Selected Roughness Parameters Research Articles

Effect of the Axial Profile of a Ceramic Grinding Wheel on Selected Roughness Parameters of Shaped Surfaces Obtained in the Grinding Process with a Dual-Tool Grinding Head.

The use of CNC equipment that integrates several machining operations eliminates downtime due to changes in setup and clamping of workpieces in more than one machining device. A review of CNC equipment and tools known from the literature and from manufacturers' offerings indicates that new technical solutions are being developed to integrate two or more technological operations. However, these examples have numerous limitations and are mostly not suitable for machining surfaces with complex shapes. An example of such solutions is the use of a dual-tool grinding head, which integrates the process of rough grinding with a ceramic grinding wheel and finish grinding with a flexible grinding wheel. Unfortunately, it has the disadvantage of being limited by the angular shape of the ceramic grinding wheel, making it unable to adapt to the complex geometries of the shaped surfaces being ground. The need to overcome this limitation became the motivation for the research work described in this article. By means of experimental research, it was verified what effect the radial outline on the periphery of a ceramic grinding wheel realized by rough grinding would have on the surface roughness parameters obtained in the process of grinding shaped surfaces. For this purpose, grinding processes using a ceramic wheel with a conical and radial outline were compared. The result of the study was a summary of the surface roughness parameters Sa, St, Sq, Spk, Str, and Sds obtained after two-stage machining (rough and finish grinding). The obtained analysis results showed that changing the axial outline of the ceramic grinding wheel makes it possible to significantly expand the range of applications of the dual-tool head without negatively affecting the quality of the machined surface. Thus, such an improvement will make it possible to increase the applicability of the head by grinding shaped surfaces with a radial profile of curvature.

Roughness Parameters with Statistical Analysis and Modelling Using Artificial Neural Networks After Finish Milling of Magnesium Alloys with Different Edge Helix Angle Tools

The paper presents the results of a study investigating the roughness parameters Rq, Rt, Rv, and Rp of finished-milled magnesium alloys AZ91D and AZ31B. Carbide end mills with varying edge helix angles were used in the study. Statistical analysis was additionally performed for selected machining conditions. In addition, modelling of selected roughness parameters on the end face for the AZ91D alloy was carried out using artificial neural networks. Results have shown that the tool with λs = 20° is more suitable for the finish milling of magnesium alloys because its use leads to a significant reduction in surface roughness parameters with increased cutting speed. Increased feed per tooth leads to increased surface roughness parameters. Both radial and axial depth of cut has an insignificant effect on surface roughness parameters. It has been proven that finish milling is an effective finishing treatment for magnesium alloys. In addition, it was shown that artificial neural networks are a good tool for the prediction of selected surface roughness parameters after finishing milling of the magnesium alloy AZ91D.

The Study of the Influence of the Tracing Speed on the Result of Surface Roughness Measurement Using the Tactile Method

This work concerns the problem of measuring surface roughness using the tactile method. The result of such a measurement is influenced by many factors, for example, the applied measurement parameters or changes in ambient conditions, e.g., temperature. The authors attempted to determine the influence of the tracing speed of the result of the profilometer tip on the roughness measurement of surfaces characterized by different types of irregularities. In the experiment, samples manufactured using various machining techniques were measured. Eleven selected roughness parameters were observed, including the most well-known ones, such as Ra, Rz, or Rt. The results obtained by the authors allowed them to determine which of the analyzed parameters are the most sensitive to changes in the tracing speed of the measuring tip, which is of great importance in the aspect of surface roughness measurements in industrial conditions. Owing to the obtained results, it is possible to determine in which cases it is possible to increase the speed of tip travel without reducing the reliability of the obtained results of surface roughness measurement.

The Effect of Shot Peening on Residual Stress and Surface Roughness of AMS 5504 Stainless Steel Joints Welded Using the TIG Method.

