Segara Anakan Research Articles

BIOACCUMULATION DYNAMICS OF HEAVY METALS IN <sub>Oreochromis nilotycus</sub>: PREDICTED THROUGH A BIOACCUMULATION MODEL CONSTRUCTED BASED ON BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL (BLM)

In estuarine ecosystem, sediments are not only functioning as heavy metal scavenger, but also as one of potential sources for heavy metals to the ecosystem. Due the capability of aquatic organisms to accumulate heavy metals, there is possibility of heavy metals to exert their toxic effect towards the organisms and other organisms positioned in higher trophic level, such as fish, and further to human beings. To understand the different processes of heavy metal bioaccumulation in a dynamic manner, a bioaccumulation model is required. Since bioaccumulation starts with the uptake of chemical across a biological membrane, the bioaccumulation model was constructed based on Biotic Ligand Model (BLM). The input for the model was determined from laboratory scale simulated estuarine ecosystem of sediment-brackish water (seawater:Aquaâ 1:1) for determining the heavy metal fractions in sediments; simulated Oreochromis nilotycus - brackish water (fish-water) ecosystem for determining the rate constants; simulated fish-water-sediment ecosystem for evaluating the closeness between model-predicted and measured concentration, routes and distribution within specific internal organs. From these bioaccumulation studies, it was confirmed that the internalization of metals into the cells of gills and internal epithelias follows similar mechanisms, and governed mostly by the waterborne or hydrophilic heavy metals. The level of hydrophilic heavy metals are determined by desorption equilibrium coefficients, 1/KD, and influenced by salinity. Physiologically, the essential Cu and Zn body burden in O. nilotycus are tightly homeostasis regulated, shown as decreasing uptake efficiency factor, EW, at higher exposure concentrations, while non essential Cd and Hg were less or not regulated. From the distribution within specific internal organs, it was revealed that carcass was more relevant in describing the bioaccumulation condition than liver. It is clear that every heavy metal has its own bioaccumulation dynamics, depend to the metal studied and environmental conditions, however the obtained parameters are applicable to bioaccumulation of Cd and Hg in natural estuarine ecosystem of Segara Anakan, Central Java. Keywords: heavy metal, estuarine, bioaccumulation, model, dynamics

Java's forgotten pearls: the history and disappearance of pearl fishing in the Segara Anakan lagoon, South Java, Indonesia

Pearls have been a valued resource in most cultures that had access to them. A number of historically important pearling grounds were situated in the waters around today's Indonesia. One of these areas, now largely forgotten, was the Segara Anakan lagoon in South Java. In the seventeenth century, Dutch colonists exploited the lagoon's pearls. Afterwards, the lagoon's oysters were locally exploited as a food item until the late 1970s. While the pearl fishery attracted considerable attention in the colonial literature, its disappearance, by contrast, went largely undocumented. Nowadays, the oysters no longer are found in the lagoon as a result of extensive sedimentation processes. Their former existence is only preserved in the memory of local people. This article examines the history and fate of the pearls of Segara Anakan, providing an example of a formerly valued species whose existence simply became forgotten outside the area.

Analysis of Ex Disposal Area Land Use For Agriculture Activity and Mangrove Ecosystem in Segara Anakan Regency Based on Geography Information System

The aim of research was to study potential land location and width of EDA as agriculture activity and mangrove ecosystem , b ased on land suitability. The research methode was descriptive case study and sampling method used was purposive sampling, including 2 sampling periods (rainy and dry season). The location in this research was Ex Disposal Area (EDA), consist of Klaces, Panikel and Ujunggagak district were involved. Research variabel are soil quality (land quality), water quality and EDA’s environment parameters. Analysis data using GIS, proccess by ER Mapper 7 , 0 and ArcGIS 9 , 3 software. The concept of suitability level by scoring method combining values and weight variable. Result of esearch showed that potential land for fisheries activity (pond land) are: moderately suitable class (S2) is 5 , 309 . 05 m 2 , include Panikel and Ujunggagak district; marginally suitable class (S3) is 77 , 325 . 77 m 2 , not suitable for present time class (N1) is 1 , 365 , 955 . 67 m 2 , and permanently unsuitable class (N2) is 7 , 583 , 809 . 51 m 2 . S3, N1,N2 class were found in Panikel, Klaces and Ujunggagak district. Potential land for agriculture activity (rice field) are : moderately class (S2) is 2 , 051 , 725 . 30 m 2 ; marginally suitable class (S3) is 54 , 083 . 03 m 2 , width of not suitable for present time class (N1) is 2 , 416 , 591 . 48 m 2 , and permanently unsuitable (N2) is 4 , 510 , 000 . 20 m 2 . Fourth classes of potential land for agriculture activity (farming land) exist in Panikel, Klaces and Ujunggagak district. P otential land for mangrove ecosystem are : marginally suitable class (S3) is 401 . 64 m 2 , found in Ujunggagak district ; not suitable for present time class (N1) is 1 , 046 . 59 m 2 , include Panikel dan Ujunggagak district, and permanently unsuitable class (N2) is 9.030.951,77 m 2 . This class are found in Panikel, Klaces and Ujunggagak district. Key Words : Land Use, EDA, GIS.

