Selective Encryption Research Articles

AN IMPROVED ALGORITHM FOR JOINT SELECTIVE MULTIMEDIA ENCRYPTION (JSME) - A PRIVACY ENHANCING STRATEGY

To provide security in network is a global issue in cyber world as we all know in the age of universal electronic connectivity, of viruses, attackers and hackers of electronic eavesdropping there is indeed no time at which security does not matter. So, to provide security against the hackers or threatens becomes a critical issue. This paper discusses about the various different encryption algorithms that can be uses in various different disciplines viz. image encryption, audio encryption and video encryption. This paper designed a new algorithm for JSME that is termed as Joint Selective Multimedia Encryption whose purpose is to provide security of confidential information within small duration of time. The significance to use the concept of selective encryption is it provides a high level of security and consumes less time as well. The Practical use of this new designed methodology is to provide security to online video conferencing. The complete working of this new designed methodology is depends on three step encryption algorithm used for cyber security (3SEMCS). The parameters consideration during applying image, audio and video encryption is important factors.

Speech authentication and content recovery scheme for security communication and storage

With the rapid development of Internet, it brings a lot of conveniences. However, the data transmission and storage are faced with some security issues that seem to be obstacles to overcome, such as privacy protection and integrity authentication. In this paper, an efficient speech watermarking algorithm is proposed for content authentication and recovery in encrypted domain. The proposed system consists of speech encryption, watermark generation and embedding, content authentication and recovery. In the encryption process, chaotic and block cipher are combined to eliminate the positional correlation and conceal the statistical feature. In the watermark embedding process, approximation coefficients of integer wavelet transform are used to generate watermark and the detail coefficients are reserved to carry watermark. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed scheme has high security and excellent inaudibility. Compared with previous works, the proposed scheme has strong ability to detect de-synchronization attacks and locate the corresponding tampered area without using synchronization codes. Meanwhile, the selective encryption will not influence the selective watermarking operation. Similarly, the operation of watermarking will not affect the decryption of the encrypted speech. Additionally, the tampered samples can be recovered without any auxiliary watermark information.

Endurance-Aware Security Enhancement in Non-Volatile Memories Using Compression and Selective Encryption

Emerging non-volatile memories (NVMs) are notable candidates for replacing traditional DRAMs. Although NVMs are scalable, dissipate lower power, and do not require refreshes, they face new challenges including shorter lifetime and security issues. Efforts toward securing the NVMs against probe attacks pose a serious downside in terms of lifetime. Cryptography algorithms increase the information density of data blocks and consequently handicap the existing lifetime enhancement solutions like Flip-N-Write. In this paper, based on the insight that compression can relax the constraints of lifetime-security trade-off, we propose CryptoComp, an architecture that, taking the advantage of block size reduction after compression, aims to enhance the memory system lifetime and security. Our idea is to limit the avalanche effect caused by encryption algorithms in a lower space through compression and selective encryption. This way, for highly compressible data blocks, we follow a fully-encryption approach while for poorly compressible data blocks, we rely on a non-deterministic fine-grain selective-encryption mechanism. Additionally, a simple and block-oriented wear-leveling scheme is presented to fairly distribute the bit flips on memory cells. Our experimental results show 3.59 $\times$ and 3.66 $\times$ lifetime improvements over two state-of-the-art schemes, DEUCE and i-NVMM, while imposing a negligible performance degradation of 2.1 percent, on average.

A selective encryption scheme of CABAC based on video context in high efficiency video coding

In this paper, we propose a selective encryption scheme with a chaotic encryption system for the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard in which Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) is the only entropy coder for transform coefficient coding. Our method focuses on the binstrings of truncated rice with a context “p” (TRp) code suffix and kth order Exp-Golomb (k = p + 1) code suffix before Binary Arithmetic Coding (BAC) for the remaining absolute level coding, which is coded by the bypass mode in the entropy coding stage. The probability of symbols does not change and CABAC decoding has no effect after encryption. Several different YUV sequences are used for experimental evaluation of the proposed algorithm. Compared to previous researches, our approach has good protection for video information, which keeps a constant bitrate and format compatibility, and meantime it has a negligible impact on encoding performance.

