Selection Behavior Research Articles

Influence of Attitudes and Cosmetic Advertisements on the Selection of Cosmetics Containing Harmful Ingredients by Adolescents in Medan City

Cosmetics play a significant role in the daily routines, especially for teenagers in the city of Medan. However, concerns regarding the safety of cosmetics, particularly those containing harmful substances, are on the rise. This research aims to identify the attitudes and cosmetic advertisements influencing the selection of hazardous cosmetics by teenagers in Medan. Involving 385 respondents aged 17–22 in Medan, distributed across 18 districts, this study employs a cross-sectional approach and statistical analyses such as chi-square and multiple logistic regression to measure the impact of specific variables on the behavior of cosmetic selection among teenagers. The research findings indicate that attitudes and cosmetics advertisements play a crucial role in the decisions of cosmetic selection among teenagers. Therefore, actions to enhance positive attitudes, the availability of safe cosmetic products, and stricter regulation of cosmetic advertisements need to be considered. All of these measures are expected to assist teenagers in making wiser choices and supporting their health in selecting cosmetic products.

Tuning Out (Political and Science) News? A Selective Exposure Study of the News Finds Me Perception

Individuals harboring perceptions that the “news will find me” (NFM) tend to be less active consuming traditional media, preferring news online and on social media. NFM has also been linked with lower political knowledge and political participation over time. What remains to be seen, however, is whether high-NFM individuals are in fact less likely to expose themselves to news once they do encounter it online. This preregistered study fills this gap in the literature by unobtrusively logging selection behaviors while U.S. adults browsed a mock news website featuring various hard and soft news stories. Consistent with our hypothesizing, NFM was associated with greater exposure to soft news. Additionally, we examined whether genre-specific NFM beliefs would predict less exposure to those news genres. We found support for this hypothesis in the context of science news, but for political news, this relationship depended on the news stories presented.

Linking Water Age, Nitrate Export Regime, and Nitrate Isotope Biogeochemistry in a Tile‐Drained Agricultural Field

AbstractAccurately quantifying and predicting the reactive transport of nitrate () in hydrologic systems continues to be a challenge, due to the complex hydrological and biogeochemical interactions that underlie this transport. Recent advances related to time‐variant water age have led to a new method that probes water mixing and selection behaviors using StorAge Selection (SAS) functions. In this study, SAS functions were applied to investigate storage, water selection behaviors, and export regimes in a tile‐drained corn‐soybean field. The natural abundance stable nitrogen and oxygen isotopes of tile drainage were also measured to provide constraints on biogeochemical transformations. The SAS functions, calibrated using chloride measurements at tile drain outlets, revealed a strong young water preference during tile discharge generation. The use of a time‐variant SAS function for tile discharge generated unique water age dynamics that reveal an inverse storage effect driven by the activation of preferential flow paths and mechanically explain the observed variations in isotopes. Combining the water age estimates with isotope fingerprinting shed new light on export dynamics at the tile‐drain scale, where a large mixing volume and the lack of a strong vertical contrast in concentration resulted in chemostatic export regimes. For the first time, isotopes were embedded into a water age‐based transport model to model reactive transport under transient conditions. The results of this modeling study provided a proof‐of‐concept for the potential of coupling water age modeling with isotope analysis to elucidate the mechanisms driving reactive transport.

Selection pressure by specialist and generalist insect herbivores leads to optimal constitutive plant defense. A mathematical model.

Brassicaceae plants have the glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system, jointly active against herbivory. However, constitutive glucosinolate (GLS) defense is observed to occur at levels that do not deter all insects from feeding. That prompts the question of why Brassicaceae plants have not evolved a higher constitutive defense. The answer may lie in the contrasting relationship between plant defense and host plant preference of specialist and generalist herbivores. GLS content increases a plant's susceptibility to specialist insects. In contrast, generalists are deterred by the plant GLSs. Although GLSs can attract the natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) of these herbivores, enemies can reduce herbivore pressure to some extent only. So, plants can be overrun by specialists if GLS content is too high, whereas generalists can invade the plants if it is too low. Therefore, an optimal constitutive plant defense can minimize the overall herbivore pressure. To explain the optimal defense theoretically, we model the contrasting host selection behavior of insect herbivores and the emergence of their natural enemies by non-autonomous ordinary differential equations, where the independent variable is the plant GLS concentration. From the model, we quantify the optimal amount of GLSs, which minimizes total herbivore (specialists and generalists) pressure. That quite successfully explains the evolution of constitutive defense in plants from the perspective of optimality theory.

