Segment Length Research Articles

Precise Fault Location in Active Distribution Systems Using Unsynchronized Source Measurements

This article presents a phase-domain based fault location algorithm for unbalanced power distribution systems with distributed generation. Unsynchronized voltage and current measurements, taken from the sources prior and during the fault, are utilized to calculate the equivalent source impedances and the incremental current quantities required. The latter are substituted into the fault location equations, which are solved to determine the fault resistance(s), the synchronization angles, and the possible fault positions. Multiple possible fault position estimations are eliminated by applying an index-based methodology to find the exact fault position. Extensive simulations are performed for a benchmark distribution system with conventional and inverter-interfaced generation units, considering all types of common short-circuit faults, several fault resistance magnitudes, varying load levels, different distributed generation (DG) mixture, and the impact of line segment length. The results show that fault distance is accurately estimated by the proposed algorithm.

Speech Intelligibility: Lateral Lisp Detection for Real-Time Monitoring

Abstract Correcting lisps in speech can prove to be of great difficulty to many, as they may be unaware of whether they are lisping. To help those affected, we have developed a simple algorithm for the real-time identification of the sigmatismus lateralis in ”S” sounds within speech via analysis in the frequency domain. The algorithm identifies peaks within the lisp’s frequency band after calibration. A frequency band of 3000-4000 Hz has been identified to be generally accurate for lisp and 2500-3000 Hz for the correct pronunciation for a single male test subject. The algorithm splits given speech recordings into smaller segments and compares the number of lisps and non-lisps detected in these segments to categorize. From tests, it was concluded that a segment length of 0.5 s produces the best results. The algorithm does not detect every lisp section, however it does not raise false positives. Our implementation in Julia with multi-threaded per-file analysis is able to analyze 20 files of lengths between 5 s and 10 s within 0.21 s on a Qualcomm Snapdragon 860 smartphone chipset, meaning analysis is far faster than real-time. The proposed algorithm is a simple prototype algorithm capable of realtime analysis of audio in the frequency domain to identify whether lateral lisps are the dominant sibilant pronunciation in a given window. The method was only tested for a single test subject. However, a calibration algorithm capable of adjusting parameters to new individuals is proposed. The algorithm itself should be easily expandable to identify other speech impediments.

O05 Management of acute desloughing of the oesophageal lining in patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: a case series of six paediatric patients

Abstract Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) is a subtype of inherited skin disorders characterized by skin and mucosal fragility due to collagen VII (COL7A1) gene mutations. Desloughing of the lining of the oesophagus has not been reported before. We retrospectively reviewed the hospital electronic patient records between 2008 and 2021 with regard to acute treatment and long-term management. Six patients with recessive DEB (RDEB) severe (n = 4), RDEB intermediate (n = 1) and dominant DEB (DDEB) were identified. The mean age at the time of the episode was 29.6 months. Most of the patients (n = 5) suffered from severe gastro-oesophageal reflux at the time of onset. Clinically, they presented with a coughing episode (n = 6), haematemesis (n = 6), vomiting (n = 6) and choking (n = 3) with a piece of mucosae coughed up. Four patients recovered with medical management including immediate hospitalization, no oral intake (nil by mouth, NBM), pain relief and optimization of the dose of proton-pump inhibitors. Due to severe persistent dysphagia, two patients required gastrostomy insertions for feeding; one also required a Nissen's fundoplication due to severe reflux. One patient had an aspiration pneumonia. Desloughing of varying lengths of segments of the oesophagus is an emergency. The lining coughed up needs to be cut at the mouth not pulled and the emergency services called immediately. On arrival, an urgent assessment and chest X-ray should be performed to rule out any signs of perforation. The patient should be kept NBM with intravenous fluids and pain relief. Expert multidisciplinary care is needed to manage this rare but extremely serious condition.

