Seismic Hazard Studies Research Articles

Relocation of Recent Shallow Seismic Activity in the Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea): The 2021–2024, 2016, and 2004 Seismic Series

ABSTRACT The Alboran Sea is a complex tectonic region and one of the most seismically active areas in the westernmost Mediterranean Sea. Its southern sector has been the scene of three significant earthquakes in the past 30 yr, the 1994 M 5.9 and 2004 M 6.3 Al Hoceima and the 2016 Mw 6.4 Alboran events. In this study, we perform a high-precision relocation of a selected subset of moderate-magnitude earthquakes of the three main seismic series that have occurred in this region in this century, the 2021–2024, 2016, and 2004 series, using all the available seismic data. We apply a two-step shared relocation procedure, first, a nonlinear probabilistic algorithm with a 3D velocity model for the Alboran–Betic–Rif system, and second, a double-difference relative method. Our results for the 2021–2024 and 2016 series show clustered epicenters along the nearby active fault systems in the area. The 2016 series displays an excellent spatial correlation with the Al-Idrisi fault and may be linked to it, whereas the 2021–2024 series could be associated to an unmapped structure to the east of Al-Idrisi, more fractured and of smaller dimensions, as inferred from its spatial–temporal magnitude distribution. Our solutions for the 2004 series confirm two clear and perpendicular epicentral alignments, which may be related to the Trougout fault. The overall depth distribution reveals shallow hypocenters mainly constrained in a seismogenic layer up to 15–20 km. Our results display a remarkable hypocentral clustering compared with the Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) earthquake catalog solutions and an improvement in the accuracy and precision of earthquake locations, with mean horizontal and vertical uncertainties lower than ∼5 km, giving better constrained hypocenters over the IGN catalog. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of this methodology, especially in the case of offshore seismicity with poor azimuthal coverage, and may improve seismic hazard studies in the region.

Site effects in seismic motion

We use the harmonic-oscillator model to analyze the motion of the sites (ground motion), seimograph recordings, and structures built on the Earth’s surface under the action of the seismic motion. The seismic motion consists of singular waves (spherical-shell P and S primary seismic waves) and discontinuous (step-wise) seismic main shocks. It is shown that these singularities and discontinuities are present in the ground motion, seismographs’ recordings and the motion of the built structures. In addition, the motion of the oscillator exhibits oscillations with its own eigenfrequency, which represent the response of the oscillator to external perturbations. We estimate the peak values of the displacement, the velocity and the acceleration of the ground motion, both for the seismic waves and the main shock, which may be used as input parameters for seismic hazard studies. We discuss the parameters entering these formulae, like the dimension of the earthquake focus, the width of the primary waves and the eigenfrequencies of the site. The width of the seismic waves on the Earth’s surface, which includes the energy loss, can be identified from the Fourier spectrum of the seismic waves. Similarly, the eigenfrequencies of the site can be identified from the spectrum of the site response. The paper provides a methodology for estimating the input parameters used in hazard studies.

3-D shallow crustal structure and offshore geothermal potential of the Aegean region of Türkiye from ambient noise tomography

The definition of the upper crustal structure is a necessary input in seismic hazard studies or in geothermal exploration projects. In this study, we use ambient noise tomography (ANT) to illuminate the 3-D crustal structure of the Aegean Region of Türkiye. The results allow us to identify tectonic control on seismic velocities and to image the shear-wave velocity (Vs) structure. In addition, our results characterize offshore-onshore geothermal potential in this region. Our data consists of 3-months of continuous ambient noise data recorded by 43 seismometers. The cross-correlation of seismic noise between station pairs was used to estimate Rayleigh wave pulses from which group velocity dispersion curves were derived. The results were used to estimate a group velocity dispersion curve for each cell in a square grid using tomography. Local dispersion curves were inverted to estimate a 1-D Vs profile for each cell. Integration of the results for all cells allowed us to build a 3-D Vs model of the studied region. Our Vs model is reliable for the upper 18 km of the crust. The Vs variations show narrow anticlines and basin-type wide synclines and sedimentary layers that correspond to the shallow crustal structure. An arc-shaped low velocity zone is identified to the west of the study area and is interpreted as a promising offshore geothermal zone. The southern coastal region of the investigated area also presents high hot fluid content in cracks and therefore has significant offshore geothermal potential. Our interpretation is in good agreement with available geophysical results and with the shallow crustal geometry reported in previous studies.