Behavioural Finance: A Review of Major Research Themes and Bibliometric Analysis

This study explores the bibliometric attributes and reviews the literature in the domain of behavioural finance. Bibliometric analysis is applied to 1,523 articles from peer-reviewed journals of the Scopus database. VOS Viewer is applied for descriptive analyses of leading contributors (authors, sources, countries, and institutions). Biblioshiny and Gephi are used for clustering analysis and PageRank analysis, respectively. Future research directions are suggested based on keyword cooccurrence maps and clustering of recent articles. Five prominent themes in behavioural finance are identified: risk management and portfolio selection, market efficiency and investor behaviour, influence on investor behaviour, behavioural biases, and investor sentiment. In addition to the conceptual structure, the domain’s intellectual and social networks are identified to clarify areas requiring further exploration. This study augments the knowledge of research scholars, finance academics, portfolio consultants, and other stakeholders about the overall structure and topics underpinning the literature.

Selection of summer feeding sites and food resources by female migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) determined using camera collars.

Migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) is a socioeconomically and culturally key species for northern communities in the Arctic, and most of its populations are experiencing a sharp decline. Female migratory caribou depend on the availability of summer habitat resources to meet the needs associated with lactation and the accumulation of fat reserves to survive when resources are less abundant. Because of the large scales at which habitat and resource data are usually available, information on how female migratory caribou select habitat and resources at fine scales in the wild is lacking. To document selection of summer feeding sites, we equipped 60 female caribou with camera collars from 2016 to 2018. We collected a total of 65,150 10-sec videos between June 1st and September 1st for three years with contrasted spring phenology. We determined the selection at the feeding site scale (3rd scale of Johnson) and food item scale (4th scale of Johnson) using resource selection probability functions. Wetlands were highly selected as feeding sites in June and July while they were avoided in August. Shrublands were mostly selected in July and August. At the resources scale, lichen, birch, willow, and mushrooms were the most strongly selected resources. Our results provide precise and novel information on habitat selection at feeding sites and food resources selected by female caribou in the wild. This information will help understand foraging patterns and habitat selection behavior of female migratory caribou and will contribute to the management and conservation of its declining populations.

A modified social force model for sudden attack evacuation based on Yerkes–Dodson law and the tendency toward low risk areas

Various evacuation models are the internal support for the movement of pedestrians. Emergencies that occur in public places have the characteristics of suddenness, massive and unpredictability. These characteristics impact pedestrians’ psychological states, ultimately shaping their behaviors. However, the existing models do not fully consider this aspect. Therefore, for sudden attack events, based on the social force model and Yerkes–Dodson law, this paper proposes a modified model which considers the positive and negative effects of psychological state on pedestrians’ behaviors in three dimensions: the realization degree of desired speed, the proximity of attacker to pedestrian, and crowdedness. It also considers the diminishment of repulsion and the attractiveness of low risk areas. A behavioral model based on the exit-reorientation mechanism is proposed to describe the behavior of low risk exit selection according to the relative location of the attacker. The improved model is validated quantitatively and qualitatively, respectively. Simulations based on this model can effectively reproduce the behaviors of crowds in videos. The data of fundamental diagrams from our model fits well with that from videos. We find that the evacuation time is longer when the observation distance within a specific range in the simple scenario. The risk tolerance level of 8 m and 6 m are the critical points affecting the rate of change of survival rate and casualties, respectively. Simulation results indicate that the effect of rational people ratio on evacuation time will vary with risk tolerance level. This study offers insights into the dynamics of crowd evolution during an evacuation following a sudden attack, providing a foundation for exit allocation and emergency crowd guidance.

Risk aversion and public sector employment

AbstractThis study examines whether public sector workers are more risk averse than those in the private sector and, if so, whether risk‐averse individuals self‐select themselves into the public sector or public employees become more risk averse during their career. Drawing on portfolio theory that individuals assemble their asset portfolio that maximizes expected return within an acceptable level of risk, this study analyzes 6276 South Korean employees' portfolio selection behaviors from 2000 to 2017. Findings show that public employees are likely to hold safer assets while those in the private sector tend to own riskier assets. Such behavioral heterogeneity is witnessed at the time of their first entrance into each sector and remains constant over their career. These results indicate that public employees' risk aversion is primarily a consequence of their self‐selection, but their sector affiliation also plays a role in sustaining their risk aversion.

