Selected OECD Countries Research Articles

Public spending on Energy innovations and CO2 impacts: Evidence from selected OECD countries

The relationship between public spending on Energy innovations (R&D of renewable and non-renewable energy, and energy efficiency) and CO2 intensity at constant purchasing power are investigated in this study. A Panel-NARDL model was used for the first time in 10 OECD countries (1990–2020) to evaluate the asymmetric relationship between energy innovative variables and CO2 impacts in the long and short run. In other words, this study aims to monitor how changes in public spending on R&D for renewable and non-renewable influence CO2 emissions. The results show that while an increase in the public budget for R&D of renewable energy will decrease the CO2 intensity in the long run, a positive relationship exists between these variables in the short run. Likewise, the result demonstrates that a cut in public spending on Fossil fuel R&D leads to an increase in the short horizon and a decrease in the long-run CO2 emissions per unit of GDP. The finding implies the substantial impact of R&D in both renewable and non-renewable energy on reducing CO2 emissions over time. In addition, CO2 emissions per unit of GDP respond positively to R&D public spending on energy efficiency. An increase in public expenditure on R&D of energy efficiency can induce economic activity and enhance CO2 emissions. All in all, the 30 years’ analysis of data from the selected OECD countries substantiates the right strategy of reducing the CO2 emissions of these countries by applying the public budget to promote R&D in energy sectors. This study results in contrast with those studies that found no relationship between R&D on renewable energy and CO2 impacts. Significance Statement This paper evaluated the asymmetric impacts of public spending on R&D of renewable energy and fossil fuel, and energy efficiency on CO2 intensity at constant purchasing power. Although a growing body of research has analyzed the impact of R&D on CO2 emission, research on the asymmetric effects of R&D public expenditure in energy sectors on CO2 emission is still narrow. Moreover, by employing Panel Nonlinear ARDL, we delve into the spillover impacts of selected OECD public budget on R&D over the short and long horizons. In addition, we estimate the impacts of both Renewable and non-renewable R&D budgets which help us to explore and compare the effectiveness of budget allocation on R&D with the strategy of reducing CO2 emission. Finally, this study found how the R&D and technology budget surging and declining in energy sectors would influence CO2 emission per unit of GDP.

Analysis of the Relationship Between Entrepreneurship and Trade Openness within the Framework of Quantile Panel Approach: The Case of OECD Countries

This study aims to examine the impact of the trade openness of selected OECD countries on entrepreneurship. There is a general acceptance that the impact of the trade openness of economies on entrepreneurship is positive. In the analysis process, econometric modeling studies were carried out based on the data of the selected OECD countries for the 2006-2020 period. The quantile panel regression technique was used to test the impact of trade openness on entrepreneurship. The quantile panel regression analyses have been carried out with an approach that considers the asymmetric situation between the selected OECD countries. Hence, this approach has been a contribution to the literature. Policy recommendations are presented within the framework of empirical findings. According to the empirical findings, entrepreneurship activities are important in terms of increasing economic performance in the selected OECD countries and show that policies should be implemented in support of entrepreneurship activities. The necessity of considering the impact of the trade openness level on entrepreneurship in determining policies has been revealed. In particular, the fact that the economies assess this issue in the policy development process can be considered a strategic instrument.

Road Safety Coordination Between Government and Community: Analysis and Insights From Selected OECD Countries

Road Safety Coordination Between Government and Community: Analysis and Insights From Selected OECD Countries

TOWARDS A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF DECENTRALIZATION: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL INSIGHT OF OECD COUNTRIES

The present paper introduces a novel methodology for analyzing decentralization across three dimensions: political, administrative, and fiscal. Considering the challenges in determining the degree of decentralization, we have constructed synthetic measures for assessing political (MPD), administrative (MAD), and fiscal (MFD) decentralization employing the TOPSIS method (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution). The use of this method allowed the creation of a linear rank of OECD countries. Furthermore, on the basis of constructed synthetic measures and utilizing the k-means clustering method, we also constructed a non-linear grouping of those countries. This approach enabled us to achieve the final objective of our research, the revelation of varied interrelationships among the different dimensions of decentralization in selected OECD countries. The combined application of the TOPSIS and the k-means methods enhances the methodology for analyzing decentralization by offering a multidimensional perspective. Given the potential repercussions of negative outcomes, such as overt or covert centralization, the findings of our study could turn out to be of significant relevance.