Present status and prospective on the seismic hazard studies of major seismic gaps in the Sichuan-Yunnan region

Present status and prospective on the seismic hazard studies of major seismic gaps in the Sichuan-Yunnan region

Seismic source analysis and directivity of the November 2021 Fin doublet earthquake in southern Iran: challenges and findings

Studying the source characteristics of doublet or multiple earthquake sequences presents significant challenges in seismology, especially with short time intervals between events. On November 14, 2021, a doublet earthquake (Mw 6.0 and Mw 6.1) occurred near Fin city, southern Iran, within a span of less than two minutes and 10 km apart. We employed the Kinematic Waveform Inversion (KIWI) procedure to determine the point and extended source parameters of these events, using a multistep inversion approach for stable solutions. Our analysis highlighted the directivity of the earthquakes: the first event exhibited bilateral directivity, causing a rupture area that reached the surface, while the second event showed unilateral westward directivity, supported by waveform amplitude differences observed at various stations. This directivity analysis plays an essential role in seismic hazard studies. Our findings regarding the source parameters of these recent doublet earthquakes in the Fin region align well with regional geological trends and fault patterns. However, retrieving the main fault plane for the second earthquake was challenging due to the complexities of the waveform. Moment tensor decomposition revealed significant non-double-couple components for the second event, indicating the complexity inherent in analyzing doublet events. This study underscores the critical role of precise waveform analysis and robust inversion techniques in understanding complex seismic events.

The Importance of seismic microzonation under the threat of an earthquake of the north anatolian fault in nilüfer, bursa, turkiye

The Nilüfer district experienced the most recent urbanization among the central districts of Bursa in South Marmara region with the completion of rapid construction. Since 358 BCE, many destructive earthquakes were reported on the branches of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) which caused extensive damage to buildings and loss of life near Bursa city. Besides some studies conducted to define the soil behavior in the vicinity of Bursa, a seismic hazard study in Nilüfer is still lacking. We, therefore, carried out a microzonation study including the following steps. First, an earthquake hazard analysis was conducted and the peak ground acceleration (PGA) values were determined for an expected earthquake. In the next step, MASW (Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Wave) measurements conducted at 54 points in 28 neighbourhoods of Nilüfer district were evaluated. Soil mechanical parameters were determined at 11 boreholes to assess the liquefaction potential. It was found that almost half of the study area suffers from low damage considering only the vulnerability index (Kg) index, which depends on the site effect. Therefore, in addition to the Kg values, we created a microzonation map using the results of soil liquefaction, settlement, changes in groundwater level, and the average values of spectral acceleration. The study area is classified by four damage levels changing from low to high. Using only the Kg index could not quantify the potential damage level in the study area, thus we showed that the districts of Altınşehir, Hippodrome, Ürünlü and Alaaddinbey, Ertuğrul, 29 Ekim, 23 Nisan, Ahmetyesevi and Minareliçavuş were identified at potentially high-risk damage zones. The results of this study clearly showed that considering the Kg index, which depends only on the local site effect, may lead to inadequate damage values.