Rational design for the development of thermoplastic poly(ether-ester) elastomers from bio-based 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with high elasticity

Development of bio-based thermoplastic poly(ether-ester) elastomer (TPEE) with high performance similar to commercial and petroleum-based TPEE is of great interesting nowadays. Herein, by considering both the hard and soft segments, a rational design strategy is proposed for the synthesis of bio-based TPEE with high elasticity based on a bio-based aromatic monomer 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). The hard segment is poly(neopentyl glycol 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PNF), a FDCA-based polyester with both high melting temperature and crystallization ability. While the soft segment is poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG), which is widely used for the synthesis of TPEE. By adjusting the molecular weight (Mn) of PTMG soft segment from 650 to 2900 g/mol and its content from 50 to 70 wt%, a series of bio-based TPEEs with excellent performance were synthesized. Our preliminary study of PNF-PTMG multiblock copolymers has shown that the elastic recovery rate is outstanding. The initial elastic recovery ratio at 200 % strain can approach 80 % when the Mn of PTMG is 2000 g/mol and the wt.% of PTMG was 70 %, which is significantly higher than those of the commercial TPEEs. PNF-PTMG displays increasing thermal resistance with Tm up to 194 °C with the increasing of soft segment length. This study suggests a feasible solution for the preparation of bio-based TPEE with ideal performance.

Robust line segment mismatch removal using point-pair representation and Gaussian-uniform mixture formulation

Line segment matching (LSM) plays an important role in image matching, while it is always a challenging problem due to line fracture and high geometric complexity. In this paper, we propose a line segment mismatch removal to address the sensitivity to segment length and the fracture problem. The mismatch removal removes the massive false matches obtained by the descriptors like LBD. Specifically, we suggest calculating the endpoint error in LSM rather than the direction error in considering the error band and segment length. We propose a point-pair representation, and transform the LSM problem to be an intuitive point-pair alignment problem with a mixture model. The point-pair representation is more robust on the segment length than the linear equation representation used in RANSAC, which significantly preserves short line segments. Then, based on the point-pair representation, we propose a novel Directed Endpoint Drift method to solve the inherent fracture problem of line segments by allowing the endpoints to move along the line to complement the fracture. Compared with the recent learning-based method, the proposed method nearly doubles the number of correct matches on the remote sensing dataset. Especially, the recall is improved by 10% to 30% for both the short segments and the slightly fractured segments, compared with the popular RANSAC and MAGSAC++ methods. The code is available at https://github.com/shenliang16/DEpD.

Endoclip papillaplasty (ECPP) versus limited EST plus EPLBD for a decrease in recurrent choledocholithiasis: a prospective cohort study.

Limited EST plus EPLBD has been widely used for the therapy of large CBDS; however, long-term complication-relevant studies suggested that it damaged the function of the sphincter of Oddi (SO) and resulted in recurrent choledocholithiasis. Thus, we designed Endoclip papillaplasty (ECPP) and previous studies have shown that it successfully restored the function of SO. In this study, we designed a prospective cohort and aimed to verify the safety and effectiveness of ECPP. Eligible patients were divided into the ECPP group and the limited EST plus EPLBD group based on papillary morphology and the ratio of maximum size of stones to length of intramural segments of CBD. All participants in the ECPP group received endoscopy at 3weeks to retrieve the biliary stent, perform SOM, and were divided into grade A and grade B based on the healing grade of SO. All patients were followed up every 6months until recurrent choledocholithiasis, patient death, or at the 36-month follow-up end. The primary outcome was the incidence of recurrent choledocholithiasis. The secondary outcomes included mechanical lithotrip usage and adverse events. The incidences of recurrent choledocholithiasis in the ECPP group and limited EST plus EPLBD group were 13.6 and 22.1%, respectively (P = 0.204). The ECPP-A group had a lower incidence of recurrent choledocholithiasis than the limited EST plus EPLBD groups (5.1 vs. 22.1%, P = 0.020*), and certified the function of SO successfully restored in the ECPP-A group. The ECPP-A group had a decrease in recurrent choledocholithiasis, and ECPP was safe and effective for CBDS.

