Trends In Segregation Research Articles

Factors influencing occupational segregation by gender in Malaysia

In many developing countries, occupational segregation by gender is a topic that is much discussed but very few researches had been carried out. In Malaysia, secondary sources of data, such as the Population and Housing Census reports and Social Statistics Bulletins of the Malaysian Statistics Department do show that there have been some changes in the general trends of occupational segregation in the country but factual details of occupational segregation based on gender are rather scanty. This paper seeks to throw some lights on this subject of occupational segregation by presenting findings of a micro study conducted in a village in the district of Seremban, Negeri Sembilan Malaysia, involving a sample of 12 families. Analyses of the primary data had pointed out six factors that influenced occupational segregation, that is, formal education and training, the division of labour in the household, culture of local Malay society, working conditions, facilities at the work place is not woman friendly, and individual preferences in terms of taste, property and talent. The micro findings lead to the conclusion of three ways whereby not only working women may be empowered to widen their career paths but also that the division of work by gender may be simultaneously reduced. These are the introduction of more woman friendly procedures in the work place, the re-organization of work that seeks to demolish traditional identification of occupations with gender, and the improvement of education and training policies that would enable women to climb the occupational ladder.

60 Years AfterBrown: Trends and Consequences of School Segregation

Since the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, researchers and policy makers have paid close attention to trends in school segregation. Here we review the evidence regarding trends and consequences of both racial and economic school segregation since Brown. The evidence suggests that the most significant declines in black-white school segregation occurred in the late 1960s and early 1970s. There is disagreement about the direction of more recent trends in racial segregation, largely driven by how one defines and measures segregation. Depending on the definition used, segregation has either increased substantially or changed little, although there are important differences in the trends across regions, racial groups, and institutional levels. Limited evidence on school economic segregation makes documenting trends difficult, but students appear to be more segregated by income across schools and districts today than in 1990. We also discuss the role of desegregation litigation, demographic changes, and residential segregation in shaping trends in both racial and economic segregation. We develop a general conceptual model of how and why school segregation might affect students and review the relatively thin body of empirical evidence that explicitly assesses the consequences of school segregation. We conclude with a discussion of aspects of school segregation on which further research is needed.

Hispanics in Metropolitan America: New Realities and Old Debates

Since 1980, Latinos have participated in an unprecedented geographic dispersal that altered the ethno-racial contours of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas throughout the nation. After summarizing recent trends in spatial distribution, we review scholarship about trends in residential segregation, the rise of multiethnic neighborhoods, and residential mobility. New trends, notably the emergence of hypersegregation and rising segregation levels in several places, call into question earlier views about the inevitability of Hispanics' spatial assimilation, as do studies that examine direct links between individual mobility and locational attainment. The growing support for the tenets of the place stratification model suggests that Hispanic origin is becoming a racial marker. Following a brief review of social and economic correlates of Hispanics' residential makeover, we conclude by discussing opportunities for future research, emphasizing the importance of dynamic assessments that consider the new contours of racialization in the context of multiethnic places.

Fair Housing Policy and the Abandonment of Public Housing Desegregation

In this article I examine the failure of fair housing policy to desegregate public housing in the USA. The article reviews major federal actions toward public housing segregation, as well as broader public housing segregation patterns and trends in the USA. It then draws on a variety of archival sources to present an in-depth case study of public housing segregation and desegregation in Louisville, Kentucky. Unlike previous studies of the subject, this article provides a detailed investigation of the relationship between local public housing tenancy policies and changes in racial occupancy across Louisville's housing projects spanning the last 50 years. The article argues for the importance of research on local-scale policy implementation for our understanding of fair housing policy, and it draws from its investigation of Louisville some conclusions about the inability of fair housing policy in the USA to realize its stated objectives.

