Segregation In The United States Research Articles

Changing Age Segregation in the US: 1990 to 2010.

Age segregation adversely impacts health and wellbeing. Prior studies, although limited, report increasing age segregation of the US. However, these studies are dated, do not comprehensively examine the spatiotemporal patterns and the correlates of intergenerational segregation, or suffer from methodological limitations. To address these gaps, we assess the spatiotemporal patterns of age segregation between 1990 and 2010 using census-tract data to compute the dissimilarity index (D) at the national, state, and county levels. Results contradict previous findings, providing robust evidence of decreasing age segregation for most parts of the country and across geographical levels. We also examine factors explaining adult-older adult segregation across counties between 1990 and 2010. Higher levels of rurality indicated lower levels of adult-older adult segregation, but this association diminished over time. Percent of older adults and percent of population in group quarters were inversely related to adult-older adult segregation, contrary to results from previous decades.

Color lines: Disparities in pharmacy treatment, education, and practice

Color lines: Disparities in pharmacy treatment, education, and practice

Metropolitan racial residential segregation in the United States: A microlevel and cross-context analysis of Black, Latino, and Asian segregation

We seek to establish the direct quantitative link between micro- and macrolevels of segregation for White–Latino, White–Asian, and White–Black metropolitan segregation using new methods for segregation analysis and test prevailing frameworks in segregation

‘Winners, Regardless’?: Racial Politics, Civil Rights Struggles, and the 1950 Track and Field Tour of South Africa

ABSTRACT In 1950 as the Civil Rights Movement gathered momentum in the US and apartheid policies hardened in South Africa, the American Amateur Athletic Union sponsored a tour by US track and field all-stars to South Africa. The controversial 1950 venture, following an original 1931 trek and a 1938 trip cancelled after objections to the exclusion of Black athletes from the team, drew hostile fire from a variety of groups in the US went it leaked to the press that only white American athletes were invited. This lily-white American touring squad was selected at a national championship meet held in the national capital region surrounding Washington, DC, created a public relations firestorm. It also inspired many commentators in the US to link racial segregation in the US to South African variants, particularly since Black American athletes were not only excluded from the international tour but from the official hotel of the championship meet, the infamous Willard Hotel open only to whites in the nation’s capital. These Cold War era sagas of race and sport sparked an early focus by Civil Rights groups on connecting the struggle against colour lines in the US to the struggle against colour lines in South Africa.

The making of an uneven shore: How coastal management and housing policies shaped racial inequality in asbury park NJ

Recent work in urban geography and political ecology has explored the roots of housing segregation in the United States within governmental polices and racial prejudice within the real estate sector. Additional research has demonstrated how coastal management practices has largely benefited wealthy, white communities. In this paper, I bring together insights from these two strands of research to demonstrate how both coastal management and governmental housing policies combined to shape racial inequalities within and around Asbury Park, New Jersey. By focusing on the period between 1945 and 1970, I show how local, state, and federal actors repeatedly prioritized improving and protecting the beachfront areas of the northern New Jersey shore while promising to eventually address the housing and economic needs of the predominately Black ‘West Side’ neighbourhood of Asbury Park. This paper demonstrates that not only did governmental spending on coastal management largely benefit white suburban homeowners but also came at the expense of promised spending within Black neighbourhoods. The case study has implications for other coastal regions in the United States in which housing segregation persists. As climate change and sea level rise unfold, the history of racial discrimination in coastal development raises important considerations for efforts to address emerging hazards and risks.

Apartheid, authoritarianism and anticolonial struggles viewed from the Right

After his commitment to the eventually failed defence of segregation in the United States during the 1960s, political scientist A. James Gregor (1929-2019) created an extensive oeuvre on the history of Fascism and its ideology. While personally remaining an éminence grise, his ideo-centric approach proved influential in international academic discussions. He helped foster an approach centred on the representation of ideological aspects of Fascism at the expense of the critical analysis of other historical elements, thus obscuring Fascism’s societal roots. Moreover, Gregor’s definition of Fascism, intrinsically linked to his understanding of a developmental dictatorship, blurs the line between colonialism and anticolonial struggles. In his works on Fascism in the Global South, written during the Cold War, Gregor does not find developmental regimes akin to the Mussolini dictatorship among the largely pro-Western right-wing authoritarianisms that emerged in the Tricont, but rather within the largely left-wing national liberation fronts and the political systems they built up. This peculiar verdict is linked to Gregor’s own apologia of historical Italian Fascism and more recent right-wing dictatorships in the so-called Third World, like, for instance, the Apartheid regime, and to his simultaneous denigration of anticolonial struggle as it was pursued i.a. by the anti-Apartheid movement. Through a critique of ideology which delineates and analyses Gregor’s argument evolving around these themes, this article contests his political compass in his search for Fascism in a historical-critical manner and offers an alternative proposition on how to identify the historical and contemporary role of far-right politics in the world system of capitalism.

