Selection Of Raw Materials Research Articles

A review and analysis of particle size parameters and their relationships to physical properties of growing media

AbstractAn expanded description of particle morphology and the analysis of its relationships with physical properties may help to optimize the selection of raw materials and particle size fractions used as growing media constituents. Previous works have described the outlines of these relations based mostly on sieving procedures to characterize particle size distribution. They have shown limited and sometimes contradictory results due to the different methods used, size fractions selected, and physical properties measured. Also, sieve analysis, which separates particles based on their width, is less accurate for non‐spherical particles, which is the case for most growing media constituents. Recent works have promoted the use of dynamic image analysis (DIA) to precisely analyze both particle length and width. Five raw materials were chosen (white and black peats, coir, pine bark, and wood fiber) and sieved to obtain various particle size fractions. For each particle size fraction and the raw materials, the mean weight diameter (MWD), derived from sieving, was calculated, whereas mean particle length and width were determined using a DIA tool, the QicPic device. Also, physical properties were assessed from water retention curves established using Hyprop systems. The statement that the larger the particle size, the higher the air‐filled porosity (AFP), the lower the water holding capacity (WHC) was more precisely redefined. Large variations in WHC and AFP mainly occurred for finest particle size fractions, whereas changes were conversely very small or non‐existent for larger particle sizes. From data obtained for each particle size fractions, regression models were established to relate mean particle length and width (both determined using DIA) and MWD (determined from sieving) with WHC and AFP. Mean particle length was identified as the most relevant parameter for predicting WHC and AFP of the raw materials tested.

Enhancing the stability of mung bean-based milk: Insights from protein characteristics and raw material selection

Plant-based milk (PBM) alternatives are gaining popularity worldwide as the change of consumers' nutritional habits and health attitudes. Mung beans, recognized for their nutritional value, have gained attention as potential ingredients for PBM. Nevertheless, mung bean-based milk (MBM) faces instability issues common to other plant-based milks. This study investigated the factors influencing MBM stability focusing on raw materials. We selected 6 out of 20 varieties based on their MBM centrifugation sedimentation rates, representing both stable and unstable MBM. Stable MBM exhibited distinct advantages, including reduced separation rate, smaller particle size, lower viscosity, fewer protein aggregates, higher soluble protein content, and increased consumer acceptance. Major nutritional components such as protein, starch, and lipids were not significant different between stable and unstable MBM varieties. The pivotal distinction may lay in the protein properties and composition. Stable MBM varieties exhibited significantly improved protein solubility and emulsion stability, along with elevated concentrations of legume-like acidic subunits, basic 7S proteins, and 28 kDa and 26 kDa vicilin-like subunits. The increasement of these proteins likely contributed to the improvement in protein characteristics that affect MBM stability. These findings offer valuable insights for raw material selection and guidance for future mung bean breeding to enhance mung bean milk production.

First Assessment of a Pebble Tool Industry in the Pesqueiro River Valley, Upper Uruguay River Basin, Southern Brazil

Abstract This article presents the first findings of a topographic survey plotting the location of archaeological material and of a technological study of the lithic industry at the SC-CHA-030 open-air archaeological site along the Pesqueiro riverbank, located in the upper course of the Uruguay River Basin in southwestern Brazil. We analyzed raw material selection and the production of shaped/façonnage tools (unifacial, bifacial, and trihedral) associated with the production (debitage) of cortical and semi-cortical flakes that were then transformed into tools by simple retouch. From the geoarchaeological point of view, the spatial distribution pattern of the material is meaningful in the context of the geomorphic transition between foothills and alluvial plain. Our study of technological behavior and the formation of archaeological sites finds that raw material and shaped pebble tools are a crucial aspect of the industries on the Paraná Basaltic Plateau of southern Brazil.

Mortars and Renders: The Case of the Roman Villa Horta da Torre Fronteira, Portugal