Integrating or Segregating Roma Migrants in France in the Name of Respect: A Spatial Analysis of the Villages D’Insertion

ABSTRACT:The French republican model has long promoted an individualist, universal and difference-blind conception of citizenship. Yet the sociological and historical reality of decolonization and immigration has strained the coherence of this conception and helped to reveal the tension between the universalism of republican principles and the particularistic application of such principles to a specific nation, defined in political and territorial terms. One limit of this model is particularly visible in the spatial management of immigration and segregation trends. Indeed, while French urban planning officially rejects any policies explicitly directed at ethnic minorities, preferring to address social inequalities in spatial terms, it has not prevented French society from pursuing a strict and enduring process of ethno-racial segregation. Recently, the traditional universalist position has faced a new dilemma with regard to the social and spatial treatment of the Romani populations that have settled in France since the early 2000s. Local authorities have adopted various measures to accommodate and “manage” these populations through specific spatial and administrative devices, some of which are called villages or inclusion villages (villages d’insertion). This article offers a spatial and political analysis of such local policies, focusing on three main ambiguities that characterize this urban device—security function, integrative role, and ethno-cultural component. The authors show that the villages d’insertion offer a paradigmatic situation in which the usual scales and frames of justice get blurred, and call for a new conception of citizenship, required to promote equal respect to all populations.

Forty years of immigrant segregation in France, 1968–2007. How different is the new immigration?

Analysing restricted access census data, this paper examines the long-term trends of immigrant segregation in France from 1968 to 2007. Similarly to other European countries, France experienced a rise in the proportion of immigrants in its population that was characterised by a new predominance of non-European immigration. Despite this, average segregation levels remained moderate. While the number of immigrant enclaves increased, particularly during the 2000s, the average concentration for most groups decreased because of a reduction of heavily concentrated census tracts, and census tracts with few immigrants. Contradicting frequent assertions, neither mono-ethnic census tracts nor ghettos exist in France. By contrast, many immigrants live in census tracts characterised by a low proportion of immigrants from their own group and from all origins. A long residential period in France is correlated with lower concentrations and proportion of immigrants in the census tract for most groups, though these effects are sometimes modest.

Housing Liberalisation and Gentrification: The Social Effects of Tenure Conversions in Amsterdam

AbstractPrivatisation and liberalisation of the housing market are often used as governmental strategies for engineering the social composition of urban neighbourhoods. Drawing on longitudinal register data, this study reports findings from the highly‐regulated housing context of Amsterdam. Through regression modelling and GIS analyses, we demonstrate that tenure conversions from rent to owner‐occupancy are not just bringing about changes in social‐class composition, but also affect the ethnic and demographic compositions. Moreover, conversions from rent to ownership have highly spatially‐specific effects. Our evidence suggests that tenure conversions may contribute to gentrification in the inner‐city of Amsterdam, while conversions in post‐war neighbourhoods do not lead to a social upgrading and may even facilitate downgrading. Furthermore, trends in the converted section of the housing market are not just mirroring income developments but also seem to reflect trends in ethnic segregation and demographic trends such as a renewed interest among families to live in the inner‐city.

Are We Segregated and Satisfied? Segregation and Inequality in Southern California Schools

Southern California is facing a demographic transformation that will become characteristic of the nation as a whole in coming decades. In this research, we present a historical review of the region’s attempt to address school inequity, recent enrollment and segregation trends, and an investigation of whether segregation still matters. Our results indicate that school segregation has increased, with inequitable access to learning opportunities and resources enduring. Policies advocating integration by some combination of socioeconomic status, race, and/or linguistic background are legal, offer real possibilities, and should be used in Southern California and other similar regions across the nation.

A sea of options – Student perspectives on market competition in upper-secondary schools in Sweden

In recent decades, the Swedish educational system has become an expanding ‘school market’. The free school choice, the voucher system, and a rapid increase in upper secondary schools, have paved the way for strong competition between schools. Based on interviews with 77 upper secondary school students, this article aims to explore student perspectives on the increasing marketisation of education in Sweden with particular focus on their school choices and competition between schools. The findings show that market forces have an impact on the every-day student school life. Many students found it hard to navigate the ‘sea of options’ and asked for as much objective information as possible, in order to avoid inadequate or wrong decisions. In line with greater competition between schools, many students tended to choose “safe options” in order to avoid schools running the risk of bankruptcy or closing down. The analysis indicates that the students, both in their choices of schools and in their present situation as school marketers, promote segregation trends.

