Selective MMP Inhibitors Research Articles

N- i-Propoxy- N-biphenylsulfonylaminobutylhydroxamic acids as potent and selective inhibitors of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP

Structural manipulation of the pharmacophoric model of type A selective MMP inhibitors (MMPi), obtained by the insertion of some alkyl substituents R 2 possessing an appropriate geometry, steric bulkiness and lipophilicity, is able to improve potency, in the subnanomolar range on MMP-2, and to give a good MMP inhibition on MMP-14 (MT1-MMP) in the designed MMPi of type C, while maintaining a good MMP-1/MMP-2 selectivity profile. The simultaneous inhibition of these two enzymes yields type C compounds, which are potent antiangiogenic agents, able to block a chemoinvasion model on HUVEC cells in the micromolar range.

Structural Basis for the Highly Selective Inhibition of MMP-13

Inhibitors for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are under investigation for the treatment of cancer, arthritis, and cardiovascular disease. Here, we report a class of highly selective MMP-13 inhibitors (pyrimidine dicarboxamides) that exhibit no detectable activity against other MMPs. The high-resolution X-ray structures of three molecules of this series bound to MMP-13 reveal a novel binding mode characterized by the absence of interactions between the inhibitors and the catalytic zinc. The inhibitors bind in the S1' pocket and extend into an additional S1' side pocket, which is unique to MMP-13. We analyze the determinants for selectivity and describe the rational design of improved compounds with low nanomolar affinity.

Levels and molecular forms of MMP-7 (matrilysin-1) and MMP-8 (collagenase-2) in diseased human peri-implant sulcular fluid.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play crucial role in various tissue destructive inflammatory processes by degrading almost all peri-cellular and basement membrane components. MMP-8 (collagenase-2) is the major MMP in periodontitis. MMP-7 (matrilysin-1), in addition to its ability to degrade matrix and basement membrane components, activates other latent pro-MMPs and defensins, host cell-derived antimicrobial cryptidins. The aim of the present study was to characterize the relationship, levels and molecular forms of MMP-8 and MMP-7 in diseased peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF). Seventy-two human dental implant fluid samples were collected with filter paper strips from peri-implant sulci from healthy and untreated diseased implant sites. Gingival index (GI) and/or bone resorption (BR) were also recorded. Western immunoblot method with polyclonal anti-human-MMP-8 and monoclonal anti-human-MMP-7 antibodies was used, and immunoreactivities were quantified with computer scanning program. The effects of MMP inhibitors (doxycycline, chemically modified tetracycline-3, clodronate, CTT-peptide and marimastat) were studied on the activity of recombinant human matrilysin-1 (MMP-7) using beta-casein degradation assay. The levels of active forms of MMP-8 and MMP-7 were significantly elevated in diseased PISF in relation to healthy PISF. Furthermore, MMP-8 and MMP-7 levels correlated significantly to each other and GI. MMP-8 was present not only as bands corresponding to 75-kDa polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) -type pro- and 65-kDa active forms, but also as 55-kDa non-PMN-type pro- and 45-kDa active forms. Immunoreactivities > 80 kDa most likely represented dimeric and/or inhibitor-bound MMP-8 complexes and the low molecular weight (< 30 kDa) species were apparently degraded fragments. In diseased PISF, 19-21-kDa active MMP-7 and 28-30-kDa pro-MMP-7 species were detected, and the active 19-21-kDa forms of MMP-7 predominated in diseased PISF. Doxycycline (50 micro m and 250 micro m), chemically modified non-antimicrobial tetracycline (CMT-3) (50 micro m and 100 micro m), clodronate (a bisphosphonate, 20 micro m and 500 micro m) and the cyclic CTT (CTTHWGFTLC)-peptide (125 micro m and 250 micro m), all known broad-spectrum or selective MMP-inhibitors, did not inhibit the activity of human recombinant MMP-7; only marimastat (1 micro m and 5 micro m) inhibited MMP-7. Increased immunoreactivities of the active MMP-8 and MMP-7 species in PISF from diseased peri-implantitis lesions eventually reflect the stage and course of peri-implantitis; MMP-7 may potentially act as MMP-8 and defensin activator in diseased PISF. The elevated levels of MMP-8 and matrilysin-1/MMP-7 were identified in active forms in diseased PISF, but MMP-7 was less prominent. MMP inhibitors, potential future tissue protective drugs, seemingly do not interfere with the defensive antibacterial action of MMP-7.