Book selection behaviors of emergent readers

Using an observational comparative case study, this study explored emergent readers’ book selection behaviors within their classrooms. Emergent literacy skills are the forefront of literacy development (Clay, 1982; Ferriero & Teborsky, 1982; Teale, 1986; McNaughton, 1993; Chall, 1996; Neuman, 2000), yet reading motivation and engagement has largely focused on older students (Wigfield & Guthrie, 1997; Gambrell et al. 2011; Marinak, 2013), and emergent readers’ motivation and book choice research has relied upon surveys (Saracho, 1986; Sperling, et al., 2013). This study of two pre-kindergarten and two kindergarten classrooms, along with their classroom teachers, utilized observations to examine emergent reader motivation and choice (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 2005; Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006; Clay, 1982, 1991, 2001; Rosenblatt, 1978, 1995). The observational data were analyzed for vertical and horizontal case analysis and findings suggest that emergent and early readers’ text selection behaviors rely on cover illustrations and familiarity with the text.

Impact of Publicly Reported Center Specific Analysis on Patient Selection Practices for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Introduction Public reporting of outcomes drives healthcare improvement in many fields, including hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), although with possible unintended consequences. The Center for International Blood & Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) publishes an annual Center-Specific Survival Analysis (CSA), which compares HCT centers' observed 1-year overall survival (OS) with their statistically modeled expected 1-year OS, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Centers with OS within their 95% CI receive a 0 score, indicating as expected outcomes. Those with OS below / above their 95% CI receive a -1 / +1 score, indicating below / above expected OS, respectively. After a -1 report, centers may change their patient selection criteria, causing unintentional systematic exclusion of patient populations who could benefit from HCT. We analyzed how the CSA report influences patient selection practices among centers receiving a -1 score. Methods Centers receiving a -1 report between 2012 and 2016 that had ‘as expected’ survival in the preceding 2 years were classified as newly below expected OS centers (NBCs). The year of their -1 report was used as the index year. Centers with ‘as expected’ OS in the 3 years before and after each index year were identified as control centers, reflecting expected evolution of patient selection in the HCT field. The patient population variables analyzed are shown in Table 1. The difference in patient population characteristics in the 3 years before vs the 3 years after the index years defined the change in patient selection behavior at the NBCs and the controls. A multivariate model adjusting for baseline patient population characteristics and center size was used to compare the change in patient population from before and after the index year in the NBCs and that of the controls. The difference in differences (ΔinΔ) were calculated as ΔNBC - ΔControl. A significance threshold of p<0.01 was used to account for multiple testing. Results After adjusting for overall trends, center size, and baseline patient population characteristics, no differences in patient selection behavior meeting the pre-specified threshold for statistical significance were identified when comparing the NBCs (n=24 centers) with the controls (n=195 centers). In the 3 years following the index years, 4,150 and 25,013 patients were transplanted at NBCs and controls, respectively. The proportion of patients receiving reduced intensity or non-myeloablative conditioning regimens decreased 4.1% in NBCs and increased 5.0% in controls, for a net difference of -9.1% (95% CI: -16.7% to -1.6%, p=0.02). All other patient characteristic proportions changed in the same direction at NBCs and controls, albeit to varying degrees (Table 1). In some high-risk characteristics, (e.g. HCT-CI > 3), a greater increase was seen at NBCs vs controls (ΔinΔ 2.1% 95% CI: -2.8% to 6.9%, p=0.40). In others, (e.g. age 60+ years), a greater increase was seen at controls vs NBCs (ΔinΔ -2.6% 95% CI: -5.9% to 0.7%, p=0.12). To capture a holistic measure of centers' patient population risk, the predicted 1-year survival was compared in the NBCs vs controls using the logistic regression model generated for each year's CSA. The predicted OS increased by 3.08% and 3.30% in the NBCs and controls respectively, with no statistically significant difference (-0.23%, 95% CI: -1.4% to 0.9%, p=0.70, Figure 1). The observed overall survival (adjusted for predicted 1 year OS) also increased in both BECs and controls by 0.9% and 4.5% respectively, without statistically significant difference (-3.6%, 95% CI: -6.7% to -0.7%, p=0.02). Discussion For centers receiving a -1 report, no statistically significant changes were seen in patient population characteristics in the following 3 years when compared to centers with OS was as expected. There was variability in the changes in high-risk patient characteristics at the NBCs relative to the controls, and in some cases more patients with high-risk characteristics were selected at these centers compared to those at controls. The change in predicted overall survival at 1 year, a summary indicator of survival risk, was similar between BECs and control centers. Although the number of patients in centers with below expected OS was small, these findings suggest the public reporting of outcomes in HCT in the US does not unintentionally affect access to HCT for high-risk patients at NBCs.