This article presents the influence of the Shot Peening (SP) process on residual stress and surface roughness of AMS 5504 joints welded using the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method. Thin-walled steel structures are widely used in the aviation and automotive industries, among others. Unfortunately, the fatigue properties become worse during the welding process. Samples of 1 mm-thick AMS 5504 steel plates were first prepared using TIG welding and then strengthened by the Shot Peening (SP) process. The technological parameters of the SP process were changed in the range of time t from 2 min to 4 min and of pressure p from 0.4 MPa to 0.6 Mpa. The residual stresses were measured by X-ray diffraction in three zones: fusion zone (FZ), heat-affected zone (HAZ) and base metal (BM). The results showed that SP introduced compressive residual stresses in all of the zones measured, especially in the FZ. The greatest value of compressive residual stresses σ = -609 MPa in the FZ was observed for the maximum parameters of SP (p = 0.6 MPa, t = 4 min). The increase in value of residual stress is about 580% when compared to welding specimens without treatment. As a result of shot peening in the FZ, the mean roughness value Ra decreased in range 63.07% to 77.67% in the FZ, while in the BM increased in range 236.87% to 352.78% in comparison to specimen without treatment. Selected surface roughness parameters in FZ and BM were analyzed using neural networks. In FZ, it was demonstrated that the most correlated parameters with residual stresses are Rt and Rsk. On the other hand, in the BM zone, the most correlated parameters were Rv, Rt and Rq. This enables the estimation of stresses in the welded joint after SP on the basis of selected roughness parameters.

Press-On Force Effect on the Efficiency of Composite Restorations Final Polishing—Preliminary In Vitro Study

The surface texture of dental restorations has a major influence on plaque accumulation and aesthetical appearance. The study aimed to evaluate the surface roughness of composite resins depending on the varying polishing sequences and applied forces. A total of 60 samples from two composite resins (Boston and Charisma) were polymerized using a lamp with 1200 mW/cm2 intensity and covering celluloid strip. The polishing sequence consisted of 12.6 mm OptiDisc (Kerr) – with increased disc per each subsequent step. Half of the samples were polished at 1N force, with the other half at 2N. The surface roughness examination was performed using a WYKO NT930 (Veeco) optical profilometer. The selected roughness parameters were compared by ANOVA with the significance level α = 0.05. The more complex polishing sequence affected on the composite smoothness. Higher roughness was identified in Charisma samples as compared to Boston. The specimens polished with 2N force contained a slightly rougher surface than those polished with 1N. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Despite the satisfactory visual effect obtained by polishing the composite samples, the profilometric examination revealed the roughness. Finishing is crucial for providing a smooth composite surface, allowing it to function properly in the oral environment.

Finite Element Analysis of the Magnetic Field Distribution in a Magnetic Abrasive Finishing Station and its Impact on the Effects of Finishing Stainless Steel AISI 304L

In this article, we present a numerical model of a magnetic abrasive finishing station, which was analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). The obtained results were compared with the real values measured on an experimental station of our own design. The prepared station had the option of adjusting the magnetic flux density inside the machining gap, the width of which could be changed from 10 to 30 mm. The maximum value of the magnetic flux density inside the air gap was 0.8 T. The real distribution of magnetic flux density in the finishing area was also analyzed. A design of experiment was carried out with the following variables: abrasive grain concentration, width of the machining gap, and process duration. The results are presented in the form of regression equations and characteristics for selected roughness parameters.

Non-Deterministic Assessment of Surface Roughness as Bond Strength Parameters between Concrete Layers Cast at Different Ages.

The importance of surface roughness and its non-destructive examination has often been emphasised in structural rehabilitation. The presented innovative procedure enables the estimation of concrete-to-concrete strength based on a combination of low-cost, area-limited tests and geostatistical methods. The new method removes the shortcomings of the existing one, i.e., it is neither qualitative nor subjective. The interface strength factors, cohesion and friction, can be estimated accurately based on the collected data on a surface texture. The data acquisition needed to create digital models of the concrete surface can be performed by terrestrial close-range photogrammetry or other methods. In the presented procedure, limitations to the availability of concrete surfaces are overcome by the generation of subsequential Gaussian random fields (via height profiles) based on the semivariograms fitted to the digital surface models. In this way, the randomness of the surface texture is reproduced. The selected roughness parameters, such as mean valley depth and, most importantly, the geostatistical semivariogram parameter sill, were transformed into contact bond strength parameters based on the available strength tests. The proposed procedure estimates the interface bond strength based on the geostatistical methods applied to the numerical surface model and can be used in practical and theoretical applications.

Human dermal fibroblast proliferation controlled by surface roughness of two-component nanostructured latex polymer coatings.