Design and ARM-embedded implementation of a chaotic secure communication scheme based on H.264 selective encryption

In this paper, a novel video chaotic secure communication scheme and its ARM-embedded hardware implementation are investigated, based on the H.264 selective encryption and multi-core multi-process. A six-dimensional discrete-time hyperchaotic system equipped with a nonlinear nominal matrix is firstly constructed, and the corresponding chaotic encryption algorithm is then designed. During H.264 encoding, the difference components of motion vectors in both the horizontal and vertical directions, as well as the DC transform coefficients, are selectively encrypted by using such a chaotic encryption algorithm, respectively, so as to enhance the safety performance. To improve the processing speed and transmission frame rate of the whole hardware system, an ARM-based hardware platform with multi-core multi-process is further adopted to realize the H.264 selective video chaotic secure communication, where the sender collects and encrypts the original video with four-core four-process mode, and the receiver decrypts the encrypted video with three-core three-process mode, in which one core binds one process. Finally, the security performance of the designed system is tested using the TESTU01 statistical test suites and some other statistical security analysis. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results validate the feasibility and reliability of the proposed scheme.

Extended Selective Encryption of H.264/AVC (CABAC)- and HEVC-Encoded Video Streams

This paper proposes an extended selective encryption (SE) method for both H.264/advanced video coding (AVC) (CABAC) and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) streams, addressing the main security issue that SE is facing: content protection, related to the amount of information leakage through a protected video. Our contribution is the improvement in the visual distortion induced by SE approaches. Previous works on both H.264/AVC (CABAC) and HEVC limit encryption to bins treated by one specific mode of CABAC—its bypass mode—which has the advantage of preserving the overall bitrate, we propose here to also rely on the encryption of the more widely used mode of CABAC—its regular mode. This allows encryption of a major codeword for video reconstruction, the prediction modes for intra blocks/units. Disturbing their statistics may cause bitrate overhead, which is the tradeoff for improving the content security level of the SE approach. A comprehensive study of this compromise between the improvement in the scrambling efficiency and the undesirable aftereffects is presented in this paper, and a specific security analysis of the proposed CABAC regular mode encryption is conducted.

Implementing AES Algorithm for Selective Encryption in Wireless Networks

Implementing AES Algorithm for Selective Encryption in Wireless Networks

Transparent encryption with scalable video communication: Lower-latency, CABAC-based schemes

Selective encryption masks all of the content without completely hiding it, as full encryption would do at a cost in encryption delay and increased bandwidth. Many commercial applications of video encryption do not even require selective encryption, because greater utility can be gained from transparent encryption, i.e. allowing prospective viewers to glimpse a reduced quality version of the content as a taster. Our lightweight selective encryption scheme when applied to scalable video coding is well suited to transparent encryption. The paper illustrates the gains in reducing delay and increased distortion arising from a transparent encryption that leaves reduced quality base layer in the clear. Reduced encryption of B-frames is a further step beyond transparent encryption in which the computational overhead reduction is traded against content security and limited distortion. This spectrum of video encryption possibilities is analyzed in this paper, though all of the schemes maintain decoder compatibility and add no bitrate overhead as a result of jointly encoding and encrypting the input video by virtue of carefully selecting the entropy coding parameters that are encrypted. The schemes are suitable both for H.264 and HEVC codecs, though demonstrated in the paper for H.264. Selected Content Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) parameters are encrypted by a lightweight Exclusive OR technique, which is chosen for practicality.

MP3 Partial Encryption for DRM

Partial or selective encryption is a well-known concept in multimedia security. It aims to achieve a level of security of multimedia encryption comparable to common encryption by encrypting only a relevant subset of the complete stream or file. The prime benefit of partial encryption is better performance due to fewer encryption operations. In addition, partially encrypted media data can often be parsed as well as unencrypted media if no header data is encrypted. The focus of partial encryption evaluation has almost always been the level of security that can be achieved. In this work, we discuss another aspect: when partial encryption of MP3 files is used in a DRM scenario, how many resources can be saved by it? As DRM usually is attacked by key sniffing or analogue recording, the security of the encryption itself is of lesser importance as long as it provides a sufficient hindrance to access the media data.