Why does uncovered interest parity fail empirically?

The Uncovered Interest Parity theory, predicated on perfect capital mobility and a floating exchange rate regime, faces challenges in real-world contexts marked by capital restrictions and diverse exchange rate regimes. This research investigates the validity of the UIP hypothesis in selected OECD countries, considering the role of capital control and de facto exchange rate regimes. By analyzing annual and monthly data, including immediate rates, short-term borrowing rates, and 10-year government bond rate differentials, several panel estimation techniques and alternative empirical models are employed. The results are robust to sub-sample analyses, alternative specifications of the empirical model, and different estimation methods. The study provides evidence supporting the UIP, particularly for immediate and short-term interest rates. The empirical examination underscores the necessity of accounting for the de facto floating exchange rate regime and capital flow restrictions when testing the UIP model. Consequently, the UIP hypothesis moves beyond being a theoretical fallacy and emerges as empirically verifiable, holding significant implications for policymakers and advancing the understanding of international finance.

An investigation on immigration inflows, GDP productivity and knowledge production in selected OECD countries: A panel model analysis

An investigation on immigration inflows, GDP productivity and knowledge production in selected OECD countries: A panel model analysis

Does fintech positively moderate the impact of mineral resources on green growth? Role of economic policy uncertainty in OECD economies

Resource curse remains a dilemma for the resource-endowed OECD countries, whereas consistent mineral resource utilization impedes green growth. However, fintech innovations are imperious in transforming the economic landscape and resource curse paradox. Therefore, our study elucidates the impact of Fintech, economic policy uncertainty (EPU), and mineral resource rents on green growth. For empirical exploration, the generalized method of moment (GMM) was employed from 2014 to 2022 in selected OECD countries. The empirical outcomes reveal that mineral resource rents hinder green growth, affirming the resource curse hypothesis. Similarly, EPU exerts negative impacts on green growth. On the other side, Fintech is a stimulator of green growth, demonstrating a positive linkage. The moderation covariates of fintech measures with the mineral industry have immense potential to reduce adverse economic effects and significantly promote green growth. The alternative estimator echoes identical findings with different magnitudes and signs to affirm estimated outcomes. This research suggests valuable policy implications for OECD economies to disseminate fintech adoption in curbing harmful economic uncertainty and resource erosion in the green transition.

Income Level and Population Aging Impact on Retirement Savings in OECD Countries

Increasing old-dependency ratio has essential impact on pension systems which must be reformed and adjusted to actual demographic situation. Applying linear regression, we look for relationships between retirement savings and levels of incomes and old-age dependency ratios in 36 selected OECD countries. Our findings show that the population aging affects pension assets acccumulation differently in developed and developing countries although pension assets are increasing in both groups of countries. Concurrently, the regression models let us divide OECD countries into three groups - Countries where the old-age dependency ratio affects per capita investment positively and statistically significant (26 countries), insignificantly (5 countries) and negatively and significant (5 countries).

Internalizing negative environmental externalities through environmental technologies: The contribution of renewable energy in OECD countries

Due to human achievements, global environmental threats are becoming more complex and interconnected, affecting people, ecosystems, and economies worldwide. Using remittances, economic growth, and trade openness as indicators, we examine the impact of environmental technology and renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions for OECD countries from 1994 to 2019. This study utilizes advanced econometric methodologies of the second generation to develop a comprehensive empirical analysis. We find that environmental technology, renewable energy, and remittances are statistically negatively related to CO2 emissions of selected OECD countries. On the other hand, economic growth and trade openness positively influence those emissions. These findings suggest that environmental technology, renewable energy, and remittances positively impact the environment. Conversely, economic growth and trade exposure deteriorate it. As a result of this empirical evidence, green energy should be generated, or endangered species should be monitored. The key to reducing air pollution is reducing our reliance on imported fuel and diversifying our energy supply. Moreover, integrating economic and sustainability goals produces concrete, measurable results across both pillars while considering the social consequences of greening economies. There is a discussion of limitations and future directions.