Examining spatiotemporal evolution of racial/ethnic disparities in human mobility and COVID-19 health outcomes: Evidence from the contiguous United States.

Social distancing has become a key countermeasure to contain the dissemination of COVID-19. This study examined county-level racial/ethnic disparities in human mobility and COVID-19 health outcomes during the year 2020 by leveraging geo-tracking data across the contiguous US. Sets of generalized additive models were fitted under cross-sectional and time-varying settings, with percentage of mobility change, percentage of staying home, COVID-19 infection rate, and case-fatality ratio as dependent variables, respectively. After adjusting for spatial effects, built environment, socioeconomics, demographics, and partisanship, we found counties with higher Asian populations decreased most in travel, counties with higher White and Asian populations experienced the least infection rate, and counties with higher African American populations presented the highest case-fatality ratio. Control variables, particularly partisanship and education attainment, significantly influenced modeling results. Time-varying analyses further suggested racial differences in human mobility varied dramatically at the beginning but remained stable during the pandemic, while racial differences in COVID-19 outcomes broadly decreased over time. All conclusions hold robust with different aggregation units or model specifications. Altogether, our analyses shine a spotlight on the entrenched racial segregation in the US as well as how it may influence the mobility patterns, urban forms, and health disparities during the COVID-19.

Black Fundamentalists: Conservative Christianity and Racial Identity in the Segregation Era, by DANIEL R. BARE

Black Fundamentalists: Conservative Christianity and Racial Identity in the Segregation Era, by DANIEL R. BARE

Do social isolation and neighborhood walkability influence relationships between COVID-19 experiences and wellbeing in predominantly Black urban areas?

Black Americans have been disproportionately affected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) pandemic. Since the pandemic’s start, we have observed compounded health, social, and economic impacts for communities of color, fueled in part by profound residential segregation in the United States that, for centuries prior to the pandemic, created differences in access to opportunity and resources. Based on a longitudinal cohort of Black residents living in two racially isolated Pittsburgh neighborhoods, we sought to: 1) describe the experiences of behavioral responses to COVID-19 conditions (e.g., closures of businesses, schools, government offices) and illness experiences reported by residents within these disinvested, urban areas and 2) determine if these experiences were associated with perceptions of risk, negative mental health outcomes, and food insecurity; and 3) examine whether any of the associations were explained by social isolation or modified by neighborhood walkability. We found direct associations between residents’ experience with COVID-19-related closures and with the illness, with perceived risk, and change in psychological distress, sleep quality, and food insecurity from pre-COVID-19 levels. Social isolation was a statistically significant mediator of all of these associations, most strongly mediating the pathway to psychological distress. We found neighborhood walkability to be a significant moderator of the association between closure experiences and sleep quality. The results suggest that experiences of COVID-19 closures and illness were associated with serious threats to public health in Black, disinvested, urban neighborhoods, beyond those caused directly by the virus. Outcomes of the pandemic appear very much dependent on the extent to which social and physical resources are available to meet the demands of stress.

Research on the charter system in Georgia, USA

Education is invaluable for equipping young people with important knowledge and life skills. Many countries have publicly-funded education systems but politics related to funding can lead to inequalities in access to education for different communities. Professor Toshihiro Sumioka, Faculty of Education, Oita University, Japan, believes that recent educational reforms that strengthen privatisation, deregulation and accountability have increased segregation and division between ethnic groups and promoted academic disparity among these communities. He specialises in educational administration history in pedagogy and conducts historical analyses on school segregation in the US. A key focus for Sumioka is on the role that public education has played in the US in contributing to racial discrimination, economic disparity and academic disparity and he is particularly interested in the experience of the African American community with public education. In recent work, he is looking at development from the state of Georgia that pertains to charter schools and increasing the power of local districts such as charter system and the lessons learned from such research can be applied to other countries, including Japan where the effect of the privatization of public education on minorities has become an issue. In his work, Sumioka will speak with African American students, newspapers and organizations like the NAACP to understand the impacts of the move to privatisation-based reform and deregulation.