Neighborhood racial–ethnic change and home value appreciation: evidence from Philadelphia

This research examines how changing neighborhood racial and ethnic composition affects residential property values. How the housing market responds to neighborhood racial and ethnic diversity has implications for trends in segregation as well as ethnoracial economic inequality. With data from the 1990 to 2005 time period, this study provides updated answers to an urban question posed since the mid-twentieth century: “Do property values drop when Blacks move in?” The geographical focus is the Pennsylvania Division of the Philadelphia Metropolitan Statistical Area. Home sales transactions are used to estimate property values by tract, which are used to calculate home value appreciation. A unique typology is used to categorize neighborhoods based on shifts in racial and ethnic composition. Analyses of the data indicate that predominantly White (PW) neighborhoods that experienced a large increase in the percentage of Black residents had lower levels of home value appreciation than comparable PW neighborhoods without significant racial turnover. The results suggest that the dynamics of residential real estate markets reinforce the large, persistent racial wealth gaps that define American urbanism.

Surface segregation trends in transition metal alloys

In this work, we revisit the problem of predicting the surface segregation trends in binary transition metal alloys from the knowledge of the basic features of the pure component $d$-band electronic structure within tight-binding approximation. In contrast to previous trend studies, the present one includes, within the fourth-moment approximation (FMA) of the tight-binding scheme, both the difference in the average band energies (diagonal disorder) and the difference in the band widths (off-diagonal disorder) of the two components. We show that treating on the same footing these two effects is essential for a correct prediction of surface segregation. The presented study, giving a natural link between the electronic structure and mixing/segregation properties, is particularly interesting and useful in the context of the possibility of building efficient new energy models based on FMA for use in large (time) scale atomistic simulations.

Black and white homebuyer, homeowner, and household segregation in the United States, 1990–2010

As homeownership has been expanding in the United States over the past several decades, residential segregation between blacks and whites has been declining in most metropolitan areas. However, the degree to which the residential patterns of new homebuyers have mirrored these overall trends in segregation and how the massive increase in home buying has related to changes in segregation has remained largely unexplored. This paper examines the segregation of new black homebuyers from white households, new white homebuyers from black households, and black and white households from each other using Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data from 1992 to 2010 merged with data from the Census and ACS. I find that black homebuyers are less segregated from white households than black homeowners overall and black households in general, providing evidence in support of the spatial assimilation model that would predict better outcomes for homeowners. Also consistent with the spatial assimilation perspective, I found in the multivariate models that increased income parity between blacks and whites and growth in black lending are associated with average declines in black/white household segregation from 1990 to 2010. Although subprime lending was not associated with overall changes in segregation, metropolitan areas with higher percentages of loans to blacks from subprime lenders experienced increases in segregation of both black homeowners from white households as well as white owners from black households.

Trends in gender segregation in the choice of science and engineering majors

Numerous theories have been put forward for the high and continuing levels of gender segregation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, but research has not systematically examined the extent to which these theories for the gender gap are consistent with actual trends. Using both administrative data and four separate longitudinal studies sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), we evaluate several prominent explanations for the persisting gender gap in STEM fields related to mathematics performance and background and general life goals, and find that none of them are empirically satisfactory. Instead, we suggest that the structure of majors and their linkages to professional training and careers may combine with gender differences in educational goals to influence the persisting gender gap in STEM fields. An analysis of gendered career aspirations, course-taking patterns, and pathways to medical and law school supports this explanation.

Measuring Between-School Segregation in an Open Enrollment System: The Case of Rio de Janeiro

Recent research in Rio de Janeiro public schools has brought to light a “Hidden Quasi-Market” that combines purported freedom of choice for parents with school control over their pupil intake. The article analyzes patterns of segregation among schools, from 2004 to 2010, according to three indicators of potentially disadvantaged pupils: Ethnic Background, Poverty, and Parents' Education. Segregation was assessed utilizing the Dissimilarity Index and the Segregation Index. The segregation trends over time, using different pupil characteristics, show distinctive trajectories, which might suggest at least two different segregation processes. Initial findings reinforce the need to track segregation by multiple pupil characteristics.

Garden cities in colonial Africa: a note on historiography

While there is an abundance of published literature on the diffusion of planning modes and garden city notions in the western world, the corresponding literature on colonial (sub-Saharan) Africa is rather sparse. This brief paper, dealing with major historiographic trends in urban space and segregation in light of garden city literature proposes new directions for critical research on garden cities in colonial Africa. Both thematically and methodologically, the paper will highlight the importance of studying the influences of garden city ideas beyond the global North–West, and understanding the channels through which they were passed on to various colonial contexts in Africa, the circumstances of their application and the political interests they were meant to serve.

