Selective Recovery Of Lithium Research Articles

A sustainable approach for selective recovery of lithium from cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries by induced phase transition

Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted widespread attention because of their dual attributes to environmental protection and resource conservation. Utilization of strong corrosive acids is currently the preferred way to recover valuable metals from spent LIBs, but the extensive use of chemical reagents can pose serious environmental risks. Herein, this research proposes a green process for selective recovery of lithium using the material of spent LIBs itself without adding exogenous reagents, mechanochemistry induced phase transition. The leaching efficiency of Li can reach 94% by employing the copper foil separated from spent LIBs as the co-grinding additive during the mechanochemical reaction process. Then, the high value LiOH·H2O can be prepared through direct evaporation and crystallization without adding any precipitant. Meanwhile, cobalt is almost remained in the leaching residue which can be recovered through a step-by-step separation process. XRD, XPS, and SEM-EDS characterizations show that LiCoO2 and copper foil are transformed into the soluble Li2O, and insoluble CuO and CoO under the mechanical force. Finally, the soluble Li2O is dissolved in water to prepare the LiOH solution, and the insoluble CuO and CoO are transformed into Cu2O and Co(OH)2. On the basis of the experimental investigation, it is proven that the proposed process is suitable for selectively recovering Li from all types of cathode materials without generating salty wastewater or introducing chemical reagents. Thus, the proposed approach can ensure the efficient recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs while avoiding the potential threat to the environment and human health.

A carbothermic hybrid synthesized using waste halogenated plastic in sub/supercritical CO2 and its application for lithium recovery

Facile fabrication of porous carbon materials from waste halogenated plastic is highly attractive but frequently hampered due to potential release of halogenated organic pollutants. In this study, a novel type of carbon hybrid was tentatively synthesized from a real-world halogenated plastic as an inexpensive carbon source by sub/supercritical carbon dioxide carbonization technique. It was found that halogen-free carbon carrier was advantageously synthesized through carbonization of halogenated plastic without using catalysts due to zip depolymerization, random chain cracking and free radical reactions induced by sub/supercritical carbon dioxide technique. Exhibiting with more abundant functional groups including C–O, CO groups than pyrolytic carbon carrier, the derived carbon carrier demonstrated excellent performance in selective recovery of lithium from cathode powder with highest recovery efficiency of 93.6%. Mechanism study indicated that cathode powder was transformed into low-valence states of transition metals/metal oxides and released lithium as lithium carbonate due to collapse of oxygen framework via carbothermic reduction. This work provides an applicable and green process for synthesis of alternative carbon carrier from waste halogenated plastic and its application as carbothermic reductant in lithium recovery.

ZiF-8 induced carbon electrodes for selective lithium recovery from aqueous feed water by employing capacitive deionization system

The demand for lithium (Li) will grow from about 500,000 metric tons of lithium carbonate equivalent in 2021 to 3–4 million metric tons in 2030. To meet the Li demand, the separation of Li-mixed monovalent and divalent cations is critical for Li extraction from an aqueous medium. Capacitive deionization (CDI) and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) have recently emerged as viable water treatment technologies, yet ion-specific selective recovery using CDI systems is still under-investigated. In this study, the electrode surface of each system was modified to improve Li+ selectivity. Metal-organic frameworks (MOF), particularly zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZiF-8), have shown substantial promise due to their tunable pore size and pore channel chemistry. Through an aqueous medium-based surface modification, we offer a simple technique of synthesizing ZiF-8 on carbon electrodes and underneath the cation exchange membrane (CEM). The bare CDI and MCDI systems initially showed poor selectivity towards Li+ in the mono and divalent ion incorporated simulated solutions. The relative selectivity (ρMLi; (M = metal ions)) in the CDI system was estimated as 0.73, 0.43, 0.67, and 0.58 for Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, respectively, which was 0.93, 0.97, 0.39, and 0.30 in the MCDI system. In the case of bare activated carbon (AC) electrodes, the difference of hydration enthalpy played a critical role in Li+ selectivity towards other monovalent ions. However, despite having high hydration enthalpy, the Mg2+ and Ca2+ showed low Li+ selectivity due to the superior charge density of divalent ions. On the other hand, after the modification of AC electrodes with in-situ growth of ZiF-8 on the surface, the Li+ selectivity for monovalent Na+ and K+ was estimated at 3.08 and 1.12, respectively, which is 4.2 and 2.6 times higher than the bare AC electrode, respectively. Besides, compared to Na+, the trade-off between the low dehydration energy of K+ and the rapid ion transit of dehydrated Li+ made separating challenging. Consequently, for divalent Mg2+ and Ca2+, coulombic attraction dominated both in the bare CDI and MCDI systems. This research sheds light on using the newly developed ZiF-8 coating for selective Li recovery.

Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Metal Recovery from Electrolyte and Cathode Materials by Electrodialysis

The potential of electrodialysis to recycle spent lithium-ion batteries was assessed by investigating the recovery of lithium(I) from a synthetic solution representative of the aqueous effluent generated by shredding spent lithium-ion batteries underwater. Likewise, electrodialysis was tested for the selective recovery of lithium(I) towards cobalt(II), nickel(II) and manganese(II) from a synthetic solution representative of the leaching liquor of cathode materials. NMR spectroscopy showed that the implementation of electrodialysis to extract lithium from the aqueous effluent produced during battery shredding underwater should take into account the presence of HF generated by PF6− hydrolysis. In particular, it seems relevant to perform shredding under calcium chloride solution in order to precipitate fluoride and reduce HF generation. This work also showed that electrodialysis is an interesting technology for selectively recovering lithium from the leach solution of spent cathode materials, providing that divalent cations were previously removed to avoid metal precipitation inside the electrodialysis membranes. After removing cobalt(II) and nickel(II) at pH 2.8 and manganese(II) partially at pH 5.5 by using the ion exchange resin Dowex M4195, it is possible to extract and selectively concentrate lithium by electrodialysis without coextracting manganese(II) by using a lithium-selective membrane (faradic efficiency of 57.6%, permselectivity for lithium towards manganese of 6.9). Finally, a hybrid flowsheet implementing mineral processing and hydrometallurgy, including electrodialysis, ion exchange and crystallization stages, was proposed based on these results to reduce effluent generation and produce metal salts from spent lithium-ion battery.

Two-dimensional materials in enhancement of membrane-based lithium recovery from metallic-ions-rich wastewaters: A review

The ubiquitous use and continuously growing demand for lithium (Li) in transportation and high-technology products have rendered Li+ recovery imperative for sustainable growth. Recently, particular emphasis has been placed on two-dimensional (2D) materials-based membranes due to their superior characteristics compared to ceramic or polymer membranes. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art progress in exploiting applications of newly-developed 2D nanomaterials in selective lithium recovery via membrane-based technology and design of filtration membranes, including selectivity improvement and adding new favorable functionalities like antibacterial, antifouling, and hydrophobicity. From the viewpoint of application, advances in selectivity enhancement via 2D materials, role of these materials as fillers, their benefits, separation, and the transport mechanism of each group are critically assessed, and their drawbacks and prospects of each classification are discussed in detail. In addition to the compendium of basics and reasons behind each ion separation route, experimental outcomes reported in the literature have been comprehensively summarized. Finally, future opportunities for lithium are highlighted to inspire subsequent research.

Size-controllable crown ether-embedded 2D nanosheets for the host-guest ion segregation and recovery: Insights from DFT simulations

The recovery of lithium ion from spent lithium sources and from seawater is a strategic way of complementing the existing natural sources to meet the rapid growth in demand. Crown ethers have shown remarkable selectivity in the host-guest extraction of several metal cations. Recent studies have shown that the macrocyclic polyether rings exhibit poor selectivity to lithium when competing with other metals of high abundance and similar cationic size. This study thus presents a strategy to improve the selective extraction of lithium on crown-embedded 2D materials using first principles density functional theory (DFT) simulations. Several ion transmission channels of 9-crown-3, 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 were created on graphene, hexagonal boron nitride and silicene nanosheets. Compared to the pristine crown ethers, the crown-embedded 2D materials exhibit rapid charge transfer, superior host-guest dipole-dipole interactions and higher Li+/Mg2+, Li+/Na+, Li+/K+ and Li+/Ca2+ selectivities while maintaining the properties of the 2D materials. Adsorption energies, Eads of −262.8, −605.1, −566.4 and −231.0 kcal/mol were calculated for the adsorption of Li+ ion on 12-crown-4, g-14-crown-4, b-14-crown-4 and s-14-crown-4, respectively. The sp3-hybridized low-buckled crown-4 passivated silicene nanosheet, having a narrower bandgap of 0.588 eV demonstrates the rapid diffusion of Li+ ion while slowing down other cations. The present study provides insights on the creation of ion-channels within silicene nanosheet to promote the host-guest selective recovery of lithium in the presence of abundant interfering ions such as in seawater, a prospect which could serve as a feasible strategy for meeting the rapidly thriving energy demand of the metal atoms.

