Selection Of Stainless Steels Research Articles

Effect of materials and process parameters on machinability of stainless steels

Stainless steels, recognized for their corrosion resistance attributed to a minimum of 11 % Chromium, encompass a variety of alloys with distinctive microstructures and properties. Machinability significantly varies among these alloys. Austenitic steels such as SS303 and 304 present challenges, demonstrating poor surface finish and high power consumption. This study, employing a central composite design, investigates the machinability of AISI 303, 304, 316, AISI 416, and AISI A36. Turning tests with PVD TiAlN-coated inserts revealed optimal parameters for cutting speeds (90.5256–244.411 m/min), feed (0.0635–0.4826 mm/rev), and depth (0.00016–0.00187 m.). Surface finish analysis identified AISI 316 as the best, closely followed by AISI 303. From a power consumption standpoint, AISI 303 performed the best, and concerning fragmented chip morphology, AISI 303 also excelled. The superior performance of AISI 303 is attributed to 2 % Manganese and 0.15 % Sulfur, proving to be the most effective combination compared to the other four steels, resulting in a higher percentage of MnS2, optimal for improving machinability. The depth of cut emerges as the most influential factor affecting dimensional accuracy. These findings hold practical significance in the selection of stainless steels and corresponding process parameters across various industries, including the manufacturing of heavy earthmoving equipment. By shedding light on the optimal composition and machining conditions, this study contributes valuable insights for enhancing performance and efficiency in stainless steel applications.

Selection and Durability of Stainless Steels for Civil Engineering Applications

Due to the large number of stainless steels with different chemical composition and different microstructure the selection of the suitable material represents a huge challenge. In order to facilitate the appropriate grade selection, in the current European standard EN 1993-1-4 a procedure is defined based on the use of a look-up table considering the key variables that influence the selection of stainless steels. The table uses descriptions that competent designers should be able to readily understand or define without prior knowledge. The output from the look-up table is used to select alloys based on a Corrosion Resistance Class (CRC) from I to V. The advantage of this approach is that the designer simply specifies the relevant CRC and does not need to consider in detail which of the many (very similar) alloys to specify.

The influence of metallurgical factors on corrosion fatigue strength of stainless steels

Corrosion fatigue strength of stainless steels is controlled by tangled interaction among environmental, mechanical and metallurgical factors. In order to estimate corrosion fatigue strength it is indispensable to understand the role of an each influencing factor. The aim of this paper is to present briefly surveyed results on metallurgical factors on corrosion fatigue strength of stainless steels such as austenitic, martensitic and duplex stainless steels mainly based upon author’s experimental results. The targeted dominant metallurgical factors focussed upon are chemical compositions, heat treatment, manufacturing process and microstructures.The emphasis is placed upon effect of Molybdenum content on corrosion fatigue strength of austenitic stainless steels in 3%NaCl aqueous solution, tempering temperature on corrosion fatigue strength of 13% Chromium stainless steel in 3%NaCl aqueous solution and volume percent ferrite on corrosion fatigue strength of duplex stainless steel in potassium alum aqueous solution. The surface and fracture surface observation by optical and scanning electron microscopy revealed that corrosion pit formed at corrosion fatigue crack initiation area. In light of relatively smaller effect of corrosive environment on corrosion fatigue crack propagation rate it can be surmised that corrosion fatigue strength of stainless steels is governed by crack initiation process. It can be concluded that corrosion fatigue strength of stainless steels is strongly influenced by metallurgical factors such as chemical compositions, heat treatment, manufacturing process and microstructures.The information obtained in this survey directly lead to prevention of corrosion fatigue failure in stainless steels made components, selection of stainless steels in corrosive environments and development of corrosion resistant stainless steels.

Selection of Stainless Steel for Cathode Plate in Hydrometallurgical Process

Recently, the hydrometallurgy for metal refining is getting more and more popularin China. During a traditional hydrometallurgical process sulphuric acid is often used. In many cases, the working conditions in the solvent extraction and electro winning processes could be very tough for the commonly used material of different equipment and components, such as, austenitic stainless steels of 304/304L and 316L. In a copper refinery, a permanent cathode plate made of 316L was taken out of production due to heavy corrosion. The samples from the corroded plate were investigated thoroughly, possible reasons were pointed out and new material was suggested in this work. It is expected this research could help the copper refineries and Sanmen Sanyou to select the proper cathode plates in complicated working conditions.

The Application and Selection of Stainless Steel in Architecture

The characteristics of stainless steel, notably its corrosion resistance, aesthetic appearance and mechanical properties, make it ideally suited for many architectural applications. Optimum performance is achieved by taking into account these characteristics when designing in stainless steel. The paper based on the idea of sustainable development analyses the outstanding features of stainless steel.

Aspects of Testing and Selecting Stainless Steels for Seawater Applications

Abstract Relatively recent failures in seawater systems of highly alloyed (i.e., pitting resistance equivalent [PREN] > 40) stainless steels (SS) have highlighted the issue of corrosion testing and safe-use limits. Three aspects of testing and selection of SS for seawater application were reviewed: relevancy of the electrochemical test methods, the quality control system, and the importance of repassivation. A potentiostatic test for assessment of critical pitting (CPT) and crevice (CCT) temperatures was analyzed with respect to its ability to generate data relevant to chlorinated seawater systems. CPT seemed valid as safe-use limits, but the CCT determined were too high. A modified test approach was proposed. Generally, significant scatter in CCT and CPT values was registered, focusing on the importance of statistical experimental approach and data analyses. Recommendations were made on use of the ASTM G 48 test as a quality control method. The validity of critical pitting and crevice indices was analyze...

Untersuchungen zur Werkstoff‐ und Korrosionsproblematik bei der Oxidation von Schadstoffen in überkritischen Wasser

AbstractEine Auswahl an hochlegierten Stählen und Sonderlegierungen für den oxidativen Abbau organischer Schadstoffe in wäßrigen Lösungen unter hohen Drücken und Temperaturen (überkritische Naßoxidation) wird vorgestellt. Eine für aussagekräftige Korrosionsuntersuchungen errichtete Hochdrucklaboranlage, in der die realen Betriebsbedingungen der überkritischen Naßoxidat on (Temperaturen ab 647,35 K; Drücke ab 22,1 MPa) nachvollzogen werden können, wird beschrieben. Das Korrosionsverhalten der ausgewählten und als Hochdruckbauteil oder als Reaktorwerkstoff eingesetzten Legierungen (X 2 CrNiMo 18 10; × 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2; × 5 CrNi 18 10; NiCr 15 Fe; NiMo 16 Cr 16 Ti; NiCr 23 Mo 16 Al) wird aufgezeigt und diskutiert. Insbesondere beim Abbau des Modellschadstoffes p‐Chlorphenol mit Sauerstoff als Oxidationsmittel werden die starken Unterschiede in der Beständigkeit von Edelstählen und Nickelbasislegierungen deutlich.

建材用ステンレス鋼の腐食と対策

建材用ステンレス鋼の腐食と対策

Selection of stainless steels for refineries and the petrochemical industry

The properties of the recently developed alloy SAF 2304 and of other duplex stainless steels are reviewed. When stress corrosion cracking is a potential problem, this group of alloys offers advantages as compared to the standard austenitic stainless steels AISI 304†316. This is even more true when the high yield strength and the physical properties of the duplex stainless steels can be utilized. When duplex stainless steels do not have sufficient corrosion resistance, Sanicro 28 is a suitable material selection.