CHOCOLATE CITY, VANILLA SUBURBS REVISITED

AbstractDespite the long history of racial hostility, African Americans after 1990 began moving from the city of Detroit to the surrounding suburbs in large numbers. After World War II, metropolitan Detroit ranked with Chicago, Cleveland, and Milwaukee for having the highest levels of racial residential segregation in the United States. Detroit’s suburbs apparently led the country in their strident opposition to integration. Today, segregation scores are moderate to low for Detroit’s entire suburban ring and for the larger suburbs. Suburban public schools are not highly segregated by race. This essay describes how this change has occurred and seeks to explain why there is a trend toward residential integration in the nation’s quintessential American Apartheid metropolis.

The 1957 Central High crisis: civil rights and education in the United States as a public history experience through the Pryor Center for Arkansas Oral and Visual History

Through an oral and visual history archive, we sought to develop an analysis regarding the period of school segregation in the United States, as well as the moment known as “integration”. Drawing on the experiences recorded in The David and Barbara Pryor Center for Arkansas Oral and Visual History, an analysis based on the memories of the period of overcoming segregation in the school context was developed. Our focus was on the perception of the persistence of prejudice as a factor that harms the learning process, as was observed in Terrence Roberts’ speech. The orientation of the work within the sphere of public history aims to show how people simultaneously experience a conflicting situation and the problem of abandoning the past, bearing in mind the continuity of the issues faced and which need to be reestablished.

The Depiction of African American Maids vs The White Socialites on The Help (2011)

This research paper aims to investigate the contrasts in the relationship of two racial entities in the United States, African American maids and the White socialites, particularly in the segregation era (1960s). Findings and criteria of analysis were drawn from a movie called The Help (2011) with Peirce’s semiotic approach and descriptive method. Based on the observation during movie screening and literature review, the root problem happening between two groups is the disparity of previledge and socioeconomic status based on race. Besides the intangible background, signs of segregation also appeared in the movie, such as Confederate Flag of Mississippi, separate toilets, and the attires. That context demonstrates that the white socialites have stronger position over the African American maids in which the white socialites appeared as the rich and good-looking employers who treated the maids with unequal acts and accusations. This situation has not ceased to exist in real life as in American society especially when it is supported by hate and, also, government policy.

The Legacies of Tennis Champions Althea Gibson, Arthur Ashe, and the Williams Sisters Show the Persistence of America\u2019s Race Obstacles

Black athletes have had to express a double consciousness of being American and being Black. By exploring the biographies of pioneering tennis figures—Althea Gibson, Arthur Ashe, and the Williams sisters—Venus and Serena—one can look at their encounters with racism and their quests for self-respect and explore the social implications of race in the USA. To understand race and its complications on the world in which black tennis players navigate, we broadly look at racial discrimination in their lives using the lens of sociological concepts such as “the color line” hypersegregation and “American Apartheid;” the controlling image thesis and respectability politics, and class mobility in and outside the black community. The concepts connect to illuminate the racial constructs and structures the players operated in and which shaped in the process of becoming a sports champion. Through their biographies, we argue that it is possible to interrogate the ways in which America’s longstanding racial policies, prejudices, and perspectives have had a persistent impact on not only the lives of black tennis players, but the lives of black Americans.

The Political Economy of Land and Reparations: The Case of Reparations for African Americans in the 21st Century

AbstractThe global interest in research on the political economy of reparations has been rekindled by recent developments in the United States of America, but much of this renewed investigation is misinformed, distorted, or limited to recycling what is already known. Recent work by Darity and Mullen is an exception. They have contributed eloquently to age‐old debates on reparations for emancipated enslaved Africans. This essay examines their work in the context of historical movements against economic apartheid in the United States, its origins, and how it can be overcome. The focus of this essay is on how reparations should be considered as a response to the entire history of racism‐cum‐discrimination, which has consistently blocked economic opportunities for African Americans. Reparations , if adhered to, will either directly or indirectly modify the economic injustices that continue to face African Americans in their adopted nation (America). Central to any new case for reparations is the power of land, which offers to breathe new life into the broken, old promise of “forty acres and a mule” as a means of addressing long‐term social stratification in modern America.