TÜRKİYE VE SEÇİLMİŞ OECD ÜLKELERİNDE KAMU SAĞLIK HARCAMALARININ GELİŞİMİ ÜZERİNE KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR DEĞERLENDİRME (2010-2022)

Sağlık hizmetleri kamusal niteliği ve sahip olduğu dışsallıklar ile bütün ülkelerde kamu kesiminin önemli hizmet alanlarından biridir. Birey ve toplumun genel sağlık durumunu ifade eden sağlık statüsü göstergelerini iyileştirmek için sağlık sektörüne daha fazla kaynak aktarımı, mevcut kaynakların doğru öncelik ve tercihlerle kullanılması önem taşımaktadır. Kamu sağlık harcamaları, finansmanı kamu kesimince sağlanan sağlık hizmeti kapsamında yerine getirilen her türlü işlem için yapılan harcamaları kapsamaktadır. Fiziksel ve psikolojik anlamda sağlıklı bir toplum yapısının inşasında sağlık harcamaları önemli rol oynamaktadır. Sağlıkta yeni teknolojilerin tedariki, ilaç ve tedavi koşullarının iyileştirilmesi, sağlık hizmet kalitesinin arttırılması, sağlığa ilişkin araştırma-geliştirme faaliyetlerinin arttırılması hususları sağlık harcamalarının doğru kullanımı ile gerçekleştirilecektir. Bu doğrultuda Türkiye’nin sağlık göstergelerine ilişkin mevcut durumun tahlili, bu çalışmanın oluşturulmasında temel motivasyon kaynağı olmuştur. Çalışmada sağlık ve sağlığa ilişkin kavramlar ele alınarak, yıllar itibariyle Türkiye ve seçilmiş OECD ülkelerinde kamu sağlık harcamalarındaki değişimin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Türkiye ve seçilmiş OECD ülkelerine ait kamu sağlık harcamalarının genel görünümü betimsel değerlendirmelerle ortaya konulmuş, Türkiye’de kamu sağlık harcamalarının özellikle gelişmiş ülkelere kıyasla oldukça düşük düzeyde olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Effects of mining sector FDI, environmental regulations, and economic complexity, on mineral resource dependency in selected OECD countries

Mineral resources are pivotal in boosting a country's foreign direct investment and economic complexity; nevertheless, their exploitation should be regulated by implementing environmental policies governing economic activities. Thus, current study explores the quantile-dependent association of mineral resource dependency with the mining sector's foreign direct investment (FDI), economic complexity, and environmental regulations for selected OECD economies. The OECD nations comprise developed and developing zones; thus, their importance regarding mineral resource dependency is immensely vital. The annual data from 2004 to 2021 has been taken and Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) is employed after a preliminary investigation of the panel series. The outcomes revealed that mining sector FDI and economic complexity exert pressure on resources in low- and high-resources-dependent countries. In comparison, environmental regulations reduce mineral resource dependency. A bi-directional causality is documented between mining sector FDI, economic complexity and environmental regulations. This study also applies Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS) to address reverse causality and cross sectional dependency. Notably, a two way relationship is confirm using causality test between FDI, economic complexity, environmental regulations, and mineral resources. Robustness estimators confirm the prior estimations and offer relevant policy implications.

A narrative review of Master's programs in midwifery across selected OECD countries: Organizational aspects, competence goals and learning outcomes.