MMP-2 and MMP-9 synergize in promoting choroidal neovascularization.

Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 are increased in human choroidal neovascularization (CNV) occurring during the exudative most aggressive form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but their precise role and potential interactions remain unclear. To address the question of MMP-2 and MMP-9 functions, mice deficient in the expression of MMP-2 (MMP-2 KO), MMP-9 (MMP-9 KO), and both MMP-2 and MMP-9 (MMP-2,9 KO) with their corresponding wild-type mice (WT) underwent CNV induction by laser-induced rupture of the Bruch's membrane. Both the incidence and the severity of CNV were strongly attenuated in double deficient compared with single gene deficient mice or corresponding WT controls. The reduced neovascularization was accompanied by fibrinogen/fibrin accumulation. Furthermore, overexpression of the endogenous MMP inhibitors TIMP-1 or TIMP-2 (delivered by adenoviral vectors) in WT mice or daily injection of a synthetic and gelatinase selective MMP inhibitor (Ro 26-2853) significantly decreased the pathological reaction. These findings suggest that MMP-2 and MMP-9 may cooperate in the development of AMD and that their selective inhibition represents an alternative strategy for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization.

Synthesis and SAR of bicyclic heteroaryl hydroxamic acid MMP and TACE inhibitors

Potent and selective bicyclic heteroaryl hydroxamic acid MMP and TACE inhibitors were synthesized by a novel convergent route. Selectivity and efficacy versus MMPs and TACE could be controlled by appropriate substitution on the scaffolds and by variation of the P1′ group. Select compounds were found to be effective in in vivo models of arthritis.

The discovery of anthranilic acid-Based MMP inhibitors. Part 2: SAR of the 5-position and P1 1 groups

A novel series of anthranilic acid-based inhibitors of MMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-13, and TACE was prepared and evaluated. Selective inhibitors of MMP-9, MMP-13, and TACE were identified, including the potent, orally active MMP-13 inhibitor 4p.

Novel 5,5-disubstitutedpyrimidine-2,4,6-triones as selective MMP inhibitors

The 5,5-disubstitutedpyrimidine-2,4,6-triones represent a new class of MMP inhibitors showing selectivity for the gelatinases A and B, collagenase-3, and human neutrophil collagenase. The SAR presented here is in good agreement with an X-ray structure of compound 5 bound to the catalytic domain of stromelysin-1. While of the barbiturate structural class, compound 5 did not show any toxic or sedative effects.

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Activity of Selective MMP Inhibitors with an Aryl Backbone.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Epilysin, a Novel Human Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP-28) Expressed in Testis and Keratinocytes and in Response to Injury

We have cloned a new human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-28, epilysin) from human keratinocyte and testis cDNA libraries. Like most MMPs, epilysin contains a signal sequence, a prodomain with a PRCGVTD sequence, a zinc-binding catalytic domain with an HEIGHTLGLTH sequence, and a hemopexin-like domain. In addition, epilysin has a furin activation sequence (RRKKR) but has no transmembrane sequence. The exon-intron organization and splicing pattern of epilysin differ from that of other MMP genes. It has only 8 exons, and 5 exons are spliced at sites not used by other MMPs. Another novel feature of epilysin is that exon 4 is alternatively spliced to a transcript that does not encode the N-terminal half of the catalytic domain. Northern hybridization of tissue RNA indicated that epilysin is expressed at high levels in testis and at lower levels in lungs, heart, colon, intestine, and brain. RNase protection assay with various cell lines indicated that epilysin was selectively expressed in keratinocytes. Recombinant epilysin degraded casein in a zymography assay, and its proteolytic activity was inhibited by EDTA and by batimastat, a selective MMP inhibitor. Immunohistochemical staining showed expression of epilysin protein in the basal and suprabasal epidermis of intact skin. In injured skin, prominent staining for epilysin was seen in basal keratinocytes both at and some distance from the wound edge, a pattern that is quite distinct from that of other MMPs expressed during tissue repair. These findings suggest that this new MMP functions in several tissues both in tissue homeostasis and in repair.

Heteroaryl and cycloalkyl sulfonamide hydroxamic acid inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases

Heteroaryl and cycloalkyl sulfonamide-hydroxamic acid MMP inhibitors were investigated. Of these, the pyridyl analogue 2 is the most potent and selective inhibitor of MMP-9 and MMP-13 in vitro.