Selective recovery of lithium from Dead Sea end brines using UBK10 ion exchange resin

AbstractThe Dead Sea, a live pool of minerals and elements, holds ~9% of the world's known lithium reserves. However, the low lithium concentrations (30–40 mg/L) in the end brine and the high divalent to lithium ratio (Mg+2 + Ca+2 to Li+) were obstacles that must be overcome to extract the lithium. In our previous work, lithium concentrations in the Dead Sea end brine were enriched by chemical precipitation up to 1700 mg/kg in the produced solid precipitate. The obtained precipitate was decomposed by double‐distilled water, and about 66% of lithium was leached, producing an environmental liquor containing an elevated concentration of lithium. A sequential ion exchange technique was used to achieve selective lithium recovery in this study. The ability of the UBK 10 strong acid‐type cation exchange resin (Na type) to remove lithium from simulated and environmental lithium‐bearing solutions was investigated. Because of the complex matrix comprising components that may compete with lithium adsorption, a greater quantity of adsorbent was required to achieve the equilibrium state for the environmental solution (7 g) compared to (3.6 g) for the simulated solution. For both lithium‐bearing solutions, the kinetics investigation revealed a pseudo‐second‐order tendency. The interfering capacity was determined to be 0.405, confirming the UBK 10 challenge to selective lithium adsorption. The divalent to lithium ratio was decreased by more than 50 times, yielding encouraging findings for extracting lithium from the low lithium—high divalent to lithium sophisticated Dead Sea end brines.

Prelithiation-derived hierarchical TiO2 sieve with metal-organic framework gate for selective lithium recovery

Sustainable lithium supply significantly matters the healthy development of electric vehicles markets. Selective adsorption plays an important role in aqueous lithium recovery due to low energy consumption and easy processing. We here report a prelithiation concept to generate active Li+ sites in TiO2 forming LixTiO2 at a mild temperature for lithium recovery. A hollow protonated LixTiO2 matrix with nanosheets surface was built to provide abundant active sites for specific Li+ capture with fast matter transfer. And a biomimetic metal–organic framework (ZIF-8) gate layer, acting as Li+ channel, was engineered to regulate cation solvation structure for selective transport of Li+. Consequently, the resultant TiO2-based hybrid lithium-ion sieve demonstrates fast and homogenous Li+ chemisorption with a high Li+ uptake capacity (∼14 mg g−1 for 24 h at pH = 12), high Li+ selectivity against competing cations in both simulated and natural brine, and acceptable reusability in simulated brine, indicating further application potential.

Efficient, Selective Sodium and Lithium Removal by Faradaic Deionization Using Symmetric Sodium Titanium Vanadium Phosphate Intercalation Electrodes.

