Leader Election Research Articles

Who is the next leader? Understanding women leadership development and succession planning in Saudi Arabian higher educational institutions

Leadership development and succession planning is a valuable strategy for closing the gender gap and providing an equal chance for males and females to be trained and involved in leadership roles. This strategy is an incredibly effective tool in higher education, where there is a significant disparity between male and female academic leaders. Despite its effectiveness, succession planning remained an overlooked component of the higher education system. Further research studies enhance our understanding of the current state of succession planning and the factors that affect the recruitment and selection of future academic leaders. Hence, this study aims to identify the current women’s leadership development and succession planning practices in public and private universities in Saudi Arabia. A qualitative study was conducted in a Saudi Arabian higher education setting. The interest in Saudi Arabia stems from the fact that succession planning is less likely to be practiced since gender discrimination is apparent when assigning leadership positions. Results indicate that top powers typically select leaders since succession planning is absent in Saudi Arabia’s higher education institutions. In this circumstance, networking and relationships play a significant role, as these institutions have no formalized succession planning process. In a highly gender-segregated society like Saudi Arabia, women are deprived of expanding their networks and showcasing capabilities to male decision-makers. The results of this study further identified the underlying components of the women’s leadership and succession planning process in the Saudi Arabian setting. This study contributes to leadership and succession planning knowledge and its implications, which may extend opportunities for practitioners, consultants, and policymakers to include women in higher education succession planning.

An efficient Proof-of-Authority consensus scheme against cloning attacks

Proof-of-Authorization (PoA) consensus algorithms are widely used in permissioned blockchain networks due to their high throughput, security, and efficiency. However, PoA is susceptible to cloning attacks, where attackers copy the authenticator identity and key, thereby compromising the consensus integrity. This study proposes a novel randomized authenticator within the PoA framework to mitigate cloning attacks and solve the leader selection bottleneck. The main contributions include 1) Introducing unpredictability in leader selection through Verifiable Random Functions (VRFs) to prevent identity duplication.2) Dynamic group management using a hierarchical decentralized architecture of distributed ledgers that balances security and performance.3) Using threshold signatures to avoid a single point of failure among validators.4) Comprehensively analyzing attacks, security, randomness, and availability.5) Evaluating the effectiveness of a randomized authenticator by means of OMNET++ simulations to assess efficiency. By integrating randomness into leader selection and robust consensus design, the approach enables reliable and secure dynamic group management in decentralized networks.

Model Checking Distributed Protocols in Must

We describe the design and implementation of Must, a framework for modeling and automatically verifying distributed systems. Must provides a concurrency API that supports multiple communication models, on top of a mainstream programming language, such as Rust. Given a program using this API, Must verifies it by means of a novel, optimal dynamic partial order reduction algorithm that maintains completeness and optimality for all communication models supported by the API. We use Must to design and verify models of distributed systems in an industrial context. We demonstrate the usability of Must's API by modeling high-level system idioms (e.g., timeouts, leader election, versioning) as abstractions over the core API, and demonstrate Must's scalability by verifying systems employed in production (e.g., replicated logs, distributed transaction management protocols), the verification of which lies beyond the capacity of previous model checkers.

The institutionalisation of parliamentary party groups. Towards a concept

ABSTRACT Notable efforts have been made to apply the institutionalisation concept to legislatures, parties and party systems. In contrast, parliamentary party groups (PPGs) were either side-lined or bundled under the concept of institutionalised parliaments and parties, which implies some conceptual confusion. However, PPGs should be treated as distinct topic given their role in stabilising the parliamentary business in all modern assemblies. Encouraging research to close that gap, we introduce a framework to study the institutionalisation of PPGs for which we use illustrations from various polities. We suggest that highly institutionalised groups exhibit stable personnel, coherent legislative behaviour, structural differentiation, well-established procedural routines, and autonomy in terms of policy decision-making, leadership selection, and resources. Also, we examine PPGs as embedded institutions and provide a conceptual map for varying relationships with the institutionalisation of parliaments and parties. Finally, we point to a widely unexplored field for comparative research including investigations on democratisation.