Cloud-assisted collaborative estimation for next-generation automobile sensing

This research proposes a unique cloud-assisted collaborative estimating system for on-road sensors like potholes, ice, and road profile to develop next-generation automobiles that are safer, more efficient, and more comfortable. Conventional road information finding methods for a single vehicle are prone to model uncertainty and measurement mistakes. The proposed system iteratively improves estimate performance using many heterogeneous vehicles. Each vehicle merges its onboard measurements with pseudomeasurements from previous participating cars and transmits the resulting local onboard estimate back to the cloud for updating. The system uses a Noisy Input Gaussian Process (NIGP) approach to manage uncertain readings. The study includes the road segment length of 40 m, 2 sensors for sprung mass and suspension displacements, time span of 1.5 s, a sampling time of 0.01 s, and 151 estimation points per Kalman Filter (KF). Additionally, the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) was calculated for onboard estimation performance, and training was conducted using data from one vehicle and 10 vehicles for the cloud-based NIGP performance evaluation. Using pseudo-measurements from preceding vehicles significantly improves performance. Comparing the standard GP regression, the NIGP regression and a benchmark based on KF averaging estimations. The NIGP provides better variance and reduces uncertainty. Moreover, the pseudo-measurement strategy iteratively improves onboard performance when using NIGP pseudo-measurements. A detailed experimental plan is described to measure the performance of the proposed collaborative estimating method while considering fleet heterogeneity, measurement noise, and model uncertainty.

Study of Diverse Leg Geometry Effect on the Performance of Segmented Thermoelectric Generator with the Same Leg Volume

When developing any product, one of the factors that determine its price is the volume of the product. In this paper, the effect of various geometrical forms on the performance of a segmented TEGs with the same leg volume was performed. For this purpose, a numerical study was performed using the finite element method (FEM) for different geometrical shapes by considering 3 following forms: Rectangular-leg, Pin-leg, and Cone-leg. In each region, Bismuth Telluride was deposited on the cold side while Lead Telluride was placed on the hot side. Two cases were studied. In the 1st case, the 2 regions’ the same length, for n and p types, which constitute the leg was taken. While in the 2nd case, all forms of the same volume were evaluated by taking a variable leg length and a fixed cross-sectional area of the hot side. The optimal ratios of the Bismuth Telluride lengths in and regions for the Rect-leg, Pin-leg, and Cone-leg were studied. The obtained results showed that the Rectangular-leg model in the 1st case presents the highest output power and efficiency with about 0.3019 watt and 12.47 % with leg length values of ( and ) 1 and 4.5 mm, respectively. Based on the simulation results, we conclude that the leg form and the length ratio influence the performance of the segmented TEGs. The findings indicate that the Rect-leg model presents the best performance. HIGHLIGHTS Difference of the internal temperature distribution with the variable leg geometry The effect of the segmented thermoelectric leg length ratios on internal resistance and thermal conductance In the segmented TEGs Efficiency decreases with increasing the length ratio of materials in lower temperature range Increasing the performance in the segmented TEGs compared to the traditional TEG GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Identification of two-dimensional aerodynamic admittance of a central-slotted box girder based on force-balance measurements

This paper presents an experimental investigation of buffeting lift forces on a central-slotted box girder in turbulent flow, and aims to identify the corresponding generalized aerodynamic admittance (generalized-AAF) and two-dimensional aerodynamic admittance (2D-AAF). The generalized-AAF is obtained using the one-wavenumber spectra of lift and wind fluctuations, while the 2D-AAF is obtained using an improved method based on force-balance measurement. The key to this improved method is separating out the three-dimensional effect of turbulence (3D-effect) from the generalized-AAF while considering the segment length of the force measurement and turbulence integral scale. The results indicate that the generalized-AAF of the central-slotted box girder is much less than the Sears function, which is consistent with most previous studies. However, the values of 2D-AAF decay more slowly in comparison with the Sears function. An empirical formula for the 2D-AAF of the central-slotted box girder is given based on the experimental data. Additionally, the study finds that the ratio of the turbulent integral scale to the characteristic dimension of the model plays a significant role in determining the 3D-effect of turbulence, resulting in the difference between the generalized-AAF and 2D-AAF. Therefore, the 2D-AAF is particularly useful for estimating the buffeting force of a bridge deck when the turbulence scale does not match the size of the model.