Shear wave velocity model using HVSR inversion beneath Bandar Lampung City

The horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method has been used to characterize site-effect parameters that are indispensable in seismic hazard and risk-reduction studies in urban areas and rapid land-use planning. This method is widely used because it is the cheapest and simplest geophysical method for the acquisition and processing stages. In subsequent developments, the HVSR method has been widely used to determine elastic rock parameters, particularly shear wave velocity (vS), through the HVSR curve inversion process. Furthermore, the vS structural model can be used to delineate the presence of complex geological structures, particularly faults and sedimentary basins. Bandar Lampung is a city in Lampung Province with many fault structures and groundwater basins to the south. There are 83 HVSR measurement points around Bandar Lampung for delineating the presence of fault structures and groundwater basins. We produced the HVSR curve from the measurement results and then performed an inversion process using the particle swarm optimization algorithm to obtain vS for the depth profile. Subsequently, from this profile, we produced a two-dimensional (2D) lateral and vertical model. The mean vS value was calculated from all the measurement points, and we found stiff soil layers reaching depths of approximately 5 m, with a value of vS < 330 m/s. A bedrock layer with a velocity exceeding 1250 m/s was visible at a depth of 100 m. Based on the 2D model, the vS structure shows that the city of Bandar Lampung is divided into two zones, with a NW-SE boundary. The north-middle-eastern part of the city consists of harder rocks. This harder rock is characterized by extremely high vS values, starting from a depth of 50 m. In contrast, the south-middle-west exhibits a low-moderate vS anomaly associated with groundwater basins SW of the city. From the 2D vS structural model, fault structures can be found along the city, characterized by a contrast of vS values from low to medium and from medium to high.

Large-Depth Ground-Penetrating Radar for Investigating Active Faults: The Case of the 2017 Casamicciola Fault System, Ischia Island (Italy)

We conducted large-depth Ground-Penetrating Radar investigations of the seismogenic Casamicciola fault system at the volcanic island of Ischia, with the aim of constraining the source characteristics of this active and capable fault system. On 21 August 2017, a shallow (hypocentral depth of 1.2 km), moderate (Md = 4.0) earthquake hit the island, causing severe damage and two fatalities. This was the first damaging earthquake recorded on the volcanic island of Ischia from the beginning of the instrumental era. Our survey was performed using the Loza low-frequency (15–25 MHz) GPR system calibrated by TDEM results. The data highlighted variations in the electromagnetic signal due to the presence of contacts, i.e., faults down to a depth larger than 100 m below the surface. These signal variations match with the position of the synthetic and antithetic active fault system bordering the Casamicciola Holocene graben. Our study highlights the importance of employing large-depth Ground-Penetrating Radar geophysical techniques for investigating active fault systems not only in their shallower parts, but also down to a few hundred meters’ depth, providing a contribution to the knowledge of seismic hazard studies on the island of Ischia and elsewhere.

Testing the applicability of ground motion prediction equations for the Hainaut region (Belgium) using intensity data

In regions where strong earthquakes occurred before the deployment of dense seismic and accelerometric networks, intensity datasets can help select appropriate ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for seismic hazard studies. This is the case for the Hainaut seismic zone, which was one of the most seismically active zones in and around Belgium during the twentieth century. A recent reassessment of the intensity dataset of the area showed that intensities in this region attenuate much faster with distance than in other parts of northwestern Europe. Unfortunately, this characteristic has not yet been taken into account in current hazard maps for Belgium and northern France. Based on this dataset, we evaluate the goodness of fit of published GMPEs with intensities in Hainaut by means of a ground-motion-to-intensity conversion equation (GMICE) and according to different metrics (Likelihood, Log-likelihood and Euclidean-based Distance Ranking) published in literature. We also introduce a new measure to specifically evaluate the distance trend. Our results show that none of the tested GMPEs convincingly fits the intensity dataset, in particular the fast attenuation with distance. Nevertheless, applying the few GMPEs that show a reasonable fit in seismic hazard computations, we observe a decrease of the influence of the Hainaut seismicity on hazard maps for Belgium and northern France. This result is compatible with the earthquake intensity observations for the last 350 years in this part of Europe.

Direct Estimation of the Source Corner Frequency of Minor to Moderate Earthquakes from Fourier Phase Spectra Fitting

ABSTRACT Estimating the corner frequency (fc) of an earthquake is of fundamental importance to improving our knowledge of the physics of the rupture that gives rise to a seismic event, while also having important implications by providing information on the high-frequency radiation for seismic hazard studies. However, the estimation of fc through spectral-fitting methods suffers from trade-offs with the estimation of seismic wave attenuation, making the obtained values precise but not necessarily accurate. For this reason, after a review of the source model proposed by Brune (1970), a new method of estimating fc, based on the phase fitting of Fourier spectra of the Brune’s seismic pulse related to S-waves, called Fourier phase spectra fitting (FPS), is proposed and evaluated in this study. The method can be applied in cases in which Brune’s model may be appropriate, while also considering the effects of propagation on impulse deformation, for which the synthetic tests have been conducted. The results, obtained first using synthetic seismograms generated under controlled conditions and then on a data set of recordings of real seismic events collected at the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands, showed the method to be promising (being accurate and precise) and at the same time pointed out its limitations, with its applicability being restricted to short hypocentral distances of &amp;lt;20 km.

