Selection Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Pelatihan Penerapan Teknologi Mesin Cerdas Sterilisasi Media Jamur Tiram Bagi Anggota Kelompok Petani Jamur Tiram Tegal

Microbial contamination in making oyster mushroom planting media is a problem that every mushroom farmer often experiences. The main obstacle experienced by farmers is that the level of contamination in making media is still high, around 20%. This causes mushroom farmers to be reluctant to make their mushroom media (baglog). The application of intelligent machines to control the sterilization process of mushroom media controlled by a microcontroller is expected to overcome the problems experienced by farmers. The training program for making oyster mushroom media is a significant effort to support the growth and development of the oyster mushroom cultivation industry. This abstract summarizes the training program's objectives, methodology, results, and impact in increasing farmers' understanding and skills in producing high-quality media for oyster mushroom cultivation. This program aims to provide in-depth knowledge to participants, starting from mixing the composition of ingredients, the sterilization process, and the process of planting seeds (inoculation) in accordance with media-making standards. Through intensive training, participants learn the latest raw material selection, formulation, sterilization, and media packaging techniques. The training also includes hands-on media-making practice, enabling participants to master the necessary skills. In addition, this training program also allows participants to understand the importance of sustainable practices in oyster mushroom cultivation by integrating ecological aspects in media production. This helps in maintaining environmental balance and supports sustainable industrial growth.

Research on the Influencing Factors of CO2 Emission Intensity in Cement Industry

The cement industry, as a significant carbon-emitting sector, has a substantial impact on climate change. This study aims to explore the influencing factors of CO2 benchmark emission intensity in the cement industry to reveal how to reduce carbon emissions and enhance carbon emission management efficiency. We collected and analyzed data from numerous cement industry enterprises, including factors such as production processes, raw material selection, energy sources, and government policies. Through descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis, we drew some key conclusions. The results indicate that production processes, raw material selection, and energy sources are the primary influencing factors for CO2 benchmark emission intensity. Enterprises employing wet production processes, selecting raw materials with higher silicon content, and utilizing renewable and efficient energy sources typically exhibit lower CO2 benchmark emission intensities. Government policies and regulations also have a significant impact on CO2 emissions, albeit with variations across countries and regions. These findings provide robust support for carbon emission management in the cement industry, aiding in the development of more sustainable production practices and emission reduction strategies.

Development of a rapid and ultrasensitive magnetic chemiluminescence immunoassay for the detection of adiponectin and its clinical application

Adiponectin (ADPN), which serum/plasma adiponectin levels are closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and lower adiponectin levels predict an increased risk of diabetes, is a strong indicator of diabetes risk in people at high risk of diabetes in different races. Using the unique principle and performance advantages of chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), an ADPN-CLIA method with high sensitivity, high specificity and wide detection range was established based on the principle of two-steps method of sandwich-type, with the magnetic particles (MPs) as the solid phase carrier and acridinium ester (AE) as the chemiluminescence reaction system. The selection of the main raw materials required, the preparation conditions of MPs-coated antibodies, the methods of AE-labeled antibodies, sample requirements and reaction modes were optimized and evaluated. AE labeling experiment was successfully performed with the labeling efficiency of 8.366 and the antibody utilization rate of 96.8%. The chemiluminescent immunoassay for ADPN had a good linear relationship from 0 ng/mL to 250 ng/mL (R2 =0.9993), with the detection limit of 0.05 ng/mL. The coefficient of variation (CV) of intra-assay and inter-assay precision were both less than 5% respectively. The recovery rates for accuracy were from 91.26% to 107.46%. The comparison experiment of 80 clinical serum samples between the developed ADPN-CLIA with the immunoturbidimetry showed that the correlation coefficient was 0.956, and the Bland-Altman analysis showed that the limits of agreement were − 0.364 and 0.433.