A Method for Studying Differences in Segregation Across Time and Space

An important topic in the study of segregation are comparisons across space and time. This article extends current approaches in segregation measurement by presenting a five-term decomposition procedure that can be used to understand more clearly why segregation has changed or differs between two comparison points. Two of the five terms account for differences in segregation that are due to the differing marginal distributions (e.g., the gender and occupational distributions), while one term accounts for differences in segregation due the different structure of segregation (what might be termed “pure” segregation). The decomposition thus presents a solution to the problem of margin dependency, frequently discussed in the segregation literature. Finally, two terms account for the appearance or disappearance of units when analyzing change over time. The method can be further extended to attribute structural changes to individual units, which makes it possible, for instance, to quantify the effect of each occupation on changing gender* segregation. The practical advantages of the decomposition are illustrated by two examples: a study of changing occupational gender segregation in the United States and a study of changing residential segregation in Brooklyn, New York.

Afro-American Racial Oppression in Paul Laurence Dunbar and Amiri Baraka's Poems

This study explores how Afro-American racial oppression is reflected in Black Writers’ poems, Paul Laurence Dunbar and Amiri Baraka. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this study analyzed words, phrases, and clauses indicating Afro-American racial oppression in the ten selected poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar and Amiri Baraka. Roland Barthes’ semiotic was employed to get the interpretation of the signs used in the poems. These interpretations were strengthen by juxtaposing the meaning with socio-cultural context of the poems using Wellek and Warren’s perspective of sociological approach in literature. The result of the study showed that as African American, both Paul Laurence Dunbar and Amiri Baraka portray the experience and feeling of Afro-Americans towards racial oppression in United States of America. Through the use of particular signs in their poems, Dunbar and Baraka speak up about the ill-treatments directed to Afro-Americans as well as the injustice that occurred in United States. Dunbar depicts the life of African American during the Jim-Crow America where the practice of discrimination was spreading like wildfire. Whilst, Baraka portrays the life of Afro-Americans during the 1960s in which Black people remained the target of oppression. The analysis of the ten selected poems showed that despite the fact that Black residents have achieved formal equality through the Civil Right Acts in 1964, significant racial oppression persists. Afro-Americans had to deal with oppression during and after the segregation era. In their poems, Paul Laurence Dunbar and Amiri Baraka also advocate African Americans to establish racial pride within themselves for them have been degraded through racial oppression by White ruling race.

Alternative Autobiographical Practices On The Example Of Zami. A New Spelling Of My Name By Audre Lorde

The aim of this article is to present women’s alternative autobiographical practices on the example of Audre Lorde’s “Zami. A New Spelling of My Name”. The book, published in 1982, is one of the first non-canonical autobiographical writings by women. The author intentionally gives her autobiographical story a form that goes beyond the autobiography (rooted e.g. in Jean-Jacques Rousseau “Confessions”), both in terms of form and content. The alternative dimension of “Zami” is reflected mostly in Lorde’s attempt to break with a linear timeline of her story. She interweaved different threads of her life to focus on her process of emancipation and self-development as a Black woman, poet and feminist, growing up during the time of racial segregation in the United States (1950s and 1960s). “Zami” emerged from combining biography and myth, historical facts with her poems and dreams. This way of Lorde’s autobiographical writing was categorized as „biomythography”.

“Separate, Therefore Equal”: American Spatial Segregation from Jim Crow to Kiryas Joel

In rejecting Plessy v. Ferguson’s “separate but equal” doctrine in Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court created a presumption that segregation equals discrimination. However, alongside this assertion, American space has become increasingly separate. A socio-legal analysis identifies three generations of spatial segregation in the United States and calls for recognizing the fourth generation—separate, therefore equal—in which minority communities require voluntary self-segregation to achieve equality. This fourth generation of spatial separation requires the law to embrace a protective role, by which it will defend the ability of minority communities to segregate spatially, the autonomy of individual community members, and the welfare of the society at large.

Rereading Russia through the Contact Zone of HBCUs

This article examines contributions Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) have made and continue to make to the interdisciplinary fabric of Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies (REEES). HBCUs are a uniquely American phenomenon and reminders of the history of enslavement and segregation in the United States. But HBCUs are also vibrant intellectual contact zones, which Mary Louise Pratt defines as “social spaces where cultures meet, clash, and grapple with each other, often in contexts of highly asymmetrical relations of power.” Contact zones result in intercultural competencies, multilingualism, new methodologies, and critical reassessments. Faculty and alumni have described the extent to which HBCUs function as cultural and discursive sanctuaries. As such, HBCUs are places where legally, culturally, and racially segregated communities develop(ed) alternate ways to engage, experience, and (re)envision “Russia.”