Seismic hazard study for the duration of ground-motions triggered by intraslab earthquakes

This paper presents a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for the duration of ground motions in Mexico City caused by intraslab earthquakes. The study implies establishing criteria to measure the duration of ground motions and developing predictive equations (GMPEs) for its estimation. Focus is placed on the relative significant duration, DSr\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$D_{Sr}$$\\end{document}, which is based on the accumulation of energy of ground motions. The study extends to the development of hazard curves that allow estimating the annual probability of exceedance of said parameter. The scope is limited to ground motions caused by intraslab earthquakes occurring in Mexico and that engineeringly affect its capital, Mexico City, which is in a geographical region where the effects of soil-dynamic amplification are manifested considerably. A strong-motion database that includes 1517 horizontal accelerograms, with peak ground acceleration, PGA\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$PGA$$\\end{document}, greater than or equal to 3 cm/s2, recorded during 21 earthquakes from 1994 to 2023 were used to develop the GMPEs. The quantitative description of the time, size, and spatial distribution of the seismic-activity occurrence was defined using a catalog of 46 earthquakes that occurred from 1900 to 2023. The earthquakes have moment magnitude, Mw\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$M_{w}$$\\end{document}, greater than or equal to 6. With the tools developed, amplitude- and duration-based hazard-consistent accelerograms can be simulated and used in nonlinear dynamic analyses (NDAs) of structures. This study includes an application example where three sites in Mexico City are selected to compute inelastic response spectra. Hysteretic-energy demands up to 5 times higher are found after a comparison between the inelastic-response spectra from hazard-consistent accelerograms and those provided by current Mexican regulations.

Correction Factors to Account for Seismic Directionality Effects: Case Study of the Costa Rican Strong Motion Database

This article presents the findings of a study on the directionality effect observed in strong motion records. We set out to establish ratios between several seismic intensity measures that depend on sensor orientation (e.g., GMar, Larger) and others that are orientation-independent (e.g., RotDpp, GMRotDpp, and GMRotIpp), with the intention of proposing multiplicative correction factors. The analysis included an evaluation of the impact of site conditions, ground motion intensity, earthquake magnitude, and hypocentral distance on these ratios. Following a concise overview of the directionality effects and the associated intensity measures, the Costa Rican Strong Motion Database, comprising a total of 4199 horizontal accelerograms (two components), was employed to determine the correction factors. The analysis was carried out for 5% damped response spectra within the 0.01–5 s period range. The study focuses on orientation-independent intensity measures that are derived by combining the maximum values from the recorded motions. In the comprehensive analysis of the complete database, a trend was observed between these intensity measures and the magnitude of the earthquake along with the hypocentral distance. Specifically, records from earthquakes with greater magnitudes exhibited a lower maximum spectral response to the geometric mean of the response spectra of the as-recorded (ar) components ratio (RotD100/GMar), similar to records from earthquakes with larger hypocentral distances. Based on these findings, a proposal was put forth to estimate RotD100 values using GMar values. This ratio can prove useful in transforming data from previous seismic hazard studies, including those applied in many seismic codes, and in defining the maximum anticipated seismic intensity for design purposes in a more straightforward manner.

Evaluation of variability of shear wave velocity in India

The shear wave velocity is a significant component in seismic hazard studies. This involves standard practice in seismic hazard analysis through ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs), ground response analyses (GRAs), or the computation of amplification factors. In practice, the shear wave velocity may be obtained through invasive methods, noninvasive methods, transformation models, or correlation-based methods. Currently, the uncertainty component of shear wave velocity has either been overlooked or oversimplified. The aim was to quantify the range of variations in shear wave velocity across India. The database included data of reported shear wave velocities in 20 states collected from various project reports and publications. A brief review of the methods used to obtain the data is given, along with a systematic highlight of the range of uncertainties encountered and their statistics. Base-case profiles for response analyses are recommended, and their statistics are examined. These observations aid computation of amplification factors. The transformation uncertainties of the shear wave velocity and the standard penetration test (SPT) were examined. The outcomes of the research will guide reliable seismic hazard studies across countries. Furthermore, this study paves the way for future development toward addressing uncertainties in shear wave velocity and facilitates the use of reliability-based design procedures.