Optimization of liquefaction process based on global meta-analysis and machine learning approach: Effect of process conditions and raw material selection on remaining ratio and bioavailability of heavy metals in biochar

<abstract> <p>Although liquefaction technology has been extensively applied, plenty of biomass remains tainted with heavy metals (HMs). A meta-analysis of literature published from 2010 to 2023 was conducted to investigate the effects of liquefaction conditions and biomass characteristics on the remaining ratio and chemical speciation of HMs in biochar, aiming to achieve harmless treatment of biomass contaminated with HMs. The results showed that a liquefaction time of 1–3 h led to the largest HMs remaining ratio in biochar, with the mean ranging from 84.09% to 92.76%, compared with liquefaction times of less than 1 h and more than 3 h. Organic and acidic solvents liquefied biochar exhibited the greatest and lowest HMs remaining ratio. The effect of liquefaction temperature on HMs remaining ratio was not significant. The C, H, O, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents of biomass were negatively correlated with the HMs remaining ratio, and N, S, and ash were positively correlated. In addition, liquefaction significantly transformed the HMs in biochar from bioavailable fractions (F1 and F2) to stable fractions (F3) (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) when the temperature was increased to 280–330 ℃, with a liquefaction time of 1–3 h, and organic solvent as the liquefaction solvent. N and ash in biomass were positively correlated with the residue state (F4) of HMs in biochar and negatively correlated with F1 or F2, while H, O, fixed carbon, and volatile matter were negatively correlated with F4 but positively correlated with F3. Machine learning results showed that the contribution of biomass characteristics to HMs remaining ratio was higher than that of liquefaction factor. The most prominent contribution to the chemical speciation changes of HMs was the characteristics of HMs themselves, followed by ash content in biomass, liquefaction time, and C content. The findings of this meta-analysis contribute to factor selection, modification, and application of liquefied biomass to reducing risks.</p> </abstract>

Search for Alternative Raw Materials for Pellet Production – a Preliminary Study

Abstract A preliminary study for a selection of local alternative raw materials and their possible applicability in pellet production was done. 13 alternative biomass sources available in Riga, Latvia were tested: pine mix pellets (PMP); pellets of a mix of wood shavings, synthetic and textile waste (SSK); hogweed (Heracleum sosnowsky, HW); the full plant of Solidago canadensis L. (SC); the full plant of Solidago canadensis L. outgrown (SCO); mowed grass from the municipality (MGM); mowed grass from the garden (MGG); chamomile full plant without stems (Matricaria chamomilla, CF); hemp without roots (Cannabis sativa L., HWR); hemp stems (Cannabis sativa L., HS); hemp leaves with seeds (Cannabis sativa L., HLS); spent grain (SG); damaged spent grain (DSG). The determined quality parameters were the moisture content, the ash content, the calorific value and ash melting temperature. A comparison was made with the quality parameters defined in ENplus certification for B-class wood pellets in requirements for producers. Additional determination of chemical composition using XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM-EDX (scanning electron microscopy – energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) for the ash of two selected materials – SC and HLS – was performed to determine possible issues. The main issues highlighted by the results is the high ash content of alternative materials, up to 11.27 wt% while it is below 2.00 wt% for B-class wood pellets, and the low ash deformation temperature, below 1100 °C for 5 of the studied materials. Considering this, a calculation was made to determine the optimal proportion of alternative material to be used in a raw material mix for pellets to achieve a quality corresponding to B-class wood pellets. The aim of the study is to evaluate a set of locally available biomass materials, determining the values of their characteristic parameters, thus identifying alternative resources to wood for the production of pellets. This kind of promoting the diversification of energy resources, increasing energy independence and strengthening energy security.

Chemical Fingerprint Analysis and Content Determination of Horned Gallnut and Bellied Gallnut in Galla Chinensis.