Synthesis and activity of selective MMP inhibitors with an aryl backbone

A series of novel, MMP-1 sparing arylhydroxamate sulfonamides with activity against MMP-2 and -13 is described.

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Identification of Conformationally Constrained Selective MMP Inhibitors.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Affinity and selectivity of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: a chemometrical study from the perspective of ligands and proteins.

A novel strategy to understand affinity and selectivity for enzyme inhibitors using information from ligands and target protein 3D structures is described. It was applied to 2-arylsulfonyl-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylates and -hydroxamates as inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) and MMP-8 (human neutrophil collagenase). As the first step, consistent and predictive 3D-QSAR models were derived using CoMFA, CoMSIA, and GRID/Golpe approaches, leading to the identification of binding regions where steric, electronic, or hydrophobic effects are important for affinity. These models were validated using multiple analyses using two or five randomly chosen cross-validation groups and randomizations of biological activities. Second, 3D-QSAR models were derived based on the affinity ratio IC(50)(MMP-8)/IC(50)(MMP-3), allowing the identification of key ligand determinants for selectivity toward one of both enzymes. In addition to this ligands' view, the third step encompasses a chemometrical approach based on principal component analysis (PCA) of multivariate GRID descriptors to uncover the major differences between both protein binding sites with respect to their GRID probe interaction pattern. The resulting information, based on the accurate knowledge of the target protein 3D structures, led to a consistent picture in good agreement with experimentally observed differences in selectivity toward MMP-8 or MMP-3. The interpretation of all three classes of statistical models leads to detailed SAR information for MMP inhibitors, which is in agreement with available data for binding site topologies, ligand affinities, and selectivities. Thus the combined chemical analyses provide guidelines and accurate activity predictions for designing novel, selective MMP inhibitors.

ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of a Novel Series of Selective MMP Inhibitors: Identification of the γ‐Sulfone‐thiols.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Synthesis and identification of conformationally constrained selective MMP inhibitors

We have discovered a new series of potent conformationally constrained MMP Inhibitors that are selective for MMP-13 over MMP-1.

Broad antitumor and antiangiogenic activities of AG3340, a potent and selective MMP inhibitor undergoing advanced oncology clinical trials.

We studied AG3340, a potent metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor with pM affinities for inhibiting gelatinases (MMP-2 and -9), MT-MMP-1 (MMP-14), and collagenase-3 (MMP-13) in many tumor models. AG3340 produced dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and was well tolerated after intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral dosing in mice. Across human tumor models, AG3340 produced profound tumor growth delays when dosing began early or late after tumor implantation, although all established tumor types did not respond to AG3340. A dose-response relationship was explored in three models: COLO-320DM colon, MV522 lung, and MDA-MB-435 breast. Dose-dependent inhibitions of tumor growth (over 12.5-200 mg/kg given twice daily, b.i.d.) were observed in the colon and lung models; and in a third (breast), maximal inhibitions were produced by the lowest dose of AG3340 (50 mg/kg, b.i.d.) that was tested. In another model, AG3340 (100 mg/kg, once daily, i.p.) markedly inhibited U87 glioma growth and increased animal survival. AG3340 also inhibited tumor growth and increased the survival of nude mice bearing androgen-independent PC-3 prostatic tumors. In a sixth model, KKLS gastric, AG3340 did not inhibit tumor growth but potentiated the efficacy of Taxol. Importantly, AG3340 markedly decreased tumor angiogenesis (as assessed by CD-31 staining) and cell proliferation (as assessed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation), and increased tumor necrosis and apoptosis (as assessed by hematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL staining). These effects were model dependent, but angiogenesis was commonly inhibited. AG3340 had a superior therapeutic index to the cytotoxic agents, carboplatin and Taxol, in the MV522 lung cancer model. In combination, AG3340 enhanced the efficacy of these cytotoxic agents without altering drug tolerance. Additionally, AG3340 decreased the number of murine melanoma (B16-F10) lesions arising in the lung in an intravenous metastasis model when given in combination with carboplatin or Taxol. These studies directly support the use of AG3340 in front-line combination chemotherapy in ongoing clinical trials in patients with advanced malignancies of the lung and prostate.

Discovery of a novel series of selective MMP inhibitors: Identification of the γ-sulfone-thiols

We have discovered a new series of potent MMP Inhibitors that are selective for MMP-13 over MMP-1 incorporating a γ-sulfone thiol.