A hybrid interval evidential reasoning-regret decision making model and its application to the behavior of Chinese herbal medicine planting selection

This paper studies the optimal selection of planting Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM), which has many attributes and stakeholders, and where some assessment information cannot be obtained directly from the official websites. The assessment information is categorized into two groups: precise and interval numbers that can be obtained from the official sites, and precise information obtained through expert surveys and questionnaires. A three-step group decision-making mechanism is proposed for the CHM problem. First, an analytical method based on interval evidence reasoning is formed to unify different forms of information into the same interval belief structure. Next, a model based on the geometric area method is formed to obtain the weights of the attributes. Third, the extended interval regret theory is used to rank the alternative solutions. Applying perceived utility value and the ranking of the alternatives, an optimal solution for planting CHM is found. Comparative and sensitivity analyses highlight the flexibility and reliability of the suggested solution. By evaluating the various parameters, decision-makers in CHM can prioritize their decisions for maximal benefit.

Density Functional Theory Study of Adsorption and Selection Behavior of Harmful Gas Molecules on the Surface of SWNTs: Implications for Gas Sensing

Density Functional Theory Study of Adsorption and Selection Behavior of Harmful Gas Molecules on the Surface of SWNTs: Implications for Gas Sensing

Spoilt for choice: Do female mosquitoes experience choice overload when deciding where to lay eggs?

Animals live in complex natural environments. Based on the effects of natural selection, theory on animal information use says that it is optimal for animals to make "rational" decisions, i.e., to choose alternatives which maximize fitness gains, irrespective of the number of alternatives presented to them. Yet, animals commonly make seemingly “irrational” choices in the face of complex and variable stimuli that challenge their cognitive machinery. Here, we test the choice overload hypothesis – decision-making is negatively affected when animals experience an overload of choice. Using simultaneous-choice trials that varied in choice repertoire size, we examined oviposition site selection behaviour in Aedes aegypti towards larval predators, the nymphs of Bradinopyga geminata. Based on the underlying fitness trade-offs of oviposition decision-making, we predicted that female oviposition preference would be weaker and variation in this response would be higher in complex, multiple-choice trials than in binary-choice trials. In partial support of our hypothesis, oviposition preference was weaker in the complex, multiple-choice trials, but the variation in response depended on predator density, and did not depend on choice repertoire size. We suggest that information overload can negatively affect certain aspects of animal decision-making, resulting in choices appearing as “irrational” if the complexity of the decision-making context is not incorporated. Information overload can potentially lead to alternative strategies, such as bet-hedging or decision-making with reduced discrimination.

Analisis Perilaku Moral Hazard dan Adverse Selection pada Agency Problem di Pembiayaan Musyarakah PT. Bank Sumut KCPSY Binjai

This study aims to determine the form of behavior and how to handle agency problems caused by moral hazard behavior and adverse selection in musyarakah financing at PT. Bank Sumut KCPSY Binjai. The agency problem is the agency problem in the musyarakah product scheme. This type of research is field research with qualitative methods. Sources of data in this study include two categories, namely primary data and secondary data. The subjects in this study were employees of PT. Bank Sumut KCPSY Binjai in the management section that is competent in the field of musyarakah financing. The research results show that the form of moral hazard and adverse selection behavior at PT. Bank Sumut KCPSY Binjai namely the difficulty of banks assessing the true character of customers, errors in analysis, ethical deviations and lack of supervision (monitoring) carried out by banks. PT. Bank Sumut KCPSY Binjai Office made various efforts from screening, verification to monitoring. Furthermore, if the problem of moral hazard and adverse selection has occurred, the bank will handle it in two ways, namely saving financing in the form of first rescheduling, reconditioning, restructuring and solving problem financing by means of billing. lawsuits, execution of mortgage auctions, and WO

Virtual, augmented, and mixed reality as a versatile tool in food consumer behavior evaluation: Recent advances in aroma, taste, and texture incorporation.

The perceptual behavior of consumers on a product displayed in the market has a vital role in analyzing the importance given to that product. Therefore, various strategies have been developed to understand this consumer behavior in the selection of products. Immersive technologies like virtual, augmented, and mixed reality are among them. With the foremost feature of immersion in the virtual world and interaction of users with virtual objects, virtual reality, and augmented reality have unlocked their potential in research and a user-friendly tool for analyzing consumer behavior. In addition to these technologies, mixed reality also has a significant role in investigating consumer behavior. Studies on immersive technologies in food applications are vast, hence this review focuses on the applications of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality in the food selection behavior of consumers. The behavioral studies are elicited to develop new products based on consumer needs, to understand the shopping behavior in supermarkets for real-time usage, and to know the influence of emotions in a selection of products. The findings suggest that virtual, augmented, and mixed reality induce immersion of the users in food selection behavioral studies. Information on the technological advancements in the tools used for bringing immersion and interaction are discussed for its futuristic applications in food. Though immersive technology gives users a realistic virtual environment experience, its application in food systems is in the budding stage. More research on human response studies would contribute to its innovative and inevitable application in the future.