To establish an objective and comprehensive methodology to analyse the connections and differences between horned gallnut (HG) and bellied gallnut (BG) in Galla Chinensis (GC). The HPLC fingerprints from 15 batches of HG and 15 batches of BG were performed, and chemometric analysis including similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) was also set up. The results showed that the similarity of all batch samples was more than 0.9. In fingerprint analysis, 8 distinct common peaks were detected, among which gallic acid (GA), 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (TGG), and 1,2,3,4,6-O-galloyl-D-glucose (PGG) were identified by comparing with the standard compounds. Meanwhile, samples were clearly grouped into two classifications corresponding to HG and BG. This study demonstrated that HPLC fingerprints coupled with chemometric analysis could be applied to discriminate HG and BG and evaluate the qualities of HG and BG rapidly, which provided a certain experimental basis for the selection of GC raw materials and subsequent use.

Effect of concentration of polyphosphoric acid on the high and low temperature performance of asphalt

The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of PPA modified asphalt and to investigate the effect of PPA concentration on the high and low temperature performance of the asphalt. Four different concentration levels of PPA modified asphalt were prepared. The zero-shear viscosity (ZSV) at 60 ℃ was measured using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) to evaluate its high temperature performance. The creep parameters were measured using a bending beam rheometer (BBR), and the creep compliance derivative (J′(t)) was calculated based on the Burgers model to evaluate its low temperature performance. The statistical analysis method was used to discuss the significant difference in the effect of PPA concentration on the high and low temperature performances of asphalt. The modification mechanism of asphalt by PPA concentration was revealed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that there is a significant difference in the effect of PPA concentration on viscosity. As the concentration increases, the viscosity also increases, leading to a more obvious improvement in high temperature performance. PPA can slightly improve the low temperature performance of asphalt, but the effect of PPA concentration on low temperature performance is not significant. PPA narrows the distribution range of asphalt molecular weight, and a large proportion of small molecular size is converted to medium molecular size, which increases the average molecular weight. There is a good linear relationship between the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of PPA modified asphalt at different concentrations and the corresponding viscosity value. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PPA modified asphalt is slightly lower than that of the original asphalt. However, there is no notable difference in Tg among the PPA modified asphalts at different concentrations. These findings provide valuable guidance for the selection of raw materials for PPA modified asphalt.

Chert exploitation and production in Sardinia during the Neolithic

This research deals with the modes of chert exploitation in Sardinia during the Neolithic, combining information on major chert sources identified across the island with the technological analysis on several stratigraphic reliable series. It focuses on the changes in raw material selection and on the evolution of technological behaviours between the 6th and the 4th millennium BCE. The data collected in this work allowed us either to shed a light on the role this lithic resource played in the production systems of Neolithic communities in Sardinia, and to catch differences in the modes of procurement, depending on the chronology and location of the sites. During the Early Neolithic, lithic raw material circulation in Sardinia did not occur through organized networks, but it seems to have relied on the high mobility of the local groups. It is only at the end of the 5th millennium BCE that well-organized exchange circuits started operating. These involved mainly obsidian and this raw material apparently consolidated in time, due to the role carried out by San Ciriaco and Ozieri Middle to Late Neolithic cultures in the control and development of the Monte Arci obsidian supply. Chert was never involved in these networks and was mainly exploited locally and opportunistically. However, from the end of the Neolithic, some outcrop in the Oligo-Miocene basin of Perfugas was exploited on a supra-local scale and for a relatively short period.

Living in the shadow of Vesuvius: Analysis of the wall paintings of Pollena Trocchia’s Roman buildings across historical eruptions

Through a multi-analytical approach the research focused on the evolution of wall painting technology used for two decorated buildings in Pollena Trocchia buried by volcanic deposits of Vesuvius. The study highlighted a different stratigraphy (with two or three layers) of mortar-based supports. Volcanic aggregate was added to lime binder for rinzaffo and arriccio, whereas calcite and marble dust first, then organogenic limestones were used for intonachino. Pictorial layers, applied using fresco and mezzo-fresco techniques, were obtained combining common (e.g., ochre) and expensive pigments (e.g., cinnabar, aragonite, Egyptian blue), showing diachronic changes in raw materials selection and the refinement of decoration.