In this study hierarchically-structured latex polymer coatings and self-supporting films were characterised and their suitability for cell growth studies was tested with Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDF). Latex can be coated or printed on rigid or flexible substrates thus enabling high-throughput fabrication. Here, coverslip glass substrates were coated with blends of two different aqueous latex dispersions: hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) and hydrophilic carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The nanostructured morphology and topography of the latex films was controlled by varying the mixing ratio of the components in the latex blend. Thin latex-coatings retain high transparency on glass allowing optical and high resolution imaging of cell growth and morphology. Compared to coverslip glass surfaces and commercial well-plates HDF cell growth was enhanced up to 150-250 % on latex surfaces with specific nanostructure. Growth rates were correlated with selected roughness parameters such as effective surface area (Sq), RMS-roughness (Sdr) and correlation length (Scl37). High-resolution confocal microscopy clearly indicated less actin stress-fibre development in cells on the latex surface compared to coverslip glass. The results show that surface nanotopography can, by itself, passively modulate HDF cell proliferation and cytoskeletal architecture.

EVALUATION OF THE HOMOGENEITY OF THE WORKING SURFACE OF CAST IRON BRAKE DISCS

This article deals with the one of the most important elements of modern braking systems, which is a brake disc. A brake disc is the one of more stressed parts of the braking system, and its quality and design largely determine the braking performance of the vehicle. The article describes the technology of manufacturing disc brake pads that is important from the point of view of the wear processes occurring between two friction surfaces: the brake disc and the brake pad lining. The research of the cast iron ventilated brake disc surface measured the values of the selected roughness parameters at this site. In the context of measurements, it was also determined to be able to maintain a certain value of selected geometric parameters at a given location for the group of brake discs tested of a specific type and manufactured by a particular manufacturer. The work was carried out in the aspect of the research to create a surface layer to protect the brake discs from the effects of corrosive wear.

The Effect of EP/AW Additives in Emulsion Mist on the Geometric Structure of the Machined Surface during Carbon Steel C45 Turning

One of the problems of metal alloys machining in view of the environment protection is the use of cooling lubricants. From this viewpoint, it is preferred to limit the use or completely eliminate them from the cutting process. The solution may be the method of Minimum Quantity Cooling Lubrication (MQCL). The results of the machined surface roughness measurements of carbon steel C45 after turning when: machining for dry cutting, using cooling method MQCL and using MQCL with additives EP/AW have been presented. One used two anti-wear and antiseizure additives based on phosphate ester. Experimental studies have been planned according to the Parameter Space Investigation method. The application of EP/AW additives entered in the emulsion determined the ranges of cutting parameters at which lower values of selected roughness parameters were obtained in comparison with dry cutting. The lowest values of Ra and Rz parameter for variables of cutting parameters and creating emulsion mist within their whole range were obtained for cooling with pure emulsion mist based on boric acid and amine compound.

Relation between skin micro-topography, roughness, and skin age.

The topography of the skin surface consists of lines, wrinkles, and scales. Primary and secondary lines form a network like structure that may be identified as polygons. Skin surface roughness measurements are widely applied in dermatological research and practice but the relation between roughness parameters and their anatomical equivalents are unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether the number of closed polygons (NCP) per measurement field can be used as a reliable parameter to measure skin surface topography. For this purpose, we analysed the relation between skin surface roughness parameters and NCP in different age groups. Images of the volar forearm skin of 38 subjects (14 children, 12 younger, and 12 older adults) were obtained with the VisioScan VC98. The NCP was counted by three independent researchers and selected roughness parameters were measured. Interrater reliability of counting the number of closed polygons and correlations between NCP, roughness parameters, and age were calculated. The mean NCP/mm² in children was 3.1 (SD 1.1), in younger adults 1.0 (SD 0.7), and in older adults 1.0 (SD 0.9). The interrater reliability was 0.9. A negative correlation of NCP/mm² with age was observed, whereas measured roughness parameters were positively associated with age. NCP/mm² was weakly related to skin roughness. The NCP/mm² is a reproducible parameter for characterizing the skin surface topography. It is proposed as an additional parameter in dermatological research and practice because it represents distinct aspects of the cutaneous profile not covered by established roughness parameters.