Multris: Functional Verification of Multiparty Message Passing in Separation Logic

We introduce Multris, a separation logic for verifying functional correctness of programs that combine multiparty message-passing communication with shared-memory concurrency. The foundation of our work is a novel concept of multiparty protocol consistency, which guarantees safe communication among a set of parties, provided each party adheres to its prescribed protocol. Our concept of protocol consistency is inspired by the bottom-up approach for multiparty session types. However, by considering it in the context of separation logic instead of a type system, we go further in terms of generality by supporting new notions of implicit transfer of knowledge and implicit transfer of resources. We develop tactics for automatically verifying protocol consistency and for reasoning about message-passing operations in Multris. We evaluate Multris on a range of examples, including the well-known two- and three-buyer protocols, as well as a new verification benchmark based on Chang and Roberts's ring leader election protocol. To ensure the reliability of our work, we prove soundness of Multris w.r.t. a low-level channel semantics using the Iris framework in Coq.

Asian Educators Experiencing the Bamboo Ceiling: A Canadian Case Study of Systemic Barriers in Hiring, Advancement, and Promotion

Our study amplifies the voices of Asian educators undergoing career advancement in a large district school board with a significant Asian student population in Ontario, Canada. Our data sources included survey results from 234 Asian educators and focus group transcriptions from 83 Asian educators. Grounded in Asian critical race theory (“AsianCrit”), our findings show that Asian educators faced the “bamboo ceiling,” wherein institutional barriers and inequities in relation to their Asian identity limited their career advancement when applying for leadership roles. Through a thematic analysis, we found systemic barriers: (a) pressure to conform to whiteness to advance their careers, (b) accent and name discrimination, and (c) colonial ideologies that have been normalized and embedded in leadership selection processes. Our research addresses significant gaps in the literature on Asian Canadian educators’ experiences in career advancement and contributes to the important development of AsianCrit theory.

Regeneration of Moses' Leadership Based on the Book of Numbers 27:15-23 for GKJW Ministers in the Three Sub-districts of Pacet, Gondang and Dlanggu Mojokerto East Java

The existence of a leader is important in an organization because a leader is a person who can show the way to step, guide, direct the way of members both before and after the business is completed. Numbers 27: 15-23 is a process that should be used as a reference in preparing, selecting, assigning and submitting leaders in the service of God. Numbers 27: 15-17 clearly describes the preparation, selection, appointment and submission of leaders who could head the Israelites to go out and enter the Promised Land. In this case Moses asked God to appoint a leader over God's people, the Israelites, saying: “Let the Lord, The God of the spirit of all creation, appoint over this people a person (verse 16). Regeneration in the leadership of Moses is something very important. Before this regeneration process was carried out, God had first prepared the prospective leader of the Israelites, Joshua. Relation in preparing the servant of God GKJW in three districts Pacet, Gondang and Dlanggu Mojokerto which are considered less important and only focus on Bible study but now there has begun a process of regeneration through the direction of catechization candidates involved in the ministry and further church responsibilities in terms of the election of leaders or ministers of God because in the established procedures that the election is the right and duty of every perform service duties. Another problem faced in the determination of GKJW leaders in the three districts of Pacet, Gondang and Dlanggu Mojokerto is that at the time of the selection of candidates to be appointed as God's servants, more people withdrew than were willing, on the grounds of 1) work that could not be left, 2) Did not have the ability to serve 3). No knowledge of Theology 4. No sense of belonging to the church, so in the process of handing over the leadership is faced with a serious problem, namely the refusal to be a servant of God on the grounds of feeling unable to carry out the task entrusted. Rejection is done by sending a letter to the committee that has been assigned by the church on the grounds of inability or lack of confidence in leading the church. Research Methodology hhis study uses a quantitative approach (positivist) on qualifications in data collection and analysis to test the hypothesis applied. So, in this study found that the dominant background category that determines the confirmation of regeneration in the leadership of Moses based on the book of Numbers 27:15-23 for GKJW servants of God in the three sub-districts of Pacet, Gondang and Dlanggu Mojokerto East Java is the type of service, not education, thus providing uniqueness and novelty in the research process conducted on the research locus.