NASICON (sodium superionic conductor) materials are promising host compounds for the reversible capture of Na+ ions, finding prior application in batteries as solid-state electrolytes and cathodes/anodes. Given their affinity for Na+ ions, these materials can be used in Faradaic deionization (FDI) for the selective removal of sodium over other competing ions. Here, we investigate the selective removal of sodium over other alkali and alkaline-earth metal cations from aqueous electrolytes when using a NASICON-based mixed Ti-V phase as an intercalation electrode, namely, sodium titanium vanadium phosphate (NTVP). Galvanostatic cycling experiments in three-electrode cells with electrolytes containing Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Li+ reveal that only Na+ and Li+ can intercalate into the NTVP crystal structure, while other cations show capacitive response, leading to a material-intrinsic selectivity factor of 56 for Na+ over K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. Furthermore, electrochemical titration experiments together with modeling show that an intercalation mechanism with a limited miscibility gap for Na+ in NTVP mitigates the state-of-charge gradients to which phase-separating intercalation electrodes are prone when operated under electrolyte flow. NTVP electrodes are then incorporated into an FDI cell with automated fluid recirculation to demonstrate up to 94% removal of sodium in streams with competing alkali/alkaline-earth cations with 10-fold higher concentration, showing process selectivity factors of 3-6 for Na+ over cations other than Li+. Decreasing the current density can improve selectivity up to 25% and reduce energy consumption by as much as ∼50%, depending on the competing ion. The results also indicate the utility of NTVP for selective lithium recovery.

Fouling-resistant ionic graft-polyamide nanofiltration membrane with improved permeance for lithium separation from MgCl2/LiCl mixtures

Selective recovery of lithium from Salt Lake brines using environmentally friendly technologies is increasingly demanded to overcome the shortage of lithium. However, satisfying high separation precision is challenging for most polymer nanofiltration membranes. Besides, bestowing high permeance together with improved membrane fouling remains a challenge for the widespread implementation of membrane processes. Herein, a new tri-quaternary ammonium-based ionic liquid (TQAIL) electrolyte monomer is synthesized and utilized for the surface modification of nascent polyamide active layer to fabricate IL-modified polyamide nanofiltration (NF) membrane for Mg2+/Li+ separation. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm that TQAIL modification creates nanoscale structural heterogeneity leading to enhanced surface hydrophilicity and reduces internal resistance through the membrane selective layer. The TQAIL membrane exhibits improved Li+/Mg2+ selectivity and improved water permeability of 26.11 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, which is fourfold that of unmodified membrane accompanied with a 100-h stable continuous nanofiltration. Moreover, the membrane displays good anti-biofouling behaviour with excellent antimicrobial properties. This study offers new insights into how surface functionalization using multication side chains can remarkably improve ion separations by molecularly tuning ion-membrane electrostatic interactions in polymeric membranes.

An effective lithium ion-imprinted membrane containing 12-crown ether-4 for selective recovery of lithium

The high lithium content in spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and a large number of spent LIBs generation shift the target of lithium recovery to solid waste. Adsorption separation is of great application value for lithium recovery. There is still a lack of a lithium adsorption material with excellent properties. Herein, an environmental hydrolytic polymerization to prepare lithium ion-imprinted membranes (LIIMs) with high adsorption capacity and selectivity is presented. The LIIMs can reach adsorption equilibrium in 40 min, showing fast adsorption kinetics. The optimal adsorption capacity of the LIIMs for Li+ was 132.00 mg g−1 after immersing in a 300 mg L−1 LiCl solution based on ample binding sites and a strong affinity force. Langmuir isothermal adsorption results proved that the imprinting sites on LIIMs were homogeneous. The selective separation factors (α) of Li+ to Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, Na+ were 6.80, 17.00, 21.30, and 24.60, respectively, which implies the superior selectivity LIIMs toward Li+. The adsorption capacity of LIIMs remained about 97 % after six cycles. Due to the suitable cavity, abundant rebinding sites, and strong affinity, the LIIMs have a good selective adsorption ability to Li+. Therefore, the LIIMs would have potential applications for separating Li+ from spent LIBs.

Selective recovery of lithium and efficient leaching of transition metals from spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 batteries based on a synergistic roasting process

A novel process was developed for the selective extraction of Li and efficient leaching of transition metals (TMs) from spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) batteries coupled with the synergistic disposal of Na2SO4 byproducts generated from lithium battery industry. The NCM cathode was transformed into water-soluble LiNaSO4 and acid-dissolved divalent oxides of (NiO)m(MnO)n and CoO based on the synergy between self-reduction of graphite anode and Na2SO4 roasting. >85% Li was selectively extracted from the roasted product by water leaching. Subsequently, >95% Ni, >99% Mn and >99% Co were leached by H2SO4 solution without additional reductant. During the self-reduction roasting of graphite anode, the addition of Na2SO4 transformed Li from Li2CO3 to LiNaSO4 with higher solubility and also prevented the overreduction of Ni and Co oxides to the metallic states, which are prone to the deterioration of their acid leaching performance. Through the precise regulation of NCM phases during the synergistic roasting process, the efficient cascade extraction of Li and TMs from spent NCM batteries was realized, and a new way for the comprehensive utilization of the Na2SO4 byproducts was determined. Moreover, the emission of toxic gases SO2 and NOx generated in the acid roasting was avoided. The proposed process obeys the principles of circular economy and green chemistry.

Selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries using oxidation pressure sulfuric acid leaching system

Oxidation pressure leaching was proposed to selectively dissolve Li from spent LiFePO4 batteries in a stoichiometric sulfuric acid solution. Using O2 as an oxidant and stoichiometric sulfuric acid as leaching agent, above 97% of Li was leached into the solution, whereas more than 99% of Fe remained in the leaching residue, enabling a relatively low cost for one-step separation of Li and Fe. And then, by adjusting the pH of leachate, above 95% of Li was recovered in the form of the Li3PO4 product through iron removal and chemical precipitation of phosphate.

A facile approach for the selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries

The excessive use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) poses a potential severe environmental problem. Spent LIBs are prospective lithium (Li) sources. This study aims to recover Li from LIBs and regenerate cathode from the recovered and residual Li. The spent cathode was mixed with a spent anode and heated at a given temperature and time for its reduction. The reduced cathode was leached using carbonated water and was analyzed before and after its leaching. The leachate was examined to determine the Li content, and it was evaporated to obtain solid high purity Li2CO3. At a 6% solid/liquid (S/L) ratio and a 2-L/min CO2 flowrate, the leaching efficiency was 94%, which decreased as the S/L ratio increased. The Li2CO3 purity was close to that of pure Li2CO3 and superior to that of commercial Li2CO3. Regenerated lithium nickel–cobalt–aluminum oxide (RNCA) cathode material was obtained via a reaction of Li2CO3 and the leaching residue. RNCA achieved a discharge capacity of 128 mA h/g at 0.1C (102 mA h/g at 1C) and 79% capacity retention after 50 cycles at 1C. The discharge capacities of a commercial NCA cathode and spent cathode were 133 mA h/g at 0.1C (115 mA h/g at 1C) with 82.6% capacity retention after 50 cycles at 1C and 38 mA h/g at 0.1C with 52% capacity retention after 50 cycles at 0.1C, respectively. The obtained Li2CO3 met the requirements of LIB cathode manufacturing, and the spent NCA cathode could be regenerated to form cathode materials with good characteristics via a simple technique.

Selective leaching of Li from spent LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode material by sulfation roast with NaHSO4‧H2O and water leach

Extensive research efforts have been made in recycling spent lithium-ion batteries; however, there has been little focus on the selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, we report a new process for selective extraction of lithium from spent lithium-ion power batteries by roasting a mixture of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 and NaHSO4·H2O followed by water leaching. The most suitable conditions included roasting LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2:NaHSO4·H2O at 600 °C for 30 min in a mass ratio of 1:1.40, followed by water leaching at 60 °C for 30 min with a liquid/solid ratio of 25:1 (mL/g). Under the optimal conditions, extraction efficiencies of 99.3%, 0.01%, 3.69%, and 3.90% for Li, Mn, Co, and Ni, respectively, were obtained. X-ray diffraction, in situ X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry were performed to investigate the transformation of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn in the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2–NaHSO4·H2O roasting system. The results demonstrated that the SO3 produced by thermal decomposition of NaHSO4·H2O considerably affected the transformation of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn in the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. The surface morphology of the roasted samples showed evidence of sintering and agglomeration. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the roasting reaction is feasible and that the selective extraction of Li can be achieved by controlling the additive ratio of NaHSO4·H2O.

Electro-Driven Materials and Processes for Lithium Recovery-A Review.