Comparison of Performance Analysis Results with Developed Site-Specific Response Spectra and Turkish Seismic Design Code: A Case Study from the SW Türkiye Region

On 6 February 2023, the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes clearly showed that the elastic spectrum curves in TBEC-2018 are insufficient to represent earthquake behavior. In this study, the effect of using a site-specific spectrum curve instead of the elastic spectrum given in TBEC-2018 on the earthquake safety of a building is investigated. For this purpose, the provinces in southwest Anatolia, Türkiye, which is one of the most tectonically complex regions with frequent seismic events, were selected. In the first stage of the study, spectrum curves were obtained for earthquakes with return periods of 2475, 475, and 72 years for each of the provinces in this region. These spectrum curves were obtained using probabilistic seismic hazard studies that take into account the active faults of the provinces and earthquake activity in both historical and instrumental periods. In the second stage of the study, analytical models of a selected model RC building were created according to each province, and static pushover analyses of these building models were performed both according to the elastic spectrum given in TBEC-2018 and according to the spectrum curve created specifically for the province. The results of the analyses show that the change in the spectrum changes the target displacement level of the buildings, and as a result, the cross-sectional damage zone of the structural elements under the earthquake effect is changed. So much so that using the site-specific instead of the elastic spectrum given in TBEC-2018 changed the damage zone of 43% of the beams and 26.4% of the columns in the İzmir model. The change in the section damage zones changed the performance level of some floors of the models and the performance level of the building. The study revealed the importance of using the most realistic elastic spectrum curves in order to determine the earthquake performance of buildings that is as close as possible to their behavior in a possible earthquake.

Revealing Subtle Active Tectonic Deformation: Integrating Lidar, Photogrammetry, Field Mapping, and Geophysical Surveys to Assess the Late Quaternary Activity of the Sava Fault (Southern Alps, Slovenia)

We applied an interdisciplinary approach to analyze the late Quaternary activity of the Sava Fault in the Slovenian Southern Alps. The Sava Fault is an active strike-slip fault, and part of the Periadriatic Fault System that accommodated the convergence of Adria and Europe. It is one of the longest faults in the Southern Alps. Using high-resolution digital elevation models from lidar and photogrammetric surveys, we were able to overcome the challenges of assessing fault activity in a region with intense surface processes, dense vegetation, and relatively low fault slip rates. By integrating remote sensing analysis, geomorphological mapping, structural geological investigations, and near-surface geophysics (electrical resistivity tomography and ground penetrating radar), we were able to find subtle geomorphological indicators, detect near-surface deformation, and show distributed surface deformation and a complex fault pattern. Using optically stimulated luminescence dating, we tentatively estimated a slip rate of 1.8 ± 0.4 mm/a for the last 27 ka, which exceeds previous estimates and suggests temporal variability in fault behavior. Our study highlights the importance of modern high-resolution remote sensing techniques and interdisciplinary approaches in detecting tectonic deformation in relatively low-strain rate environments with intense surface processes. We show that slip rates can vary significantly depending on the studied time window. This is a critical piece of information since slip rates are a key input parameter for seismic hazard studies.