Spatio-temporal variation of macrobenthic communities in the mangrove-fringed Segara Anakan lagoon, Indonesia, affected by anthropogenic activities

The benthic macrofauna of the Segara Anakan lagoon, Java, Indonesia and its fringing mangroves were investigated between May 2004 and August 2006. This lagoon has been affected by various human activities for decades, in particular fishing, effluents from agriculture and industry, and illegal deforestation. In total, 163 taxa were identified, including 127 species occurring in the mangrove forest and 59 species in the subtidal. Mean density of macrobenthos was 2.5-fold higher in the central (881.8 ± 1,151.3 ind. m−2) than in the eastern mangrove site (356.3 ± 218.8 ind. m−2). Community structures differed significantly between these sites and showed a serial shift during the investigation period. Gastropods dominated the community in the central mangrove location, whereas sipunculids, polychaetes and gastropods had similar densities in the eastern site. Differences in community composition were best explained by three sediment properties: pore water salinity, δ13Corg, and Corg/N. It is suggested that small-scale heterogeneity of food availability and quality is a main factor determining the small-scale variability of the community composition. Compared to other Indo-West Pacific mangroves, species richness and densities are high. However, the dominance of specific taxa, especially of opportunistic species and the comparably low species richness in the subtidal of the lagoon may be attributed to the high sediment input by rivers in the central part and to the large-scale cutting of mangroves. Continuous tree logging will probably lead to a further spread of two fast growing understorey plants and thus to an increase of uniform swamp sites and a decrease of micro-habitats for benthic macrofauna. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study on the spatio-temporal variation of benthic macrofauna in mangroves of Indonesia.

Segara Anakan, Java, Indonesia, a mangrove-fringed coastal lagoon affected by human activities

The demands of an increasing world population in com-bination with technical advances of mankind, particularlysince industrialisation from the nineteenth centuryonwards, are challenging the natural performance of sys-tem earth. Since then an accelerating loss of biodiversity isaccompanied by an overall decrease of water quality,recovery potential and stability of marine and coastalecosystems (Worm et al. 2006). It has been shown thatregional losses in biodiversity negatively affected ecosys-tem services in temperate estuaries and coastal seas, i.e.they led to a decline in the number of viable fisheries, theprovision of nursery habitats and the filter function ofwetlands, submerged vegetation and suspension feeders(Lotze et al. 2006).This is also of particular importance in coastal regionsof the tropics where a majority of people lives within100 km of the coast and to a large extent economicallydepends on its natural resources. Their overexploitation isendangering ecosystem functioning. Besides providing uswith living natural resources which can be directly valuedby providing either humans with energy or cash via mar-kets, ecosystems also offer a variety of other services suchas, e.g., flood protection, climate and water regulation,nutrient cycling and biological control (Costanza et al.1997), which indirectly also affect the economic potential.The removal of a resource from the system does not onlymean to decrease its directly measurable economic effects,but it may also entail a cascade of effects on the ecosystemstructure and functions.While the depletion of fish stocks, e.g., has direct eco-nomic consequences, i.e. less income for fishermen, theeffect of a missing element in the foodweb on ecosystemfunctioning can only be seen later. This, in turn, mayadversely affect those ecosystem services which are diffi-cult to quantify in terms comparable with economic ser-vices and manufactured capital (Costanza et al. 1997).Because of the difference in timescales of realising thedirect and indirect effects of resource depletion and thedifficulties in valuing ecosystem services in terms ofeconomy, the importance of these ecosystem services haslong been overlooked or given little attention in policydecisions.Only in the past decades, we have learnt that theseecosystem services in the long run sustain the economicpotential of an ecosystem to a large extent. It appears thatcoastal systems with a high biodiversity consistently pro-vide more ecosystem services than those experiencing aloss of diversity. This has to be taken into account withregard to the economic potential and policy decisions.Biodiversity conservation and long-term economic devel-opment can be seen as interdependent societal goals ofequal importance (Worm et al. 2006). Therefore, devel-oping management measures towards a sustainable use ofnatural resources requires an integrated understanding ofecosystem structure and functions and social and economicdynamics of a region, all of which are intimately linked.In this special issue, we present results of the German-Indonesian SPICE (Science for the Protection of Indone-sian Coastal Marine Ecosystems) programme whichaddresses the scientific, social and economic issues relatedto the management of the Indonesian coastal marine

CONFLICT OF AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ITS UNDERLYING CAUSES: A CASE STUDY FROM DONAN RIVER AREA, SEGARA ANAKAN REGION, CILACAP, CENTRAL JAVA