The archaeological site of villa Horta da Torre in Portugal reveals distinctive architectural features within the context of Roman villae in Hispania. Notably, the triclinium was designed with an artificial cascade originating from a double apse wall, and the walls were adorned with mosaic tessellae panels and marble skirting. During the Roman era, the surrounding area belonged to the former province of Lusitania, with Augusta Emerita serving as its capital. This study examines 11 mortar samples from various contexts and functions, such as masonry, preparatory, render, and opus signinum mortars. A set of complementary analytical techniques was employed to determine the textural and mineralogical compositions of the mortars. The aim was to gain insights into the production techniques and the selection of raw materials within the geological context of this rural construction. It was observed that the processing of raw materials and production techniques did not always adhere to the rules of Vitruvius. A comparison with other villas revealed comparatively less meticulous attention to sand selection and precise layering for mural painting. Nevertheless, it was noted that in preparatory layers for the supranucleus and nucleus tesserae, ceramic pieces were intentionally added to improve the mortar. The binder used was calcitic lime, likely obtained from locally sourced limestone. The nature of aggregates is diversified but consistent with the local geological provenance within a radius of less than 3 km, in accordance with two sand exploration sites. This research aligns with the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, contributing specifically to SDG 11 and Target 11.4, which “aims to strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage”.

Arts and Crafts Management Model of Baan Huai Ta Community, Utttaradit Province

Purpose: The objectives of the present research on the arts and crafts management model of Baan Huai Ta community, Uttaradit province were to analyze the community arts and crafts management model; develop the community arts and crafts management model; and evaluate the community arts and crafts management model of Baan Huai Ta, Uttaradit Province. Theoretical Framework: This study employs the concept of local wisdom and product development and design. Design/Methodology/Approach: The procedures involved building a network, acquiring knowledge, developing a community arts and crafts management model, developing community arts and crafts, evaluating the community arts and crafts management model. A qualitative research was employed consisting of observation, in-depth interviews, focus group discussion, and participatory action. Findings: The analysis of community arts and crafts management model suggested the area-based potential of Baan Huai Ta with arts and crafts abilities including weaving, wickerwork, and wood carving. Her Majesty Queen Sirikit had graciously supported people in the community to receive career development trainings in arts and crafts intended to offer extra jobs for generating more income. Their products were delivered for distribution to the Bureau of the Royal Household and the Arts and Crafts Promotion Foundation. Research Practical and Social Implication: Evaluation results of community arts and crafts works were as follow: increased value at a highest level; design concept at a highest level; selection of raw materials at a highest level; production process at a highest level; quality and beauty at a highest level; increased value added at a very high level; creating identity at a very high level; and generating value added at a very high level. The arts and crafts management model of Baan Huai Ta community, Uttaradit province comprised 4 components namely: analysis of community context; analysis of community management//network building; development of arts and crafts; and evaluation of arts and crafts management model. Originality/Value: The development of community arts and crafts management models focused on the designs with applied local wisdom to provide community products. The design concept is based on the link of science and knowledge in coordination with applied local materials to develop community products with an aim to bring about value added, self-reliance, as well as group forming. This had led to the development of products consisting of 12 pieces of fabric art and craft products, 2 pieces of carving art and craft products, and 8 pieces of wickerwork arts and crafts products, totaling 22 products.

From MEMS Strip to MEMS Unit: a Comprehensive Simulation Approach to Warpage

The paper suggests a simulation flow methodology suitable for MEMS package designers that can help R&D teams to develop industrially feasible products by achieving consistent warpage prediction results, both at unit and strip levels. Striplevel- wise, one of the most important findings of this activity is the direct impact of raw material selection. Unit-level-wise, it allows checking a priori and in different conditions (inside the socket or mounted on a PCB for example) stress distribution on different elements of the assembled MEMS unit.

Ceramic Biomaterials in Dentistry: Review

Recent years have seen significant advancements in the field of materials science, accompanied by progress in analytical techniques and the discovery of new control devices and materials. These advancements have paved the way for the development of innovative approaches for raw material selection, with particular attention to creating advanced materials with specific physical and chemical properties tailored to meet desired criteria. This growing demand is particularly pronounced in environments with complex conditions, such as biological environments like the oral cavity. Consequently, there is a pressing need to identify and design materials that meet rigorous standards capable of withstanding such demanding environments. In the search for materials suitable for these applications, the need for advanced additives or biomaterials arises, which not only possess specific physicochemical attributes but also emulate biological materials, such as teeth, once integrated into biological systems. These biomaterials, spanning a wide range from metals, alloys, and polymers to glasses (bioglass), carbon fiber composites, and biological materials, interface with biological systems such as tissues and human fluids. However, it is essential to emphasize that biomaterials, while in contact with biological entities, differ from pharmaceutical materials.