Modeling joint row- and column-wise correlation in air passenger seat selection: A cross-nested logit approach

Advance seat selection (ASS) fees have gradually become an important revenue generator for the carriers worldwide. In this study, we investigate air passenger seat selection behavior in the ASS service while quantifying spatial correlation structure among seats, which is novel to the literature. Specifically, we employ a Cross-Nested Logit (CNL) model that captures the joint row- and column-wise correlation among seats. The CNL model, together with the Multinomial Logit and Nested Logit models involved as benchmarks, are applied to a rich dataset of 321670 ASS records, extracted from the database of a Chinese regional carrier. The empirical results suggest that the correlation among seats arises from their similarities in both row and column dimensions, with a stronger correlation in the column dimension. And modeling such joint correlation can not only enhance the in-sample model fit, but also facilitate more accurate out-of-sample revenue prediction. Moreover, the utility parameter estimates reveal that passengers exhibit non-linear price sensitivity, representable by a power function with a rational exponent of 0.37. Additionally, passengers display heterogeneous willingness to pay influenced by their flight, booking, and personal characteristics. And seat preferences can be affected by participating in loyalty programs.

Retracted: Analysis of Farmer Relocation Selection Behavior Based on Bayesian Network

Retracted: Analysis of Farmer Relocation Selection Behavior Based on Bayesian Network

Customer Perception on Bank Selection Criteria in Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City

Banking services are essential to a corporate institution's efficient operation because they enable the safe transfer of funds from one party to another, simplify financial transactions, reduce risk, manage cash flows, and even offer security services to fortify ties between banking institutions, customers, and partners. The unhealthy competition among them makes it challenging to select the finest, though. Using the dependent variable (Bank Selection Criteria) and the independent variables (Convenience, Technology, Bank Charge, and Employee Behavior), this study tries to pinpoint the variables impacting bank selection criteria. The basic random sampling method was used to collect data from 250 bank clients for this investigation. The cross-sectional descriptive study design was used. There have been uses of both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The findings showed that the bank selection criteria and convenience have a substantial positive correlation. Bank selection criteria are positively marginally influenced by employee behavior and technology. The findings of this study will be helpful to curious consumers, anxious bankers, academics, government officials, and up-and-coming researchers, enabling them to demonstrate greater concern for their clientele in the future. Keywords: Bank Selection, Convenience, Technology, Bank Charge and Employee Behavior

Design and Simulation of a Motor Mount of an Automotive Power Glove Box

Abstract: The integration of technology into automotive interiors has led to the development of advanced features aimed at enhancing user experience and convenience. One such innovation is the automotive power glove box, which incorporates a motorized mechanism for automated opening and closing. This research paper presents the design and simulation of a motor mount for an automotive power glove box. The glove box, a crucial component in modern vehicles, provides storage and accessibility for essential items. The integration of a motorized mechanism enhances user convenience. The study involves mechanical analysis, technical considerations, design calculations, and simulations to ensure optimal performance and reliability. Various aspects of the motor mount design, including material selection, structural integrity, and dynamic behavior, are addressed. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of the design process, supported by relevant details, data, diagrams, and charts.

Testing the function of a colour pattern polymorphism in a lizard

Abstract Trait polymorphisms can vary across different contexts of selection and be maintained through trade-offs between these contexts. For example, colour polymorphic variants may represent alternative strategies optimizing crypsis or thermoregulation in different populations. Here we use visual modelling to test the conspicuousness of different colour pattern morphs in males and females of an Australian lizard, Lampropholis delicata, to predators and conspecifics. We further assess differences in reflectance, microhabitat selection, and mate preference to determine the functional role of the polymorphism and explain its variable distribution across latitude and the sexes. Plain morphs are more conspicuous than striped morphs in both bird and lizard visual models, suggesting predation selection, and habitat structure varies among sex-morph types, but we find no difference in microhabitat selection or mate preference based on colour. We suggest that a combination of spatially varying selection, habitat preference, and context-specific behaviour may be necessary to explain spatial patterns of colour morph frequencies.