An effective and efficient UAV leader selection scheme in swarm of UAVs

Therefore, this study aims to introduce a novel framework for leader and coordinator selection in a swarm of UAVs that may further reduce communication delay and increase the data transmission rate. The proposed reliable framework avoids single-point failure. We use an integrated greedy approach for leader selection using better channel gain, enhanced data transmission rate, and minimal round-trip delays as metrics. Furthermore, the UAV coordinator is selected based on the nearest distance. In addition, this study also proposes an efficient and iterative algorithm for the effective selection of UAV leaders and coordinators. The experimental results indicate that our proposed protocol minimizes delay by 20% and increases the data transmission rate by 102bps as compared with existing methods.

An Energy Efficient Prediction Based Protocol for Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks

Target tracking is one of the most attractive applications of wireless sensor networks, used for estimating the moving target's position accurately. A primary challenge in this domain is achieving precise target path estimation while conserving energy resources. This paper introduces an energy-efficient target tracking protocol in wireless sensor networks, considering both accuracy and reduced energy consumption. The protocol uses the Kalman filter to estimate the target's position and predict the subsequent step of its path. In each step of target tracking, a selected sensor, named the ‘leader’ performs computations for position estimation and path prediction, while two other sensors, known as ‘assistants’ help the leader in the tracking process. Leader selection within the protocol is performed in two phases: an initial phase occurring upon the target's entry to the network and a subsequent phase named the forced handoff phase. The forced handoff phase performs the selection of a new leader when either the target exits the sensing range of the current leader or the leader's energy decreases significantly. Although the proposed protocol is a new work, it can be considered as an improvement of the PPCP protocol by adding several changes and also replacing the binary variational filter with the Kalman filter. The efficiency of the proposed protocol is evaluated through simulations in Matlab. Results demonstrate the protocol's ability to achieve high-precision target tracking while maintaining low energy consumption. Comparative analysis shows its energy efficiency, which significantly increases the network lifetime.

Energy-Efficient Decentralized Federated Learning for UAV Swarm With Spiking Neural Networks and Leader Election Mechanism

Energy-Efficient Decentralized Federated Learning for UAV Swarm With Spiking Neural Networks and Leader Election Mechanism

Innovation of the Leader Selection and Preparation System of the Hungarian Defence Forces in the Light of Technical Progress

Innovation of the Leader Selection and Preparation System of the Hungarian Defence Forces in the Light of Technical Progress

Gender-Sensitive Approaches In Women's Involvement In Constitution-Making And Peacebuilding Processes In South Sudan

Constitutions play a pivotal role in shaping the political, economic, and social equality of both women and men. As the supreme law, they establish the state's framework, allocate political authority, delineate governance systems, dictate leadership selection, and safeguard fundamental rights. Constitutional reform presents a unique chance to reshape governance structures by enshrining women's rights, incorporating inclusive language, and establishing institutions that ensure and advance gender equality. In South Sudan, akin to many African nations, a pluralistic legal system merges customary practices, religious laws, common law, and statutory regulations. While customary and religious laws hold recognition, they remain unwritten, flexible, and often linked to ethnic concerns, varying across communities. Rooted in generations of tradition, these laws seek to uphold positive community values and norms. However, they frequently disadvantage women, despite the presence of traditional justice mechanisms that some argue are more accessible, cost-effective, prompt, and culturally apt. These alternative justice systems are deeply entrenched in patriarchal norms, often excluding women from comprehensive rights, including equitable participation in governance and decision-making bodies. Drawing lessons from post-conflict nations, this paper contends that the transformative potential of constitutions materializes when women capitalize on constitution reform opportunities to redefine the constitutional community's ambit, compelling the state to honor, safeguard, and fulfill women's rights

Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar Berwawasan Moderasi Beragama di Sumenep