An Evaluation of Low-Grade Red Oak and Soft Maple as Raw Material for Cross-Laminated Timber Panel Production

Abstract Utilization of hardwoods in the manufacture of cross-laminated timber (CLT) faces many challenges, one of which is the selection of raw material that is both technically and economically feasible. From an economic perspective, it would make sense to choose species and grades that are both readily available and relatively competitive with softwood species currently used in CLT manufacturing. For the purposes of this study, lower grades (2A Common, 2B Common, 3A Common, and 3B Common) of red oak and soft maple were deemed appropriate in fitting this profile. All lumber was visually graded according to both National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) and Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association (NeLMA) grading rules, as well as nondestructively tested through flatwise bending to determine modulus of elasticity (MOE). The yield distribution of each species and NHLA grade, by visual structural grade, were analyzed. The mechanical testing of each species was analyzed based on the minimum allowable MOE of 1.2 x 106 psi as required by ANSI/PRG-320. Mechanical testing resulted in much higher yields of acceptable CLT material than visual grading, for both species. A total net worth analysis was conducted to evaluate the value of NHLA graded lumber being processed into structurally graded lumber for both species and both grading methods. Finally, a procurement analysis was conducted to determine the volume of lumber required for both species, in order to achieve a fixed volume of CLT-ready lumber.

Near-infrared spectroscopy combined with fuzzy fast pseudoinverse linear discriminant analysis to discriminate mee tea grades

Mee tea, one of the major types of green tea in China, is often used for export because of its elegant appearance, high fragrance and strong taste. However, the quality of tea differs greatly due to the difference in raw material selection and production technology level. In order to accurately and quickly differentiate different grades of Mee tea, fuzzy fast pseudoinverse linear discriminant analysis (FFPLDA) was proposed based on fast pseudoinverse linear discriminant analysis (FPLDA) for extracting discriminant information from near-infrared (NIR) spectra. Firstly, NIR spectra of Mee tea samples were acquired, and then they were preprocessed by multiplicative scatter correlation (MSC). Secondly, the compression of data was achieved by principal component analysis (PCA). Thirdly, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), FPLDA, FFPLDA and fuzzy Foley-Sammon transformation (FFST) were respectively performed to retrieve discriminant information from NIR data. Finally, the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) was utilized to classify Mee tea grades. In this study, experimental results showed that the accuracy of FFPLDA was higher than that of LDA, FFST and FPLDA. Therefore, NIR spectroscopy coupled with FFPLDA and KNN has a good effect in discrimination of Mee tea grades and also a great application potential.

Effect of blast furnace slag substitution for cement in carbon-reduced and low-cost solidified/stabilized cementitious materials

The development of low-carbon cementitious materials involves the selection of the appropriate raw materials and the transformation of the hydration mechanism. In this study, low-carbon and low-cost cementitious materials were prepared using municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA), blast furnace slag (BFS), and desulfurization gypsum (DFG) as raw materials to reduce clinker usage. Results showed that the compressive strength of K5 (mass ratio of BFS: DFG: MSWI FA = 7:1:2) after 360 d of curing was 41.49 MPa, with a low leaching concentration of heavy metal residues that meet groundwater Class II standards, a dioxin content of only 25 ngTEG/kg, and a stable pH value ranging between 11 and 11.5. Microscopic analysis revealed a continuous decrease in the Ca/Si atomic ratios of K4 (mass ratio of BFS: DFG: MSWI FA: P·I 42.5 = 42:10:20:28) and K5, i.e., 1.18–1.54 and 1.04–1.23, respectively, with the increase in the hydration age. The highest Al/Si atomic ratio of K5, i.e., 0.26–0.31, was observed with the strongest conversion trend of calcium–silicate–hydrate gel into calcium–aluminum–silicate–hydrate gel, and the network structure of sodium–(calcium)–aluminum–silicate–hydrate gel zeolite-like phase was generated. The water-to-binder (WTB) mass ratio of 0.35 was determined to be more suitable for the K4 and K5 systems and resulted in a 56.83% and 90.82% reduction in half-life t∂ compared with the WTB ratio of 0.5, respectively. Notably, the value of the reaction velocity constant K in the induction period was 10 times that of K1, and the autocatalytic reaction controlled the value of N to < 1. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure indicated that Zn solidification produced Zn2SiO4 with a small solubility product. The production of 1 t of K5 emitted only 10.83 kg/t of CO2, which was 40 times less than that of K1. Overall, K5 provides the highest economic benefit at 40.08 USD/t, and the clinker-free cementitious system with multisolid waste synergy has significant advantages in terms of solidifying harmful substances, reducing carbon emissions, and lowering costs.