An efficient mechanism of cryptographic synchronization within selectively encrypted H.265/HEVC video stream

The challenge to which the encryption of multimedia data needs to respond is ensuring the security of data intensive video stream in an efficient way. Unlike full data encryption, selective encryption manages to achieve this by encrypting only a part of the data stream, while providing a satisfactory level of video security. This optimizes the processing time and the size of encrypted data. Regardless of the encryption technique, there is a lack of cryptographic synchronization when providing random access to the selected part of the encrypted multimedia stream. In this paper we propose a novel and efficient method of cryptographic synchronization as an extension to the H.265/HEVC crypto encoder in order to support random access in selectively encrypted video stream.

A Novel Selective Encryption Scheme for Medical Images Transmission based-on JPEG Compression Algorithm

The medical imagery is a transverse activity for all medical disciplines. Its remarkable development is due to the large use of telecommunications and information technologies in the medical domain. However, since the telemedicine is a medical act that must answer to stern rules, and follow the easiness that is offered by the informatics sciences to violate the confidentiality and authenticity of medical data, the medical community is, actually, in state of opposition facing the computerization of data. To resolve this problem, a lot of methods combining compression and encryption have been developed in the literature to secure the transmission and the storage of medical images. This work presents a method of a partial or selective encryption for medical Images. It is based on the integration of the encryption in a compression process based on the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) in order to reduce the processing time in the encryption-decryption operation. The results of several experiments show that the proposed scheme is rapid, efficient, secure and it perfectly preserves the performances of the new one.

Privacy-Preserving Data Encryption Strategy for Big Data in Mobile Cloud Computing

Privacy has become a considerable issue when the applications of big data are dramatically growing in cloud computing. The benefits of the implementation for these emerging technologies have improved or changed service models and improve application performances in various perspectives. However, the remarkably growing volume of data sizes has also resulted in many challenges in practice. The execution time of the data encryption is one of the serious issues during the data processing and transmissions. Many current applications abandon data encryptions in order to reach an adoptive performance level companioning with privacy concerns. In this paper, we concentrate on privacy and propose a novel data encryption approach, which is called Dynamic Data Encryption Strategy (D2ES). Our proposed approach aims to selectively encrypt data and use privacy classification methods under timing constraints. This approach is designed to maximize the privacy protection scope by using a selective encryption strategy within the required execution time requirements. The performance of D2ES has been evaluated in our experiments, which provides the proof of the privacy enhancement.

Selective Encryption Algorithm Using Hybrid Transform for GIS Vector Map

Nowadays, geographic information system (GIS) is developed and implemented in many areas. A huge volume of vector map data has been accessed unlawfully by hackers, pirates, or unauthorized users. For this reason, we need the methods that help to protect GIS data for storage, multimedia applications, and transmission. In our paper, a selective encryption method is presented based on vertex randomization and hybrid transform in the GIS vector map. In the proposed algorithm, polylines and polygons are focused as the targets for encryption. Objects are classified in each layer, and all coordinates of the significant objects are encrypted by the key sets generated by using chaotic map before changing them in DWT, DFT domain. Experimental results verify the high efficiency visualization by low complexity, high security performance by random processes.

Infrared image selective encryption algorithm based on multi-feature difference detection and joint control mapping

Infrared image selective encryption algorithm based on multi-feature difference detection and joint control mapping

Multiple watermarking technique for securing online social network contents using Back Propagation Neural Network

The initial contribution in this paper begins with proposing a robust and secure DWT, DCT and SVD based multiple watermarking techniques for protecting digital contents over unsecure social networks. The proposed technique initially decomposes the host image into third level DWT where the vertical frequency band (LH2) at second level and low frequency band (LL3) at the third level DWT is selected for embedding image and text watermark respectively. Further, the proposed method addresses the issue of ownership identity authentication, multiple watermarks are embedded instead of single watermark into the same multimedia objects simultaneously, which offer the extra level of security and reduced storage and bandwidth requirements in the important applications areas such as E-health, secure multimedia contents on online social network, secured E-Voting systems, digital cinema, education and insurance companies, driver’s license /passport. Moreover, the robustness image watermark is also enhanced by using Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), which is applied on extracted watermark to minimize the distortion effects on the watermarked image. In addition, the method addresses the issue of channel noise distortions in the identity information. This has been achieved using error correcting codes (ECCs) for encoding the text watermark before embedding into the host image. The effects of Hamming and BCH codes on the robustness of personal identity information in the form of text watermark and the cover image quality have been investigated. Further, to enhance the security of the host and watermarks the selective encryption is applied on watermarked image, where only the important multimedia data is encrypted. The proposed method has been extensively tested and analyzed against known attacks. Based on experimental results, it is established that the proposed technique achieves superior performance in respect of, robustness, security and capacity with acceptable visual quality of the watermarked image as compared to reported techniques. Finally, we have evaluated the image quality of the watermarked image by subjective method. Therefore, the proposed method may find potential solutions in prevention of personal identity theft and unauthorized multimedia content sharing on online social networks/open channel.