Deterministic Transport Calculation Method for Statistical Geometry with Small Fuel Particles

A deterministic transport calculation method is proposed for the treatment of dispersed fuel particles in a fuel compact/fuel pebble of a typical high-temperature gas-cooled reactor fuel. The random distribution of fuel particles was considered using the statistical geometry (STG) method, which is widely used in the Monte Carlo method. A long-ray trace, which represents a neutron flight path, was considered, and the segment lengths and material distributions on the ray trace were randomly sampled using STG. Then a conventional transport sweep, as used in the method of characteristics, was performed along the ray trace. The proposed deterministic statistical geometry (DSTG) method can calculate the flux spatial distribution in a heterogeneous geometry containing randomly dispersed fuel particles and the surrounding graphite matrix, which is consistent with the STG in a Monte Carlo method. The validity of the DSTG method was confirmed through sensitivity calculations and comparisons with a multigroup Monte Carlo method that utilizes STG. The proposed method can be used for the homogenization of heterogeneous structures inside a fuel compact or fuel pebble as an alternative to conventional deterministic unit cell calculations that consider fuel particles and the surrounding matrix in high-temperature gas-cooled reactor fuels.

Upper bound of overvoltage peak induced in power line network above lossless ground due to radiated electromagnetic disturbances

This paper deals with the assessment of the maximal peak of the overvoltage induced in a power-line network due to the field-to-wire coupling from an external electromagnetic disturbance. A worst-case analysis is here combined with the transmission line model to find the terminal overvoltage, induce by radiated electromagnetic disturbances of constrained energy density and bandlimits. The approach was applied to canonic power line network topologies, from statistic viewpoint, it is demonstrated that dominant coupling can be ascribed to the branch containing the most twisted segments. Accordingly, efforts have been devoted to find analytical solution to overvoltage peak upper bound for the coupling-dominant zigzag branch. In this connection, both versatile implicit solution and approximated explicit expressions of the upper bound are formulated, which reveals the relations between the upper bound of zigzag branch and its segments, quantitively interpreting the effect of segment orientations and length. Finally, numerical simulations corroborate the model validity and suggest that the estimations of upper bound are sufficiently accurate for analyzing practical power line network. This proposed approach will be instructive for power system insulation coordination and protection design.

Fast and robust vision-based cable force monitoring method free from environmental disturbances

For long-term vision-based cable force monitoring, it is essential to fully consider different types of challenges, such as complex backgrounds in the field of view, illumination changes, occlusion, camera motion, and real-time realization. To address these challenges, this study proposes a vision-based, robust real-time cable force measurement method. In terms of innovation, three unique aspects were incorporated. First, to solve the difficulty of cable edge recognition caused by complex backgrounds, a linear feature detection operator called edge drawing lines was optimized by setting screening strategy based on the slope and line segments length. Second, the average of bilateral edge displacements was used as the final value to offset the displacement deviation caused by the illumination change. Third, to overcome obstacles to identifying the cable frequency caused by the camera motion, an interference frequency elimination method without reference targets or additional sensors was proposed. Furthermore, the integrated cable force calculation method was developed into a real-time measurement software. Finally, the proposed method was applied to a long-span cable-stayed bridge, where the camera was vibrated by the bridge deck or the wind significantly. The reliability of the proposed method was proved by comparing the results obtained with those achieved by accelerometers.

Poly(L‐lactide)‐b‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(D,L‐lactide) copolymers with enhanced toughness and strength by regulating crystallization and phase separation

AbstractCopolymerizing poly(lactide) with other materials to obtain better comprehensive performance is a effective way to expand its application range. In this work, the precursors of hydroxyl terminated (poly(L‐lactide) [PLLA], poly(ε‐caprolactone) [PCL], poly(D,L‐lactide) [PDLLA]) were prepared, and PLLA‐PCL‐PDLLA copolymer were synthesized by chain extension. The effects of the proportion and molecular weight of each component and the amount of chain extender on crystallization, phase structures, mechanical properties and thermal stabilities of PLLA‐PCL‐PDLLA copolymer were studied in detail. Based on small‐angle X‐ray scattering results, the competition between crystallization and microphase separation was regulated by the composition and chain length of prepolymers. As the ratio of PLLA/PDLLA was 1:1, crystallization was prevailing and no obvious peak was observed in SAXS pattern. The tensile test results showed that as the ratio of PLLA/PDLLA increased from 1:1 to 1:5, the elongation at break of the copolymer changed from 1.8% to 343%. By using shorter length of PCL and PLLA segments in chain extension, improvement in strength and flexibility were obtained due to moderate degree of crystallization and microphase separation. This work used biodegradable materials to prepare extraordinary toughness copolymers without losing the biocompatibility, which may provide a feasible method for obtaining high toughness and biodegradable PLA‐based materials.