Provenance studies on ancient mud mortars, plasters, and floor soils of India’s Raigad hill fort

Understanding the building materials and construction practices employed is an inevitable component of forensic studies on ancient structures. In Particular, knowing the origins of the raw materials used in manufacturing native building materials is vital for preparing new materials that are compatible with ancient materials for their restoration. The present work focused on establishing the provenance of raw materials used in the construction of the Raigad hill fort, dated between the 12th and 17th centuries. This study particularly carries significance due to the fact that the fort is located at a height of 800m above sea level with no lime source on the hilltop. It is believed the builders of Raigad hill fort predominantly used local soils in the creation of mud plasters and mud mortars. However, validation of this supposition is necessary prior to the selection of raw materials for preparing the building material for the retrofitting works. Hence, the present study investigates the mud plasters, mud mortars, and floor soils of the fort, along with soil samples collected from Ganga Sagar Pond on the hilltop. The physical and compositional analytical characterization techniques such as sieving (for Particle size analysis), Elemental analyzer (for CHNS determination), XRD (for mineralogical characterization), FTIR, SEM-EDS, and TGA/DTA (for thermal analysis) were performed on the collected mud plaster, mud mortar and soil samples. Based on the physical–chemical-mineralogical data, it is revealed that the local pond soil was sourced for the preparation of mud plaster and mortar, and its properties were modified by adding basaltic aggregates and organic additives to the extent of 13–17%.

Current State of Alkyd Resin Synthesis and Characterization, Extracted from Vegetable Oils

Alkyd resins' high film-forming capacity, excellent adhesion, and durability to a variety of environmental conditions have led to its major attention in the field of industrial coatings and paint applications. The purpose of this work is to present a thorough overview of the synthesis and characterization of alkyd resins for these particular uses. Thirty-eight (38) vegetable oils were reviewed from 2001 to 2023 whose data were derived from online sources, not excluding google scholar, ScienceDirect and Semantics scholar. Alkyd resins are made by reacting polyols (like glycerol or pentaerythritol) with dicarboxylic acids (like phthalic anhydride), then modifying the mixture with fatty acids or drying oils. The qualities of the resulting alkyd resins are significantly influenced by process variables, including catalysts, reaction conditions, and raw material selection. Numerous methods are used in the characterization of alkyd resins, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and thermal analysis (TGA/DSC).&#x0D; These methods offer important insights into the alkyd resins' molecular weight distribution, thermal stability, and chemical structure. Gaining knowledge about the synthesis and characterization of alkyd resins helps to optimize their formulation for use in paint and industrial coatings, improving their performance and durability.

First Study of the PIKACHU Project: Development and Evaluation of High-Purity Gd3Ga3Al2O12:Ce Crystals for 160Gd Double Beta Decay Search

Abstract Uncovering neutrinoless double beta decay (0ν2β) is crucial for confirming neutrinos’ Majorana characteristics. The decay rate of 0νββ is theoretically uncertain, influenced by nuclear matrix elements that vary across nuclides. To reduce this uncertainty, precise measurement of the half-life of neutrino-emitting double beta decay (2ν2β) in different nuclides is essential. We have launched the PIKACHU (Pure Inorganic scintillator experiment in KAmioka for CHallenging Underground sciences) project to fabricate high-purity Ce-doped Gd3Ga3Al2O12 (GAGG) single crystals and use them to study the double beta decay of 160Gd. Predictions from two theoretical models on nuclear matrix element calculations for 2ν2β in 160Gd show a significant discrepancy in estimated half-lives, differing by approximately an order of magnitude. If the lower half-life estimation holds true, detecting 2ν2β in 160Gd could be achievable with a sensitivity enhancement slightly more than an order of magnitude compared to prior investigations using Ce-doped Gd2SiO5 (GSO) crystal. We have successfully developed GAGG crystals with purity levels surpassing previous standards through refined purification and selection of raw materials. Our experiments with these crystals indicate the feasibility of reaching sensitivities exceeding those of earlier studies. This paper discusses the ongoing development and scintillator performance evaluation of High-purity GAGG crystals, along with the anticipated future prospects of the PIKACHU experiment.