Shifting midwifery education to a university level is of great importance for healthcare systems worldwide by preparing graduates for current and future challenges. Some of them referring to management, research and teaching tasks as well as advanced practitioner roles, require competences that can only be acquired in a Master's program. The objectives of this narrative review are to outline the differences and commonalities of organizational aspects of Master's programs in selected OECD countries and to point out the competence goals and learning outcomes they are based on. Fifteen Master's programs in twelve OECD countries were identified and analyzed. Considering the organizational characteristics, differences are found in admission requirements and qualification levels, while similarities relate to the awarded title (MSc). All programs aim to develop abilities for research to advance midwifery practice. Leadership and management abilities are addressed through effective teamwork and communication. The programs' aims are to develop abilities for midwifery education tasks. Whereas competence goals mostly align across the programs, they are addressed differently through various learning outcomes. Development and enhancement of Master's programs in midwifery are needed by focusing on core elements, such as common competence goals. It is equally important to adapt them to national healthcare and educational systems.

Effects of Demographic Change on Economic Growth: A Panel ARDL Approach for Selected OECD Countries

Effects of Demographic Change on Economic Growth: A Panel ARDL Approach for Selected OECD Countries

Beyond GDP: The Wealth Perspective of Sustainability

The capital approach, or the wealth economy framework of sustainability broadens the conventional measure of economic performance “beyond GDP”, with a long-term view. The totality of capital assets, or wealth, is composed of produced, human, natural and social capital, and is seen as the source of income, benefits, and wellbeing of present and future generations. Shrinkage in this production base signals unsustainable development. While the weak criterion of sustainability allows substitution between all capital elements, the strong criterion does not allow reductions in the renewable component of natural capital. Using World Bank data, we found that during the 1995-2018 period, 14% and 58% of the countries globally did not meet the weak and the strong criteria of sustainability, respectively. Also, a comparative analysis of wealth and its components is provided for selected OECD countries. It is found that human capital is proportionally the most significant among the capital elements, followed by produced capital. Natural capital, both renewable and non-renewable, lags far behind. Our findings raise questions regarding the rationale of economic convergence, as well as confirm the necessity of further methodological improvements regarding data generation and statistics, including the valuation of assets.

Green innovation and environmental quality in OECD countries: the mediating role of renewable energy and carbon taxes

The exceptional rise in overall economic activities has deteriorated environmental sustainability around the world. However, countries around the globe are implementing strategies for reaching the global climate objective. For this purpose, OECD countries committed many efforts, although their pledges and results are not parallel to the level of the Paris Agreement’s ambition. This study examines the impact of eco-innovation, environmental taxes, and renewable energy consumption on the environmental performance of selected OECD countries over the period of 2006 to 2020. This study uses the generalized method of moments (GMM) and instrumental variables 2 stage least square (2SLS) methods. For robustness checks, this study uses a quantile regression approach. We conclude that an increase in the adoption of renewable energy and green innovation has a statistically significant impact on controlling CO2 emissions. Moreover, the empirical model is expanded by incorporating environmental taxes as an explanatory variable. The expanded model showed that the imposition of environmental taxes has a detrimental impact on the reduction of CO2 emissions. Moreover, on the contrary, an increase in economic activities, measured by GDP, is responsible for rising CO2 emissions in OECD countries. In light of the results we obtained, policy recommendations are provided.

Healthcare Systems and COVID-19 Mortality in Selected OECD Countries: A Panel Quantile Regression Analysis.

The pandemic caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has exerted an unprecedented impact on the health of populations worldwide. However, the adverse health consequences of the pandemic in terms of infection and mortality rates have varied across countries. In this study, we investigate whether COVID-19 mortality rates across a group of developed nations are associated with characteristics of their healthcare systems, beyond the differential policy responses in those countries. To achieve the study objective, we distinguished healthcare systems based on the extent of healthcare decommodification. Using available daily data from 2020, 2021, and 2022, we applied quantile regression with non-additive fixed effects to estimate mortality rates across quantiles. Our analysis began prior to vaccine development (in 2020) and continued after the vaccines were introduced (throughout 2021 and part of 2022). The findings indicate that higher testing rates, coupled with more stringent containment and public health measures, had a significant negative impact on the death rate in both pre-vaccination and post-vaccination models. The data from the post-vaccination model demonstrate that higher vaccination rates were associated with significant decreases in fatalities. Additionally, our research indicates that countries with healthcare systems characterized by high and medium levels of decommodification experienced lower mortality rates than those with healthcare systems involving low decommodification. The results of this study indicate that stronger public health infrastructure and more inclusive social protections have mitigated the severity of the pandemic's adverse health impacts, more so than emergency containment measures and social restrictions.

