The methodological steps were: definition of concepts and domains of self-care, identification of objectives, construction and selection of items, assessment of content validity, and pre-test in the target population. Relevance, adequacy, clarity, and internal reliability of the instrument's items were assessed by a multidisciplinary judges committee (JC) through the E-surv web platform, obtaining an average agreement of ≥0.91. The understanding of the instrument measured by the target population revealed adequate clarity with a coefficient average of 0.96. EmpoderACO can aid in qualifying the communication process between medical professionals and patients, as well as in improving adherence to both treatment and clinical outcomes, and can be replicated in healthcare settings.

Challenging issues in Cantonese-English lexicography

ABSTRACT: At the outset of writing a bilingual Cantonese-English dictionary that is comprehensive in scope, the lexicographer confronts a series of challenging issues that are fundamental to the successful creation of such an ambitious dictionary. Among the crucial questions to be satisfactorily resolved are at least the following eight: 1) What are the principal criteria that guide the lexicographer's selection of the Cantonese lexical items that form the contents of the bilingual dictionary? Further, what is the scope of the lexical contents? Broad, by encompassing all lexical items that occur in the speech of Hong Kong Cantonese speakers, even those items that overlap with standard Chinese? Or, narrow, by focusing only on the uniquely Hong Kong Cantonese lexicon? 2) What categories of information about the lexical items should form the structural contents of lexical entries? These could include parts of speech, speech registers, cross-referencing of related lexical items, synonyms, alternative pronunciations and variant written forms, example sentences, etc. 3) How detailed should the equivalent English translations of the Cantonese lexical items be? 4) Should lexical entries include information on their social, cultural, historical, and political associations, usage, etymology (origin and historical development), etc.? 5) What is the organizing principle by which the Cantonese lexical entries are listed in the dictionary, as there are at least four? 6) As for Cantonese pronunciation, which register of the language should be romanized? The conservative, literary, standard pronunciation? The colloquial, informal, commonly-used 懶 音 laan5 jam1 "lazy" pronunciation? Or both of these? 7) Several Cantonese romanization systems are currently in use, so which one is best for representing Hong Kong's contemporary Cantonese pronunciation? 8) Given that the written form of the Cantonese language has never been formally or officially standardized, so that some lexical items are typically written in two or more different ways, what criteria should guide the lexicographer in deciding how Cantonese words are graphically transcribed in a Cantonese-English dictionary? In writing his ABC Cantonese-English Comprehensive Dictionary 粵語英語大詞典 (Bauer 2020) over the past decade and a half, the author had to face and then answer appropriately each of these important questions. This article has described how he addressed and practically resolved these and other related problems. 摘要: 编写范围广泛的粤英双语词典之初，词典编撰者面临一系列甚具挑战 性的问题，这些问题对于成功创构这样一部耗时费力的词典至关重要。 要圆满解决的关键问题至少有以下八个：1)主要以什么标准指导词典 编撰者选择构成双语词典内容的粤语词项？此外，词汇内容的范围是 什么？是广泛的，包括所有除现在说香港粤语人士口语的词项，甚至 那些与标准汉语重叠的词项？或者，狭义的，只关注独特的香港粤语 词汇？2)关于词项的哪些类别的信息应该构成词条的结构内容？这些 可能包括词性、语域、相关词项的相互参照、同义词、替代或变异发 音和书面形式、例句等。3)粤语词项对应的英译应该有多详细？4)词 条应否包括有关其社会、文化、历史和政治关联、用法、词源（起源 和历史发展）等方面的信息？5)在词典中列出粤语词条的组织原则至 少有四个，而那些组织原则是什么？6)关于粤语发音，哪个语域发音 应该用拼音？保守的、文学的、标准的发音？还是口语化的、非正式 的、常用的懒音？或者这两种发音都应该用拼音？7)目前使用粤语的 拼音系统有好几种，那么哪一种最能代表当代香港粤语发音？8)鉴于 粤语的书面形式从未正式或官式标准化，因此一些词项通常以两种或 多种不同方式书写，应該以什么标准指导词典编撰者决定如何以图形 方式将粤语字词转录于粤英词典？作者在过去十五年编写他的《ABC Cantonese-English Comprehensive Dictionary 粵語英語大詞典》(Bauer 2020)的过程中必须面对这些重要问题，并且就每一个问题恰当地予 以解答。本文描述了他如何处理并实际解决以上和其他相关疑难问题。