Strategi Pelatihan Penginovasian Kerajinan Anyaman Pandan Guna Meningkatkan Komunitas Standar Produk di Pemasaran Mancanegara

The problem to be discussed in this research is to find out the training strategy for innovation of pandan weaving to increase the product standard community in overseas marketing as well as the marketing strategy for innovation of pandan weaving to increase the product standard community in international marketing. The research method used in this research is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. . The research results that have been found in this research are: 1). Organizing Innovation Training on Pandan Woven to improve community product standards in international marketing is: a. Selection of Raw Materials b. Cutting, slicing, forming c. Weaving and forming innovation d. The final stage is the finishing process which is the final process from which the previous stages have been completed. The raw model of pandan that has become tanned can be seen in terms of shape, quality of workmanship as well as physical appearance or finishing. 2. Marketing Strategy Innovation of pandan woven to improve product standard communities in international marketing, namely: 1) Needs, Demands and Desires. 2) Satisfaction, value, products and costs, where the fulfillment of needs and desires must have a relationship with products and services. 3) Transactions, Relationships, and Exchanges. and 4) Marketers, marketing and markets, marketing via social media will influence external factors that influence consumer perceptions of a product, which will then influence consumer buying interest.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Study of the manufacture of high‐fired ceramics from Fujian (China) during the Shang and Zhou dynasties

AbstractIn recent years, some kiln sites from Shang and Zhou dynasties have been excavated in Fujian province in southeastern China, and substantial high‐quality ceramic shards were unearthed. The research conducted by archaeologists indicates that these shards are likely the earliest high‐fired ceramic products in this area, characterised by unique appearance features and are therefore valuable for exploring the development and manufacture of early high‐fired ceramics in Fujian. In this study, we gathered some proto‐celadon and stamped stoneware shards from three kiln sites dating back to the Shang and Western Zhou dynasties. We analysed the chemical composition of the ceramic body and glaze, firing temperature, and mineral phase to investigate the selection of raw materials, firing, and glazing technology of these early ceramic products. The results indicate that the bodies of these high‐fired ceramic shards were made of locally weathered porcelain stone, and the glazes are lime glaze. During the Western Zhou dynasty, the potter utilised different raw materials for proto‐celadon and stamped stoneware, which was not the case during the Shang Dynasty. The firing temperatures of the majority of shards exceeded 1,000°C, and the bodies had been completed phase transformation.

USE OF OAK ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS IN VINIFICATION

Traditionally, the best wines are aged in oak barrels. It is generally accepted that the quality of wines and spirits depends on their aging in contact with oak wood. The selection of oak wood and its maturation are mandatory stages of barrel production. Considering the many factors involved in the selection of raw materials and the natural drying phase of oak wood, it is very difficult to determine the effect of drying time and the effect of wood selection factors. Wines aged in contact with wood are in great demand among consumers around the world. Oak wood allows you to change the organoleptic characteristics of wine. Numerous phenomena occur during aging in wood and affect the structure of the wine. These are mainly oxidation-reduction reactions, dissolution of volatile and non-volatile components of wood, which enrich wines. Aromas derived from oak wood contribute to the wine's aromatic profile, and the main extractable polyphenols ellagitannins can alter taste sensations such as astringency and bitterness. Thus, all the compounds derived from the wood contribute to the balance and quality of the wines. These phenomena themselves depend on numerous parameters, including the nature and conditions of barrel production, as well as the storage temperature or the ethanol content of the alcoholic beverages to be matured. Aging of wine in containers with the addition of alternative products from oak wood is becoming more and more popular in all wine-producing countries of the world. The main reasons for the development of such products are the optimization of their production, the reduction of the cost of wine aging, as well as the improvement of the level of hygiene in production. This review discusses traditional and alternative winemaking technologies and their impact on wine quality and sensory characteristics. The rapid spread of alternative aging technologies justifies a study evaluating the impact of the oak alternative on the chemical characteristics of wines and evaluating any differences from the traditional aging of wines and spirits in oak barrels.

Bacterially enhanced plant-growing media for controlled environment agriculture.

Microbe-plant interactions in the root zone not only shape crop performance in soil but also in hydroponic cultivation systems. The biological and physicochemical properties of the plant-growing medium determine the root-associated microbial community and influence bacterial inoculation effectiveness, which affects plant growth. This study investigated the combined impact of plant-growing media composition and bacterial community inoculation on the root-associated bacterial community of hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Ten plant-growing media were composed of varying raw materials, including black peat, white peat, coir pith, wood fibre, composted bark, green waste compost, perlite and sand. In addition, five different bacterial community inocula (BCI S1-5) were collected from the roots of lettuce obtained at different farms. After inoculation and cultivation inside a vertical farm, lettuce root-associated bacterial community structures, diversity and compositions were determined by evaluating 16S rRNA gene sequences. The study revealed distinct bacterial community structures among experimental replicates, highlighting the influence of raw material variations on root-associated bacterial communities, even at the batch level. However, bacterial community inoculation allowed modulation of the root-associated bacterial communities independently from the plant-growing medium composition. Bacterial diversity was identified as a key determinant of plant growth performance with green waste compost introducing Bacilli and Actinobacteria, and bacterial community inoculum S3 introducing Pseudomonas, which positively correlated with plant growth. These findings challenge the prevailing notion of hydroponic cultivation systems as sterile environments and highlight the significance of proper plant-growing media raw material selection and bacterial community inoculation in shaping root-associated microbiomes that provide stability through microbial diversity. This study supports the concept of creating bacterially enhanced plant-growing media to promote plant growth in controlled environment agriculture.