ANALYSIS OF PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF LOCAL RAW MATERIALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SELF-SEALING CONCRETES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Initiation of production and application of self-compacting concrete (SCC) in Kazakhstan requires not only local research within the framework of solving technological problems in one agglomeration under active construction, but also an assessment of potential opportunities for the development of the raw material base of SBC and processing industries in different regions. Taking into account that the raw material possibilities for these purposes in the regions of Kazakhstan differ to a great extent, and the considered type of concrete is economically feasible only when using local raw materials in the composition, the conceptual approaches to the selection and evaluation of raw materials for SCC, known in the world scientific practice, were analyzed and summarized. as well as the results of the development of SCC in KazGASA with the use of raw materials relevant for a number of regions. Studies of local raw materials have shown the prospect of using high-silica furnaces in high-strength substations; fillers from the screenings of stone crushing of local rocks, represented by hydrothermally and metasomatically altered porphyrites of medium-major composition and porphyries of decrystallized quartz-feldspar composition; granites and hybrid rock of quartz diorite in composition with zeolite, microsilica. Issues requiring study were identified in the application of certain types of raw materials, which differ in mineralogical and other characteristics from those previously studied, issues in the development of own technology for the synthesis of organic modifiers for SCC.

Research progress on the effect of cooking and freezing processes on the quality of frozen dough steamed buns

Abstract Owing to the convenient and rapid process of producing frozen dough steamed buns, it is rapidly gaining popularity in the Chinese market. However, frozen dough steamed bun products have several issues, such as volume reduction, flavour changes and digestion-related issues, owing to limitations in technology and craft. The quality of frozen dough steamed buns has improved consistently in recent years, and several manufacturers have focused on front-end processes, such as selection of raw and supplementary materials and application of ameliorants. This review summarises and expounds on the effects of steaming, freezing and reheating on the quality of frozen dough steamed buns, providing a reference for the exploration and improvement of technologies for producing frozen dough steamed buns in the future.

Translating mesenchymal stem cell and their exosome research into GMP compliant advanced therapy products: Promises, problems and prospects.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the few stem cell types used in clinical practice as therapeutic agents for immunomodulation and ischemic tissue repair, due to their unique paracrine capacity, multiple differentiation potential, active components in exosomes, and effective mitochondria donation. At present, MSCs derived from tissues such as bone marrow and umbilical cord are widely applied in preclinical and clinical studies. Nevertheless, there remain challenges to the maintenance of consistently good quality MSCs derived from different donors or tissues, directly impacting their application as advanced therapy products. In this review, we discuss the promises, problems, and prospects associated with translation of MSC research into a pharmaceutical product. We review the hurdles encountered in translation of MSCs and MSC-exosomes from the research bench to an advanced therapy product compliant with good manufacturing practice (GMP). These difficulties include how to set up GMP-compliant protocols, what factors affect raw material selection, cell expansion to product formulation, establishment of quality control (QC) parameters, and quality assurance to comply with GMP standards. To avoid human error and reduce the risk of contamination, an automatic, closed system that allows real-time monitoring of QC should be considered. We also highlight potential advantages of pluripotent stem cellsas an alternative source for MSC and exosomes generation and manufacture.

Pengembangan Aneka Produk Hilir dari Biji Kakao untuk Meningkatkan Pengetahuan dan Pendapatan Masyarakat

The lack of understanding of cocoa farmers regarding cocoa bean processing technology and the absence of process standards for producing quality dry cocoa beans and producing downstream products are problems that need attention. Efforts to overcome the problems faced by residents of Kreb Paloh Village and Capa Paloh Village, Suyo Paloh Village and Siron Village, Paloh Village, Padang Tiji District, Pidie Regency, through PKM activities it is hoped that the community will be able to process cocoa beans which have been directly sold to collectors after harvest. become a product that has high economic value so that it can increase people's income. Methods for carrying out activities include outreach, field observations, training in processing raw material selection, fermentation of cocoa beans in wooden boxes measuring 32 cm long, 32 cm wide and 42 cm high, with a capacity of 40 kg. Wet cocoa beans in each box. Drying and processing of cocoa beans is carried out under direct sunlight to reduce the water content below 7.5%. The production of quality cocoa powder is obtained by roasting and grinding it using a flouring machine. Cocoa powder is used to produce various products ranging from chocolate bars, chocolate cake, chocolate drinks, chocolate candy and chocolate jam. Monitoring and evaluation is used to monitor and evaluate the continued implementation of hygienic and quality cocoa bean fermentation by fostered partners on an ongoing basis after the operation is complete. 95% of target partners have the capacity to produce hygienic and high quality cocoa beans. 90% of target partners can trade various products produced from cocoa beans.