Proposal of new clinical diagnostic criteria for fatal familial insomnia

AbstractBackgroundEarly and accurate diagnosis of fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is critical for effective screening; however, this rare disease remains difficult to recognize. This work aimed to propose a new diagnostic criterion for fatal familial insomnia (FFI) with optimal sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio.MethodsAn international group of experts was established and 128 genetically confirmed FFI cases and 281 non‐FFI prion disease controls are enrolled in the validation process. The new criteria were proposed based on the following steps with 2‐round expert consultation: 1) Validation of the 2018 FFI criteria. 2) Diagnostic item selection according to statistical analysis and expert consensus. 3) Validation of the new criteria.ResultsThe 2018 criteria for possible FFI had a sensitivity of 90.6%, specificity of 83.3%, the positive likelihood ratio (PLR) of 5.43, and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) of 0.11; the probable FFI criteria had a sensitivity of 83.6%, specificity of 92.9%, the PLR of 11.77, and NLR of 0.18. The new criteria included more specific and/or common clinical features, 2 exclusion items, and summarized a precise and flexible diagnostic hierarchy. The new criteria for possible FFI had a sensitivity of 92.2%, specificity of 96.1%, a PLR of 23.64, and NLR of 0.08, while the probable FFI criteria had a sensitivity of 90.6%, specificity of 98.2%, the PLR of 50.33, and NLR of 0.095.ConclusionA new clinical diagnostic criteria was proposed for FFI, which will be practical at the clinic for early recognition of FFI and differentiation from other prion diseases then help further referral and genetic test.

How “The Kid from Red Bank” Came to Newark

Institute of Jazz Studies Archivist Elizabeth Surles reports on the acquisition, conservation, and processing of the Count Basie family papers and artifacts. She details select notable items in the collection and emphasizes portions of the collection of particular interest to jazz researchers.

Enhancing Sales Determination for Coffee Shop Packages through Associated Data Mining: Leveraging the FP-Growth Algorithm

The coffee shop business offers a diverse range of coffee and food options. However, customers often experience delays during transactions due to the extensive selection of menu items and combinations. This inconvenience not only discomforts new customers but also hampers their likelihood of returning, potentially impacting the overall business turnover. To address this issue, this study aims to establish association rules by combining the least and most popular menu items for the upcoming month. These rules will serve as a guideline for creating shopping packages that streamline the decision-making process. The FP-Growth algorithm is employed to analyze sales transaction data from January to March 2023, comprising 2,336 transactions in .csv format. Among the generated association rules, two rules stand out with the highest support and confidence values. The first rule exhibits a support value of 0.3% and a confidence of 70.0%, while the second rule showcases a support value of 0.4% and a confidence of 69.2%. By considering these two rules alongside the existing menu options, coffee shop owners can effectively curate shopping packages that cater to customer preferences. It is anticipated that these packages will elevate the quality of service, attract a greater number of customers, and subsequently enhance the overall business turnover.

Assessing the time course and magnitude of different forms of attentional priming.

Priming of attentional selection involves speeded selection of task-relevant visual search items when search stimuli remain constant between trials. Various paradigms involving different features have been used to study the nature of this priming. The tasks differ greatly in difficulty and the neural mechanisms involved, raising the question of how easily priming on one feature dimension can be used to draw conclusions about priming on another. Here, this was addressed by contrasting time courses and relative sizes of priming effects for the repetition of a lower-level and higher-level feature (color vs. facial expression). Priming was tested in two odd-one-out search tasks, one involving discrimination (experiments 1A and 1B), the other a present/absent judgment (experiments 2A and 2B). The main question was how similar the size and temporal profiles of priming are for the two features. The sizes of the priming effects were very different for color and expression and color priming effects lasted for much longer than expression priming (measured with memory kernel analyses), suggesting that the mechanisms behind the effects differ in their operational principles. Different forms of priming should only be compared with great caution and priming seems to occur at many levels of processing. Priming should be thought of as a general principle of perceptual processing.

Identifying Content for an Item Bank to Measure the Quality-of-Life Impact of Myopia Refractive Interventions.

To report on the content generation and item refinement phases for a myopia refractive intervention-specific quality-of-life (QoL) item bank that will be operationalized using computerized adaptive testing. Myopia refractive intervention-specific QoL domains and items were generated from (1) a literature search of existing refractive-intervention QoL questionnaires; (2) semistructured interviews with myopic patients corrected using spectacles, contact lenses and/or refractive surgery (n = 32); (3) and myopia experts (n = 9) recruited from the Singapore National Eye Centre. After a thematic analysis, items were systematically refined and tested using cognitive interviews with 24 additional patients with corrected myopia. Of the 32 participants with myopia interviewed (mean ± standard deviation age, 35.6 ± 9.0 years; 71.9% female; 78.1% Chinese), 12 (37.5%) wore spectacles, 7 (21.9%) used contact lenses, and 20 (62.5%) had undergone laser refractive surgery. Initially, 912 items within 7 independent QoL domains were identified. After refinement, 204 items were retained, including those relating to mobility challenges and work-related difficulties that are not well-represented in current refractive intervention-specific questionnaires. Through a rigorous item generation and selection process, we have developed a 204-item and 7-domain myopia refractive intervention-specific item bank that will now undergo rigorous psychometric testing to generate item calibrations for the validation of a novel computerized adaptive testing instrument designed for use in research and routine clinical practice. Once psychometrically validated and operationalized using computerized adaptive testing, this myopia refractive intervention-specific instrument will enable researchers and clinicians to quickly and comprehensively assess the impact of myopic refractive interventions across seven QoL domains.