Interpreting U.S. Segregation Trends: Two Perspectives

Interpreting U.S. Segregation Trends: Two Perspectives

City Lines, County Lines, Color Lines: The Relationship between School and Housing Segregation in Four Southern Metro Areas

Background/ContextAt the close of the first decade of the twenty-first century, the intersection of race, geography and opportunity is increasingly referred to as spatial racism. School quality and resources, municipal services, employment opportunities, accessibility of transportation, exposure to pollution, and tax rates all vary dramatically across a network of invisible boundary lines that carve up U.S. metro areas into racially and socioeconomically distinctive spaces.Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of StudyThis analysis explores how district boundary lines and school desegregation policy have impacted metropolitan school and housing integration levels over the past two decades.SettingThe study focuses specifically on the South, where the most comprehensive desegregation strategies were pursued. Based on varying experiences with city-suburban school district mergers, four metros—Richmond, Virginia; Charlotte-Mecklenburg County, North Carolina; Louisville-Jefferson County, Kentucky; and Chattanooga-Hamilton County, Tennessee— were identified for study between the years 1990 and 2010. This time period encompassed a rising trend of unitary status for school districts, the serious resegregation of students, and growing demographic complexity across the country.Research DesignThis is a quantitative analysis of school and housing segregation trends that relies upon Geographic Information Systems (GIS) maps to depict spatial patterns of isolation. School enrollment and segregation trends are derived from the National Center for Educational Statistics’ Common Core of Data. Housing patterns describing the distribution and segregation of persons by race and poverty status are explored using block group-level information from the U.S. Census Bureau's decennial census. Segregation is measured using the Index of Dissimilarity (D).Findings/ResultsEfforts to overcome the divisive nature of district boundary lines, in conjunction with comprehensive school desegregation policy, were related to unambiguous progress in combating both school and housing segregation. This central finding suggests that, in some ways, school policy can become housing policy.Conclusions/RecommendationsHow we provide equal educational opportunity to an increasingly diverse population of students is one of the principal concerns facing the country today. As a nation, however, we are currently allowing a labyrinthine system of school-district boundary lines to dictate the geographic distribution of learning opportunities. This study provides concrete examples of metros implementing a more regional approach to educational equity. It recommends that other metro area consider taking similar steps to subvert the segregating power of school-district boundaries.

Segregación residencial socioeconómica en la Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica. Niveles y patrones entre 1984 y 2000

The paper examines the socio-economic residential segregation indices in three scales, and analyzed the levels and patterns of segregation and its trend over time by comparing the indices1984 and 2000. Among the most notable findings, is the correspondence with the trends in residential segregation in other Latin American cities: greater segregation on a smaller scale and a decrease in the time of the levels of segregation. Furthermore, the Greater Metropolitan Area (GAM) has lower overall rates of segregation that several Latin American cities, particularly Santiago de Chile, a difference that is explained by the origin and historical structure of the city, because GAM is characterized as an urban space less polarized, more heterogeneous, with a concentration of elites in small areas scattered throughout the city and a more dispersed distribution of a large middle class.

Modeling urban housing market dynamics: Can the socio-spatial segregation preserve some social diversity?

Addressing issues of social diversity, we introduce a model of housing transactions between agents who are heterogeneous in their willingness to pay. A key assumption is that agents' preferences for a location depend on both an intrinsic attractiveness and on the social characteristics of the neighborhood. The stationary space distribution of income is analytically and numerically characterized. The main results are that socio-spatial segregation occurs if – and only if – the social influence is strong enough, but even so, some social diversity is preserved at most locations. Comparison with data on the Paris housing market shows that the results reproduce general trends of price distribution and spatial income segregation.

Erratum to: Trends in Occupational Segregation by Gender 1970–2009: Adjusting for the Impact of Changes in the Occupational Coding System

Erratum to: Trends in Occupational Segregation by Gender 1970–2009: Adjusting for the Impact of Changes in the Occupational Coding System