The mass production of lithium-ion batteries and lithium-rich e-products that are required for electric vehicles, energy storage devices, and cloud-connected electronics is driving an unprecedented demand for lithium resources. Current lithium production technologies, in which extraction and purification are typically achieved by hydrometallurgical routes, possess strong environmental impact but are also energy-intensive and require extensive operational capabilities. The emergence of selective membrane materials and associated electro-processes offers an avenue to reduce these energy and cost penalties and create more sustainable lithium production approaches. In this review, lithium recovery technologies are discussed considering the origin of the lithium, which can be primary sources such as minerals and brines or e-waste sources generated from recycling of batteries and other e-products. The relevance of electro-membrane processes for selective lithium recovery is discussed as well as the potential and shortfalls of current electro-membrane methods.

The Effect of Silicate Ions on the Separation of Lithium From Geothermal Fluid

In an enhanced geothermal system (EGS), geothermal energy in rocks with insufficient permeability or fluid saturation can be used by creating artificial geothermal reservoirs. Generally, EGS geothermal fluid contains high concentrations of total dissolved solids that originated from various geochemical reactions between the fluid in the reservoir and the minerals in the rock. For example, the concentration of lithium ions are measured approximately 150 mg/L, and several researchers have focused on the recovery of lithium in the geothermal fluid using various methods, one of which is liquid extraction. Solvent extraction has been used to recover lithium from various sources, and successful recovery efficiency have been attained. However, the geothermal fluid in EGS reservoirs contains high concentrations of SiO2, which might inhibit the selective recovery of lithium. Thus, in this study, two consecutive stages of solvent extraction were used to separate the lithium from the geothermal fluid that contained different concentrations of SiO2 ions. The divalent ions were removed in the first stage, and the lithium ions were extracted effectively in the second stage. The SiO2 inhibits the selective recovery of lithium in the first stage to a greater extent than it does in the second stage. The spectroscopy data shows a decrease of the organic solvents main functional group (P=O & P-O-H) absorbance that reacts with the metal ions of the geothermal water after extraction however the intensity difference was reduced as the SiO2 concentrations increases. Silicate ions can be problematic due to the formation of scaling in EGSs, so controlling its concentration in the geothermal reservoir would be beneficial for the long-term operation of EGSs and for the successful recovery of valuable metal resources from EGS reservoirs.

Selective recovery of lithium from spent coin cell cathode leachates using ion imprinted blended chitosan microfibers: Pilot scale studies provide insights on scalability

We report an approach on specific and scalable recovery of lithium ions from coin cells using functionalized chitosan microfibers. Low swelling ratios and high degree of crosslinking resulted from a dual combination of blended viscosities and crosslinking. Owing to their defined structure (pore diameter: 2.29±0.31 µm; fiber diameter: 176.5±3.44 µm; ion exchange capacity: 8.45 meq/g), imprinted microfibers exhibited high lithium uptake potential (100 mg/g), high distribution coefficient (6969.7 mL/g) and high separation factors (90) in a multi-metal system generated from leachates (co-ions: Co(II), Ag(I), Mn(II), Cu(II), Al(III), Ni(II), Na(I), K(I) and Ca(II)). The uptake phenomena followed a homogeneous monolayer adsorption mode and a spontaneous endothermic nature (ΔG:-20.3 KJ/mol). High values of relative lithium sorbed (RLS) (>20) and relative lithium released (RLR) (>9) in case of imprinted microfibers suggested high selectivity. Batch conditions showed a selective recovery of 45.7%/g/L of leachates (< 50 cathodes) at pH of 6.1. However, packed bed column studies showed that 14.3 g of biosorbent could recover up to 99.1% lithium (recovered lithium of up to 971.19 mg/L) over 9 cycles (250 cathodes; CoLi: 976.33 mg/L). The present study suggested blended and imprinted chitosan microfibers as a useful matrix towards scalable lithium recovery.

Efficient Oxidation Approach for Selective Recovery of Lithium from Cathode Materials of Spent LiFePO4 Batteries

Efficient Oxidation Approach for Selective Recovery of Lithium from Cathode Materials of Spent LiFePO4 Batteries

Selective Recovery of Lithium from Mother Liquor of Li2co3 by Synergistic Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents: Performance and Mechanistic Insight

Selective Recovery of Lithium from Mother Liquor of Li2co3 by Synergistic Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents: Performance and Mechanistic Insight