Fused Filament Fabrication for Metallic Materials: A Brief Review.

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is an extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) technology mostly used to produce thermoplastic parts. However, producing metallic or ceramic parts by FFF is also a sintered-based AM process. FFF for metallic parts can be divided into five steps: (1) raw material selection and feedstock mixture (including palletization), (2) filament production (extrusion), (3) production of AM components using the filament extrusion process, (4) debinding, and (5) sintering. These steps are interrelated, where the parameters interact with the others and have a key role in the integrity and quality of the final metallic parts. FFF can produce high-accuracy and complex metallic parts, potentially revolutionizing the manufacturing industry and taking AM components to a new level. In the FFF technology for metallic materials, material compatibility, production quality, and cost-effectiveness are the challenges to overcome to make it more competitive compared to other AM technologies, like the laser processes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in FFF for metallic materials, including the metals and binders used, the challenges faced, potential applications, and the impact of FFF on the manufacturing (prototyping and end parts), design freedom, customization, sustainability, supply chain, among others.

Developments of Cost Affordable Titanium Alloys in Japan

Titanium and its alloys are the 5th most common metallic materials used world wide but the markets volume of titanium materials, is difficult to expand due to associated production costs, and the decrease of those costs are critical in order to expand their markets. A possible option is the alloy design, i.e. using low price alloying element, such as iron, chromium, manganese and oxygen, and the selection of other raw materials, i.e. grade of sponge titanium. In beta titanium alloy, Ti-Mo system alloy using ferro-molybdeum was developed by USA company or Ti-Cr-Fe-Al beta alloy were also developed by Japan company. In this paper, those developed alloys were explained. Furthermore, substitution of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al near beta alloy, presenters are studying about Ti-Mn-Fe-Al alloy.

Morphometry of the medicinal species Ajania fastigiata (structure features)

The Asian genus Ajania Poljakov comprises about 30-40 species. Because of its complex taxonomic history with numerous movements of species between the two main groups of Artemisiinae Less., Ajania and individual genera are a particularly interesting group to study. Ajania cover most of the entire distribution range in Central Asia, with most in China, Korea, Japan and the Far East. The purpose of this research work is to clarify the morphological features of Ajania fastigiata (C. Winkl.) Poljakov, diagnostic features of vegetative organs of medicinal plants, which improves the quality of selection of raw materials for use in pharmacology. The material for the study was collected in September 2022. Morphometric data and macro-images were taken using a Levenhuk DTX RC3 remote-controlled microscope. The morphometric features were measured using “ImageJ” software The basic features were based on data from “Flora of Kazakhstan” and ‘Central Asian Explorer”. As a result of analysis of morphometric data Ajania fastigiata for Trans-Ili Alatau determined diagnostic features of vegetative organs of medicinal plants, which can improve the quality of selection of raw materials for use in pharmacology: height from 30 to 110 cm, but in most cases 50-80 cm; stem in the middle part 1.3-1.5 mm; width of septate leaves 0.7-1.0 mm; diameter of the basket 3.5-3.7 mm, stem of the basket 0.6-0.7 mm; diameter of the lower part of the tubular flower 0.5 mm, upper part 0.7 mm.