Heterocyclic group end-capped polyethylene glycol: Synthesis and used as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in HCl medium

In this work, two categories of water-soluble polymeric corrosion inhibitors (CIs) are contributed. These CIs are composed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) middle segment and oleic imidazoline (or thiophene) end groups, respectively labeled as OIM-PEG-OIM and Th-PEG-Th. Two facile synthetic strategies involve epoxy-amino reaction and thiol-acrylate Michael addition were employed. Both Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy verified that a series of target products were successfully obtained. The solution transmittance measurements indicated that with the increase of the PEG segment length, the water solubility of CIs enhanced. And these obtained CIs exhibit somewhat surface activity and could reduce the solution surface tensions to a certain extent. The inhibition efficiencies of these CIs for mild steel in HCl medium were evaluated by weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was found that both OIM-PEG-OIM and Th-PEG-Th show an improved corrosion inhibition efficiency as compared to PEG. And as compared to heterocyclic compounds, introduction of PEG segment showed a negligible influence on their performances. Both CIs can form chemisorption on the metal surface, and the adsorption process follow Langmuir adsorption mechanism. OIM-PEG-OIM exhibit superior inhibition performance and stability as compared to Th-PEG-Th, which can be attributed to the fact that OIM-PEG-OIM bearing two long hydrophobic alkyl end groups. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements also confirmed both OIM-PEG-OIM and Th-PEG-Th could serve as water-soluble CIs for mild steel.

OpenMP offloading data transfer optimization for DCUs

OpenMP supports the use of target offloading compile guidance instructions to invoke heterogeneous-platform accelerators to compute core code segments; however, unreasonable use of target offloading instructions can make the data transfer process time-consuming. The problem of unused array transfer and unused data segment transfer arises when the amount of data transferred from the host side to the device side exceeds the amount of data required for the core computation on the device side. For the transmission of unused arrays, the use of the transmitted arrays is guided by adding a filter to eliminate the transmission of redundant data; for the transmission of unused data segments, the use of arrays is quickly determined on the basis of the filter, and valid data are transmitted by optimizing Clang’s code generation strategy after obtaining the lengths of the data segments in core computation. Experiments are performed using the Polybench benchmark; the optimized speedup for unused array transfer reaches 7%, and the optimized speedup for unused data segment transfer reaches 10%. The experimental results show that data transfer optimization for target offloading characteristics can help improve program performance.

Determination of River Border Width at the Manikin River in Kupang Regency, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province

River Border Lines was made and determined so that there some efforts were made for the protection, use and control of existing resources in the river. One of the river segments that are prioritized for determining river border lines is a river section adjacent to or within a developing area, one of which is the Manikin River in Kupang Regency, which is currently under construction of the Tefmo Dam which is targeted to be completed by the end of 2022. Therefore, in the future, of course, area around the weir will experience great pressure on land use which can have an impact on the function of the river due to developing community activities. The purpose of this study is to determine the width of the river border on the Manikin River. The length of the river segment where the width of the border line will be determined is 10 km from the Manikin weir to the downstream of the river. The results of this study are to obtain the width of the Manikin river border and get an overview of the location around the Manikin River about land conditions and functions, facilities and utilities that are included in the border area.

Recurrence plots bridge deterministic systems and stochastic systems topologically and measure-theoretically.

We connect a common conventional value to quantify a recurrence plot with its motifs, which have recently been termed "recurrence triangles." The common practical value we focus on is DET, which is the ratio of the points forming diagonal line segments of length 2 or longer within a recurrence plot. As a topological value, we use different recurrence triangles defined previously. As a measure-theoretic value, we define the typical recurrence triangle frequency dimension, which generally fluctuates around 1 when the underlying dynamics are governed by deterministic chaos. By contrast, the dimension becomes higher than 1 for a purely stochastic system. Additionally, the typical recurrence triangle frequency dimension correlates most precisely with DET among the above quantities. Our results show that (i) the common practice of using DET could be partly theoretically supported using recurrence triangles, and (ii) the variety of recurrence triangles behaves more consistently for identifying the strength of stochasticity for the underlying dynamics. The results in this study should be useful in checking basic properties for modeling a given time series.