A light weight and secure video conferencing scheme utilizing public network

Security of video encryption schemes is an issue yet to be addressed to the satisfaction of all parties concerned. In the one end of the spectrum, there are applications which require highest level of security and they use conventional encryption schemes which are neither bandwidth efficient nor format preserving. Thus limit their application to a large extent. Other end of the spectrum is occupied by selective encryption schemes which are used by most of the commercial applications. These schemes though bandwidth efficient are not secure as these schemes are designed to degrade the video quality but overall content remain intelligible. Thus a scheme which is highly secure yet bandwidth efficient is the need of the hour. In this paper, we propose a new format preserving selective encryption scheme for JPEG and MPEG which is compression friendly as well as highly secure. We choose the quantized DCT coefficients of the I-frame for encryption. The resultant image/video is completely obscure and is suitable for high end security applications. Also there is no reduction in the performance of compression algorithms applied later in the standard JPEG/MPEG pipeline. Experiments show that the encrypted image/video file is almost of the same size as that of un-encrypted version. Thus the scheme is suitable for applications like tele-medicine, on-the-go video conferencing using low bandwidth cellular networks, etc..

A hybrid framework of data hiding and encryption in H.264/SVC

This paper proposed a framework which combined video data hiding method based on modifying the intra prediction mode and selective encryption method. It hides data bits by adjusting intra prediction modes while it ensures that modified prediction mode is the optimal prediction mode at the current case and hence the loss of coding performance is relatively small. The hidden bits can be some hash bits, some other key bits and other feature bits for authentication or error concealment. After that, the selective encryption is designed to support privacy protection. The experiments indicate that the proposed algorithms provide high hiding capacity, good quality of stego videos and appropriate capability of privacy protection. Moreover, the loss of PSNR, bit-rate and the delay of hiding and encryption is still acceptable.

Encryption Algorithm using Polyline Simplification for GIS Vector Map

Recently, vector map has developed, used in many domains, and in most cases vector map data contains confidential information which must be kept away from unauthorized users. Moreover, the manufacturing process of a vector map is complex and the maintenance of a digital map requires substantial monetary and human resources. This paper presents the selective encryption scheme based on polyline simplification methods for GIS vector map data protection to store, transmit or distribute to authorized users. Main advantages of our algorithm are random vertices and transformation processes but it still meets requirements of security by random processes, and this algorithm can be implement to many types of vector map formats.

Mobile-cloud assisted framework for selective encryption of medical images with steganography for resource-constrained devices

In this paper, the problem of outsourcing the selective encryption of a medical image to cloud by resource-constrained devices such as smart phone is addressed, without revealing the cover image to cloud using steganography. In the proposed framework, the region of interest of the medical image is first detected using a visual saliency model. The detected important data is then embedded in a host image, producing a stego image which is outsourced to cloud for encryption. The cloud which has powerful resources, encrypts the image and sent back the encrypted marked image to the client. The client can then extract the selectively encrypted region of interest and can combine it with the region of non-interest to form a selectively encrypted image, which can be sent to medical specialists and healthcare centers. Experimental results and analysis validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in terms of security, image quality, and computational complexity and verify its applicability in remote patient monitoring centers.

Interoperable conditional access with video selective encryption for portable devices

The pay-TV industry seeks to extend its reach to portable display devices. At the same time, it seeks to ensure a horizontal market by making interoperable the Conditional Access Systems (CASs) employed to protect content. To achieve interoperability for such devices, this paper proposes a form of selective encryption for video that allows simultaneous distribution of a small percentage of video data on a per-CAS basis, allowing sharing of the unencrypted video between the CASs. The bitrate overhead for each additional CAS enabled is found to be on average 7.41 %, whereas the computational overhead amounts to no more than 40 ms for the benchmark sequences tested. Adaptation of CAS to transparent encryption of scalable video is also demonstrated in this paper.