The emergence of intolerant understanding is due to the belief that only one's religious understanding is the most correct, while other beliefs are wrong. This phenomenon causes some people to feel "deserved" to give strict warnings, and not a few feel entitled to punish others who disagree. Therefore, intolerant understanding cannot only be resolved through seminars or workshops, but needs to be carried out massively in learning activities. The content of learning materials that have nuances of violence in religion must be balanced with an understanding to respect and care for each other. This community service activity seeks to instill the spirit of religious moderation in the learning process in the classroom which begins with compiling learning modules with nuances of moderation. Religious teachers who have been familiar with religious studies are trained and equipped with the values and character of moderation in order that they can implement independent curriculum learning based on moderation. The impacts of this community service include the preparation of Document 1 of the Independent Curriculum, the Draft Module for Religious Learning for Independent Curriculum based on Religious Moderation, and mapping of several discussions in religious materials that have the potential to give rise to extreme thoughts, including jihad, stories of war, prohibition of befriending non-Muslims, and leadership selection in Islam.

Rise and Fall of Democracy in Regional Government: From Assignment to Election

Indonesia has been trying to develop democracy since the early independence. Assignment of the head of the region conducted from 1945 to 1999. After the big reformation in 1999, which started in 2004, Indonesia started a new chapter with the direct election model for regional heads. This research tries to find the philosophy of Indonesia’s choice to select its regional leader according to the law provided. The research is normative research with a conceptual and comparative approach. The results show that the election of regional leaders in Indonesia has not always been in line with the sovereignty of the people and the concept of democracy. Political choice has had a very significant impact. However, as it turns out into practice, as an emerging country in South East Asia, even though an assignment and not by the general election, leaders or regional heads are also considered as democratic as long as it is still on the path of openness, fair game and also according to people’s approval, including if it comes from the regional representative’s choice of candidates.

How do inclusive leaders emerge? A theory-based model

Despite recent theoretical developments examining the emergence of several types of leadership, there is a paucity of research on the emergence of inclusive leaders. We sought to address this gap by proposing a theory-based conceptual model. We identify a paradox in leader emergence: Although there is evidence that inclusive leaders can improve organizational effectiveness, those who influence decisions about leader selection, both formal and informal, often overlook this evidence and instead select leaders who do not practice inclusion. Integrating expectation states theory and implicit leadership theory to explain leadership emergence, with social identity theory and social comparison theory to explain inclusion, we propose a conceptual model culminating with four propositions. The model suggests practices that can support inclusive leadership and how inclusive leadership can improve organizational effectiveness and employee well-being. We conclude with implications for policies to promote inclusive leadership emergence and propose avenues for future research.

Delays Factors for Construction Projects in South of Iraq

This study seeks to identify and categorize the factors responsible for delays in construction projects in southern Iraq. Using a sequential research approach that includes a literature review, interviews, and surveys, data were collected from 115 industry professionals, including clients, consultants, project managers, contractors, and engineers. The analysis utilized both descriptive and conclusive statistical methods, with a specific emphasis on the Spearman rank correlation coefficient to verify the reliability of the delay factor rankings. The research identified 45 major delay factors, with the most critical being global and local economic crises, bureaucracy and corruption, public holidays, delays in securing municipal permits, and frequent change orders initiated by clients. These factors were further classified into eight categories: inaccuracies in the tendering process, technical performance management, government interference, rework in construction practices, among others. The results indicate strong consensus among the different respondent groups regarding the main causes of project delays, as demonstrated by high correlation coefficients and a Chi-squared test confirming the agreement's significance. The findings provide valuable insights for practical applications and academic research, supporting the selection of project leaders, anticipating potential delays, and improving project management practices in Iraq. The study suggests future research should focus on strategic economic planning, exploring alternative funding sources, combating corruption, and implementing regulatory reforms to address the identified delay factors.