Enhanced Crash Frequency Models Using Surrogate Safety Measures from Connected Vehicle Fleet

As connected vehicle data became available, efforts to employ surrogate safety measures (SSMs) for crash frequency modeling were undertaken. For road safety evaluation, traffic conflicts are quantitatively measured by various SSMs in two dimensions: spatial/temporal proximity (e.g., time-to-collision, TTC) and evasive action (e.g., deceleration rate, DR). However, a single SSM or a single dimension only represents partial images of the true severity of traffic conflicts. Therefore, this study investigates possible enhancements in crash frequency modeling by concurrently using proximity and evasion SSMs. For rear-end crash frequency estimation, five negative binomial regression models and two tree-based models (a regression tree and random forest) were developed. All models were estimated using crashes, traffic volume, and segment length, along with three SSMs (DR, TTC, and modified TTC) extracted from connected vehicle data in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Results show that the multi-SSM model produced a 19.3% reduction in mean absolute error (MAE) compared to the baseline model with no SSM variable, which was significantly higher than those of single-SSM models (4.5−6.9% reductions in MAE). Between all models, the random forest, which is the ensemble machine learning model, produced the highest error reductions (a 44.3% reduction in MAE). These findings show that the concurrent use of proximity and evasion SSMs can yield further enhancements in crash frequency models compared to the singular use of either type of SSM. The proposed modeling method can be used for proactive safety management and assessment using connected vehicle data collected over a short period.

Automatic segment-wise restoration for wide irregular stripe noise in SDGSAT-1 multispectral data using side-slither data

The raw orbital images captured by the new launched SDGSAT-1 Multispectral Image for Inshore (MII) are plagued by wide-irregular stripe noise, due to inconsistent unit response. This paper proposed a new method for destriping wide-irregular stripe noise in MII using the characteristics of side-slither data. Firstly, the raw side-slither data was standardized using line detection to guarantee that each row observed the same ground object. Then, the whole orbital side-slither image was segmented into blocks of equal length, and it was found that the response of wide-irregular stripe noise is consistent within a certain length. The Inverse Distance Weight was used to interpolate the DN values of striped pixels as referenced values, and the segmented length was determined by calculating Pearson correlation coefficient between the original and referenced DN values. Thirdly, the Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm was used to find the inliers and calculate the correction parameters, after it was discovered that the original and referenced DN values had a linear correlation. The proposed method, SIR (consists of image segmentation, pixel interpolation and RANSAC fitting), can directly destripe the raw orbital image. One orbital side-slither data and six ordinary orbital data were selected for verification. Twelve state-of-the-art methods were chosen for comparison with SIR. The accuracy scores of SIR on three assessment indexes were higher than those of twelve other methods. The destriping outcomes for the images of city, cloud, forest, and river demonstrated the effectiveness of SIR in correcting wide-irregular stripe noise in MII images.

An in-depth analysis of parameter settings and probability distributions of specific ordinal patterns in the Shannon permutation entropy during different states of consciousness in humans

As electrical activity in the brain has complex and dynamic properties, the complexity measure permutation entropy (PeEn) has proven itself to reliably distinguish consciousness states recorded by the EEG. However, it has been shown that the focus on specific ordinal patterns instead of all of them produced similar results. Moreover, parameter settings influence the resulting PeEn value. We evaluated the impact of the embedding dimension m and the length of the EEG segment on the resulting PeEn. Moreover, we analysed the probability distributions of monotonous and non-occurring ordinal patterns in different parameter settings. We based our analyses on simulated data as well as on EEG recordings from volunteers, obtained during stable anaesthesia levels at defined, individualised concentrations. The results of the analysis on the simulated data show a dependence of PeEn on different influencing factors such as window length and embedding dimension. With the EEG data, we demonstrated that the probability P of monotonous patterns performs like PeEn in lower embedding dimension (m = 3, AUC = 0.88, [0.7, 1] in both), whereas the probability P of non-occurring patterns outperforms both methods in higher embedding dimensions (m = 5, PeEn: AUC = 0.91, [0.77, 1]; P(non-occurring patterns): AUC = 1, [1, 1]). We showed that the accuracy of PeEn in distinguishing consciousness states changes with different parameter settings. Furthermore, we demonstrated that for the purpose of separating wake from anaesthesia EEG solely pieces of information used for PeEn calculation, i.e., the probability of monotonous patterns or the number of non-occurring patterns may be equally functional.