The Comparison of Turkey and Some Selected OECD Countries in Terms of Health Care Deprivation Indicators

Bir ülkenin sağlık hizmetlerinden yoksunluk düzeyi, o ülkenin sağlık hizmetlerindeki gelişmişlik düzeyini gösteren önemli parametrelerden biridir. Bu nedenle sağlık hizmetlerinden yoksunluk göstergelerinin karşılaştırılmasıyla elde edilen bulgular kritik önem taşımaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada Türkiye'nin sağlık hizmetlerinden yoksunluk göstergeleri seçilmiş OECD ülkeleriyle karşılaştırılarak incelenmiştir. Amaç Türkiye'nin sağlık hizmetlerine erişimde yaşadığı zorlukları ve ilerleme potansiyelini diğer ülkeler ile karşılaştırarak ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada (i) cepten yapılan sağlık harcamaları, (ii) sağlık harcamaları nedeniyle hizmetlere erişememe, (iii) hastane sayısı, (iv) doktor sayısı ve (v) yatak sayısını gösterge olarak kullanılmıştır. TOPSIS yönteminden yararlanarak ülkelerin sağlık hizmetlerinden yoksun kalma düzeyleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, OECD ülkeleri arasında sağlık hizmetlerinden yoksunluk göstergelerinde farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Doktor ve yatak sayılarında değişiklikler olmakla birlikte Birleşik Krallığın sıralamada en iyi ülke olduğu tespit edildi. Ayrıca Türkiye ve Meksika'nın sıralamada konumunun olumsuz yönde geliştiği gözlemlenmiştir. Ülkelerin kullandıkları finansman yöntemlerindeki farklılıklar ve yoksunluk göstergelerindeki azalma dikkate alındığında, politika yapıcılara mevcut farkındalığı artırmak için önemli görevler düşmektedir.

The Poverty Reduction And Social Capital Relationship: Comparative Findings From Selected OECD Countries

One of the most important elements of the fight against poverty is social capital. Social capital is of critical importance in the fight against poverty because of its ability to activate existing resources in the economic development process of countries and to prevent all resources, opportunities, and, potentials from being idle, especially for the poor. In our study, which aims to analyze the positive effects of social capital on poverty within the scope of new data and samples, analyzes were made within the scope of selected OECD countries RE findings from the econometric analysis indicate that all variables have a positive effect on GDP per capita for the 2012-2019 period in 12 selected countries. In general, our results are consistent with previous studies. The social capital coefficient gives the biggest positive effect on GDP per capita compared to other types of capital. It is important for developing countries to implement policies that increase social capital levels (especially bridging and linking types of social capital) for economic development in terms of increasing their per capita GDP levels.

Education and Employment: Evidence from Selected OECD Countries

Education and Employment: Evidence from Selected OECD Countries

Ecofeminism or techno-centrism? Analysing the gender-environment concoction in the Anthropocene: a study of OECD countries.

Women's participation and technological innovation have a crucial role in ensuring environmental sustainability in the long-run. However, the nature of this relationship has diverse opinions across the continuum. The present study focuses on the empirical relevance of this debate based on the theoretical underpinnings of ecofeminism and techno-centrism, using panel data on 37 OECD countries for the period 1990-2019. Employing the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) approach, the study constructs two models, based on ecofeminism and techno-centrism, respectively, and finds that both have a negative and significant impact on environmental degradation measured by the ecological footprint. The results suggest that equality of women in the labour markets and technological innovation through R&D expenditure are both viable developmental tools for ensuring environmental sustainability. Moreover, the empirical estimation also confirms the existence of an N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve between economic growth and environmental degradation in the case of selected OECD countries in both ecofeminist and techno-centric models.