Molding properties of clay mixtures in the soft mud brick manufacture

The article reveals physical and mechanical characteristics of clay mixtures in the soft mud brick manifacture. Considering that currently Russia has no advisory or regulatory documents on the selection of raw materials for soft mud bricks and requirements for their physical and mechanical properties, this issue is quite relevant. The authors, based on their extensive practical experience, present data on acceptable ranges of clay mixtures deformation and critical compressive stress in the soft mud brick manufacture, as well as the results of studies on the influence of electrolyte additives on these indicators. The findings of how the mineral composition of clay raw materials and moisture con-tent influence the critical compressive stress and stickiness of clay mixtures are also presented. Thus, it has been experimentally established that the critical compressive stress of clay mixtures for soft mud bricks should be in the range of 0.2 – 0.8 kg/cm2, and the deformation degree of raw bricks should be in the range of 3 – 5 units. Moreover, even within such narrow limits, depending on their variation as well as on the method of molding and the composition of clay mixtures, it is possible to obtain differ-ent structures of the brick front surface: granular, tuberculate, grooved, wavy, corrugated, spotted, scaly, and their combinations. The moisture content of clay mixtures, depending on the type of clay raw material, can vary within very wide limits: from 20 to 38 per cent. The data obtained will make it possible to develop methods for selecting raw materials for soft mud bricks, which in turn will con-tribute to the organization of its wide production in various regions.

Pelatihan Penerapan Teknologi Mesin Cerdas Sterilisasi Media Jamur Tiram Bagi Anggota Kelompok Petani Jamur Tiram Tegal

Microbial contamination in making oyster mushroom planting media is a problem that every mushroom farmer often experiences. The main obstacle experienced by farmers is that the level of contamination in making media is still high, around 20%. This causes mushroom farmers to be reluctant to make their mushroom media (baglog). The application of intelligent machines to control the sterilization process of mushroom media controlled by a microcontroller is expected to overcome the problems experienced by farmers. The training program for making oyster mushroom media is a significant effort to support the growth and development of the oyster mushroom cultivation industry. This abstract summarizes the training program's objectives, methodology, results, and impact in increasing farmers' understanding and skills in producing high-quality media for oyster mushroom cultivation. This program aims to provide in-depth knowledge to participants, starting from mixing the composition of ingredients, the sterilization process, and the process of planting seeds (inoculation) in accordance with media-making standards. Through intensive training, participants learn the latest raw material selection, formulation, sterilization, and media packaging techniques. The training also includes hands-on media-making practice, enabling participants to master the necessary skills. In addition, this training program also allows participants to understand the importance of sustainable practices in oyster mushroom cultivation by integrating ecological aspects in media production. This helps in maintaining environmental balance and supports sustainable industrial growth.

Research on the Influencing Factors of CO2 Emission Intensity in Cement Industry

The cement industry, as a significant carbon-emitting sector, has a substantial impact on climate change. This study aims to explore the influencing factors of CO2 benchmark emission intensity in the cement industry to reveal how to reduce carbon emissions and enhance carbon emission management efficiency. We collected and analyzed data from numerous cement industry enterprises, including factors such as production processes, raw material selection, energy sources, and government policies. Through descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis, we drew some key conclusions. The results indicate that production processes, raw material selection, and energy sources are the primary influencing factors for CO2 benchmark emission intensity. Enterprises employing wet production processes, selecting raw materials with higher silicon content, and utilizing renewable and efficient energy sources typically exhibit lower CO2 benchmark emission intensities. Government policies and regulations also have a significant impact on CO2 emissions, albeit with variations across countries and regions. These findings provide robust support for carbon emission management in the cement industry, aiding in the development of more sustainable production practices and emission reduction strategies.