Development of hierarchical sub-surface energy anomaly index and its significance on seismic hazard study through geoinformatics in Lower Tista sub-basin, India

Development of hierarchical sub-surface energy anomaly index and its significance on seismic hazard study through geoinformatics in Lower Tista sub-basin, India

A Monte-Carlo based microzonation model for application in seismic hazard studies

A Monte-Carlo based microzonation model for application in seismic hazard studies

Index swelling prediction of clayey soils

In civil engineering, statistical studies are widely used in risk studies of landslides, seismic, swelling-shrinking and other hazard studies. This study deals with a volumetric deformation of the clayey soil by water absorption, which is the phenomenon of swelling. It is a serious problem for lightweight structures such as highways. This phenomenon is characterized by two mechanical parameters measured by an oedometric test carried out in the laboratory, which takes a long time and is expensive, why scientists have always looked for other quick and less expensive alternatives to estimate these parameters. They developed models between classical parameters, easily determined in the laboratory, such as water content, dry density, percent of clay particles, plasticity index and mechanical properties of clay soils. The developed models are based on descriptive statistics, a neural network, or multiple regressions. To estimate the risk of swelling and to verify the applicability of the models of the literature on the Algerian soils, a database was collected from the geotechnical reports carried out on the sites of certain projects in Algeria. The objective of the present study consists of estimating the mechanical parameter of swelling, which is the swelling index from a set of physical tests carried out in the laboratory.

Ground-Motion Variability for Ruptures on Rough Faults

ABSTRACT Fault roughness influences earthquake rupture dynamics, seismic energy radiation, and, hence, resulting ground motion and its variability. Using 3D dynamic rupture simulations considering a range of rough-fault realizations, we investigate the effects of rupture complexity caused by fault roughness on ground-motion variability, that is, the variability of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and velocity (PGV) as a function of distance. In our analysis, we vary hypocenter locations (leading to unilateral and bilateral ruptures) and fault roughness amplitude to generate a set of magnitude M ≈ 7 strike-slip dynamic rupture simulations. Synthetic seismic waveforms computed on a dense set of surface sites (maximum resolved frequency 5.75 Hz) form our database for detailed statistical analyses. For unilateral ruptures, our simulations reveal that ground-shaking variability (in terms of PGA and PGV) remains nearly constant with increasing distance from the fault. In contrast, bilateral ruptures lead to slowly decreasing ground-motion variability with increasing distance in the near field (less than 20 km). The variability becomes almost constant at large fault distances. We also find that low-amplitude fault roughness leads to ruptures that are likely to generate higher PGA variability than events on faults with high-amplitude roughness. Increasing fault roughness distorts the radiation pattern, thereby reducing directivity effects and, hence, potentially lowering ground-motion variability. The average PGV variability from our rough-fault rupture models is consistent with estimates from empirical ground-motion models (GMMs). However, the average PGA variability exceeds the variability encoded in empirical GMMs by nearly 20%. Hence, our findings have implications for near-source ground-motion prediction in seismic hazard studies, because ground-motion variability depends on details of the earthquake rupture process and is larger than GMM estimates.

Ground motion models for Fourier amplitude spectra and response spectra using Machine learning techniques

AbstractOne of the main objectives in engineering seismology or in seismic hazard studies is to estimate the possible ground motion for a given earthquake scenario. In the sparse data regions mostly the ground motion models (GMM) are developed using either seismological models or hybrid empirical approaches. However, if these GMMs do not accommodate the regional seismological attributes, a large uncertainty in ground motion estimates is possible. To overcome this concern, scaling 5% damped Pseudo Spectral Acceleration (PSA) from Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS) proves to be physically consistent as it can capture both spatial and temporal characteristics of the ground motion. Hence, the present study aims to develop a GMM for PSA using FAS and significant duration as the predictor variables. However, since there are few GMMs available for FAS, the current study also aims to develop a GMM for FAS using the earthquake parameters as the predictor variables for intraplate regions. This article employs an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to develop both GMMs using the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA)‐East database for both horizontal (Effective Amplitude spectra for FAS and RotD50 component for PSA) and vertical components. To verify the performance of the developed models, the residuals analysis and parametric studies have been performed. The parametric study shows that the GMMs can capture the magnitude and distance scaling consistent with the observations. Further, the PSA GMM compared with the global GMMs and it is observed that the predictions lie well within the median of all the available models, proving the models’ effectiveness in estimating the ground motion predictions for future data. The developed model can be used only within the considered ranges of the predicted variables such as rupture distances between [19.05–1000] km, the Mw ranges from [3.12–5.74] with Vs30 in the range of [209–2000] m/s.