Effect of Authentic Leadership on Organizational Trust and Commitment in Sweden

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the effect of authentic leadership on organizational trust and commitment in Sweden. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Authentic leadership in Sweden significantly enhances organizational trust and employee commitment by fostering a culture of transparency, ethical behavior, and consistency. Employees perceive authentic leaders as genuine and reliable, which boosts mutual respect and openness, leading to higher levels of job satisfaction and loyalty. This leadership style promotes open communication and collaboration, encouraging employees to share ideas and feedback, thereby driving innovation. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Transformational leadership theory, social exchange theory & leader-member exchange (LMX) theory may be used to anchor future studies on effect of authentic leadership on organizational trust and commitment in Sweden. Organizations should invest in training programs that focus on developing authentic leadership qualities among their leaders. These programs should emphasize self-awareness, transparency, ethical behavior, and consistency in actions and values. Develop organizational policies that support and promote authentic leadership behaviors. This includes policies related to leadership selection, promotion criteria, and performance evaluation that prioritize authenticity and ethical conduct.

A legend in one's own mind: The link between ambition and leadership evaluations.

Individuals who have more ambition-a persistent striving for success, attainment, and accomplishment-are more likely to become leaders. But are these ambitious individuals also more effective in leadership roles? We hypothesize that leader ambition is related to positive self-views of leader effectiveness that remain uncorroborated by relevant third-party actors. In a multiwave, preregistered study, we find evidence for this hypothesis using a sample of executives (N = 3,830 ratings of 472 leaders) who were rated by peers, subordinates, managers, and themselves on ten leadership competencies, including their ability to motivate others, manage collaborative work, coach and develop people, and present and communicate ideas. We consider the implications of our findings for both scholars and practitioners interested in leadership selection and development.

An enhanced consensus algorithm for blockchain

Consensus plays a crucial role in blockchain technology, with the delegated proof of stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism commonly utilized in both public and hybrid chains. However, the current DPoS mechanism faces challenges such as low node engagement in voting and potential security risks posed by malicious nodes. In response, we propose the DL-DPoS (deep link–delegated proof of stake) mechanism, which builds upon the DPoS framework. The DL-DPoS incorporates the LINK incentive mechanism to encourage inactive nodes to participate in voting and leader selection. Furthermore, a comprehensive credit scoring system based on wealth, performance, and stability is introduced to enhance the security of elected nodes. The verification process is optimized to involve all nodes except the leader node, and mechanisms are in place to handle malicious attacks by degrading or removing offending nodes and redistributing their responsibilities to the LINK group. Performance testing of the DL-DPoS mechanism, conducted through blockchain simulation tests using the GO language, shows a 23% increase in throughput compared to DPoS, with over 95% node participation and improved distribution of rights and equity. These results indicate the enhanced performance, security, and stability of the DL-DPoS consensus mechanism.

Twelve years a slave? Ennahdha’s constrained (ir)responsibility in post-revolutionary Tunisia (2011–2023)

ABSTRACT This article accounts for Ennahdha’s post-revolutionary trajectory and its role in paving the way for authoritarian reversal. Going beyond approaches in terms of (post)Islamism and moderation focusing on ideology, I argue that Ennahdha’s failure is not an ideological failure – the famous ‘failure of political Islam’ (Roy [1992]. L’échec de l’islam politique. Paris: Seuil.) – but a governance failure stemming from both structural obstacles and strategic mistakes. Far from intending to change the state’s nature, Ennahdha’s post-2011 trajectory is but an obsessive attempt to secure its inclusion and normalisation in the system, even if this meant sacrificing both reform prospects and electoral support. Internally, Ennahdha’s inability to carry out reforms in matters of leadership selection and decision-making and to clarify its economic vision was detrimental to its cohesion and its role in governance. Externally, its favoured ‘consensus politics (tawafuq)’, which translated into a ‘policy of the occupied chair’, led to freeze rather than solve conflicts and to hamper reforms, which paved the way for a populist interruption of the democratic process in July 2021. Ultimately, this meant that Ennahdha’s strategy of normalisation paradoxically clashed with the party’s self – preservation and the overall democratic transition. To unpack this process, the article relies on a body of 17 interviews, writings by Ennahdha leaders and close intellectuals, and an extensive literature review.