Comprehensive Analysis of Ion Beam Induced Stainless Steel Surface Morphology

Surface morphology, one of the various physical properties modified by ion beam irradiation, is usually characterized by well known and very often investigated surface topography and surface roughness. The paper presents two additional aspects of surface morphology modification (called by the author: profile variability and surface morphology arrangement) that seem to be good complementary indicators of morphology changes. Surface microand nanotopographies were observed by means of scanning electron and near-field microscopes. High quality profilograph and atomic force microscope were utilised to measure main selected roughness parameters (based on the well known surface profiles). To detect any profile shape alteration during ion beam bombardment fractal analysis was used, and especially fractal dimension D that can give information about a rate pv of profile shape variability. Surface morphology arrangement, i.e. a question whether it is random or determined, was studied with the use of frequency plots resulting from harmonic analysis of profiles. Surface topographies, selected roughness parameters, fractal dimensions and frequency plots relating to stainless steel of 1H18N9T (made in Poland) bombarded with perpendicular (Θ = 0◦) as well as very inclined (Θ = 85–87◦) beam were examined. Low energy (0.8 keV) broad argon ion beam and neutralized narrow argon or krypton ion beams (up to 6 keV) were used in the experiments.

Surface Integrity Functional Analysis in Hard Turning AISI 8620 Case Hardened Steel through 3D Topographical Measurement

The purpose is to contribute with information on the resulting surface condition from hard turning process of mechanical components manufactured from carburized steel. The surface was examined by parameters obtained from the three-dimensional surface topography obtained with an interferometric laser instrument. The selected roughness parameters analysis intends to have a functional characterization such as bearing capacity, fluid and lubricants retention ability and contact wear resistance. The results obtained from the surface roughness measurement show consistency with other authors’ results, and the technique of hardened material turning is capable of producing surfaces with functionality and quality.

Surface morphology of steel and titanium induced by ion beam bombardment – Comprehensive analysis

It is well known that ion bombardment of solid surface modifies its physical and chemical properties, among others, surface morphology. In this paper we try to concentrate on four aspects of ion beam induced surface morphology, i.e.: (a) surface topography, (b) surface roughness, (c) rate of profile shape variability, and (d) surface morphology arrangement. Surface topographies (in micro- and nanometre range) were observed by means of scanning electron and near-field microscopes. High quality profilograph and atomic force microscope were utilised to measure surface roughness parameters. To do that, surface profiles must be well known. To detect any profile shape alteration during ion beam bombardment we used fractal analysis, and especially fractal dimension D that can give information about rate of profile shape variability. Surface morphology arrangement, i.e. a question whether it is random or determined, was studied with the use of frequency plots resulting from harmonic analysis of profiles. We studied surface topographies, selected roughness parameters, fractal dimensions and frequency plots relating to stainless steel and polycrystalline 99.5% titanium bombarded with perpendicular low energy (800 eV) broad argon ion beam as well as neutralized narrow argon or krypton ion beam (up to 6 keV).

Parameterization of Arctic Sea-ice Surface roughness for application in ice type classification

AbstractStatistics of Arctic Sea-ice Surface roughness have been investigated in order to improve classification of ice-thickness regimes. The data consist of Surface roughness and thickness profiles, acquired Simultaneously by helicopter-borne laser altimetry and electromagnetic induction Sounding. Five thickness classes were identified using the modal thickness as a criterion. For each class, the Statistical properties of the Surface roughness profiles were analyzed. A classification algorithm was designed, which assigns profiles to the thickness classes on the basis of a Set of Selected Statistical roughness parameters. The algorithm was applied to profiles of different lengths. Best results were obtained for 2 km long profiles, for which it was possible to discriminate well between thick first-year and multi-year ice, and to distinguish these classes from thinner ice. The classification rule was tested on data obtained under winter and Summer conditions. The results Suggest that Statistical Surface roughness properties are different for thinner and thicker ice classes. However, individual thin-ice classes cannot be discriminated on the basis of the Selected roughness parameters.

Effect of Interfacial Roughness Parameters on the Fiber Pushout Behavior of a Model Composite

The effect of interfacial roughness on the frictional sliding in composites has been studied using fiber pushout and pushback tests on a model composite of Plexiglas rods in an epoxy matrix. Different extents of roughness were introduced on the Plexiglas rods and the resulting roughness profiles measured. The roughness profiles were characterized using six different roughness parameters. An attempt was made to find a correlation between the sliding resistance and the selected roughness parameters. A parameter defined as the maximum coefficient in the Fourier transform of the roughness profile was found to yield the best correlation. If the roughness introduced is periodic, then the pushout traces exhibit periodic dips, but the magnitude of this periodic dip is significantly smaller than the seating drop obtained from pushback tests.