Integrating reaction pathways and downstream separation network for optimal sustainable process route selection

Reducing the environmental impact of chemical production has become a critical objective due to carbon emission regulations and the challenges the carbon market poses. Downstream separation network optimization, which can improve process sustainability by using complex heat exchanger networks, applying advanced separation techniques, optimizing the design/operating parameters, etc., has been researched for many years. However, most optimization work focuses solely on downstream separation sections without considering the selection of raw materials and different reaction pathways. This work aims to develop a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) optimization model, which integrates reaction pathway selection and downstream separation optimization, to select the optimal sustainable process route for utilizing raw materials or producing products. The objective is to maximize/minimize the process profit/cost. Decision variables such as binary variables, which represent the selection of separation task, key component, heating utility, and continuous variables, which influence the separation mass/energy balance, are considered. By giving parameters like reaction conversion rate, selectivity, and raw material/product price, this optimization model can identify the optimal process route for producing a target product or utilizing a raw material. The optimization model was applied to two case studies: one-step isobutylene and methanol utilization and two-step 1,4-butanediol (BDO) production. The process routes, using isobutylene for pivalic acid production and methanol for gasoline production, have the highest process profit per carbon emission. And the process route, which uses acetylene for BDO production, leads to minimum process cost.

Molecular scale influence mechanism of reaction raw materials on catalyst particle size and its piezoelectric catalytic performance

The particle size of piezoelectric catalyst plays an important role in the improvement of piezoelectric catalyst performance. However, the inherent influence mechanism of the synthetic raw materials on piezoelectric catalyst particle size is still unclear. Herein, a super simple direct precipitation method was used to prepare ZnO nanomaterials with different particle size, and explore the internal influencing mechanism between raw material molecules and photocatalyst particle size at molecular level. The results indicated that the particle size of the obtained ZnO gradually increased with the changes of Zn(NO3)2, ZnCl2 and ZnSO4. After investigating the reason, it was surprised to find that the shift of catalyst particle size is related to the hydrating ion radius of the reaction raw material: with the increase of the hydrating ion radius of the reaction raw material, the catalyst particle size will gradually increase. Correspondingly, the piezoelectric properties of the catalyst with the smallest hydrating ion radius is the best. After 25 min of ultrasound, the piezoelectric catalytic degradation efficiency is up to 91 %. In addition, the obtained catalyst exhibits good recycling ability. This work explores the internal influencing mechanism among raw material molecules, photocatalyst particle size and catalytic properties from the molecular level, which can provide a selection basis for the selection of raw materials when synthesizing small-sized and high-performance piezoelectric catalysts.

Analysis of Downstream Entrepreneurs' Knowledge in South Sumatera Forestry Agribusiness: Impact on Certified Raw Material Selection

The wood industry is a downstream forestry sector. So, as an industry that uses wood as the main raw material, this industry is very dependent on the forestry sector. The relationship between the timber and forest industries is very close, and these two sectors influence each other. Analyzing the relationship between the level of knowledge of entrepreneurs regarding the sustainability of wood raw materials and the decision to buy certified wood or not is something that is really needed to become the basis for sustainability. By using a mixed-method research method, it is hoped that this research will be able to contribute to describing the situation of knock-down house entrepreneurs so that they can have a positive impact on the South Sumatra forestry agribusiness system. This research found that the level of knowledge of knock-down house entrepreneurs about certified wood is very low. It was detected that only 3.5% of entrepreneurs used certified wood. Meanwhile, almost 70% of respondents stated that they were not very interested in knowing more about certified wood. This situation is known to have a very significant level of influence on preferences for selecting certified raw materials or not.

Development of Raw Materials and Technology for Pulping-A Brief Review.

Paper is one of the most significant inventions in human civilization, which considerably advanced global cultural development. Pulping is a key step in the conversion of fiber raw materials into paper. Since its inception, pulping has rapidly evolved, continually adapting to technological advancements. Researchers are constantly investigating various types of raw materials for pulping. In this review, some of the materials employed in pulping are outlined, and the fiber content, pulping method, as well as the strength of wood and non-wood crop straw as pulping raw materials are analyzed and discussed. In addition, this review explores the effects of different materials under various pulping conditions and assesses the future trends in raw material selection for pulping while considering the current global environmental pressures.