This research aimed to know internally conflict on the use of aquatic resources at around Donan River, Segara Anakan region Cilacap. Using on fisheries resources was not free against potential conflict among the user or with its interest’s one related to that resources. The lack on capability of identified conflict would be a limiting factor for the implementation on the fisheries resources management program. The research was hold in the region of Segara Anakan, Donan River from August until October 2005. The data collection techniques applied in this survey included questionnaire; observation; in-depth interview with leaders of fisherman organizations; and focus group discussion. Quantitative data was analyzed by descriptive statistics. The research showed that fisherman’s community along Donan River line were not out of inside potentially conflict among inter micro-micro, intra micro-micro and intra micro-macro. This potential conflict were appeared because of presence on the different perception belong to its authority access against Donan River and their open system on the fisheries resources management. Keywords : Conflict, Donan River, Aquatic Resources, Fisherman Community

A new approach to visualize ecosystem health by using parasites

A new approach is chosen to visualize ecosystem health by using parasite bioindicators in Segara Anakan Lagoon, a brackish water ecosystem at the southern Java coast, Indonesia. Three fish species (Mugil cephalus, Scatophagus argus, Epinephelus coioides) were collected in two different years and sampling sites and studied for ecto- and endoparasites. Additional data were taken for E. coioides from two further sites in Lampung Bay, Sumatra, and for E. fucoguttatus out of floating cages from a mariculture facility in the Thousand Islands, Jakarta Bay, North Java. The parasite fauna of fishes inside the lagoon was characterized by a high number of ecto- and a low number of endoparasites, the endoparasite diversity was relatively low and the prevalence of ectocommensalistic trichodinid ciliates was high. These parameters were chosen to indicate the biological conditions inside the lagoon. In E. coioides during rainy season, the prevalence of trichodinid ciliates was highest inside the lagoon (55%) compared with 27% in an open-net-cage mariculture and 5.7% in free-living specimens in Lampung Bay. The endoparasite diversity (Shannon-Wiener) was lowest in fish from Segara Anakan lagoon (0.66) compared with fish from an open-net-cage mariculture (0.71) and free-living specimens (1.39). Results for E. fuscoguttatus from the mariculture site in the Thousand Islands, a relatively undisturbed marine environment, demonstrated high parasite diversity (1.58) in the cultivated fish, a high number of endoparasites, and no trichodinids. A star graph is used to visualize the parasite composition for the different fishes, sampling sites, and conditions, using (1) the prevalence of trichodinid ciliates, (2) the ecto/endoparasite ratio and (3) the endoparasite diversity as bioindicators. The application of the star graph is suggested to be a suitable tool to visualize and monitor environmental health under high parasite biodiversity conditions within tropical ecosystems. It can also support a better communication to stake holders and decision makers in order to monitor environmental impact and change.

Conflicts between stakeholder groups affecting the ecology and economy of the Segara Anakan region

This study analyses how the conflict potential between different stakeholder groups is affecting the ecology and economy of the Segara Anakan region, a mangrove-fringed lagoon in central Java, Indonesia. The lagoon’s increasing sedimentation/silting up and the area’s expanding population has led to various interest groups conflicting with one another over how the resources of the lagoon and its surrounding area are to be utilized. Conflicts arise between occupational and ethnic groups in the lagoon’s bordering villages in the context of a transformation from fisheries to wetland agriculture. Land and mangrove use is therefore a cause for conflict between multiple groups, including Javanese fishermen, Sundanese farmers from Central and West Java and external shrimp farm owners. A result of the “Segara Anakan Development Project”—an 8-year undertaking that began in 1996—is that the lagoon was frequently dredged. Due to the dredging and resulting contamination of the land, a regional clash was triggered between Sundanese farmers and Javanese fishers. Our study reveals that the conflict potential between the various interest groups in the Segara Anakan Lagoon area could be reduced if the scarcity of natural resources were alleviated. Religious aspects also play a large role in marine resource utilization. Recognizing that the human utilization of natural resources is strongly symbolic and thereby culturally defined, we unravel the resource conflicts in our study area and offer some strategic approaches towards more sustainable outcomes.

Development of an environment-friendly feeding management for pond-reared fish species in the Segara Anakan Lagoon, Java, Indonesia

Inefficient feeding practices for producing fish in captivity create environmental problems. Therefore, the feed input should be reduced to a level that does not result in negative impacts of fish production. Reducing feed input can be done by periodic feed deprivation which does not necessarily decrease the fish production. This study was designed to investigate the effect of repeated unfed–fed cycles on the growth and feed utilization of the orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides raised in floating net cages in estuarine ponds. The trial was conducted in the north east of Segara Anakan, Java, Indonesia. The fish were purchased from local fishermen and mean fish body weight was 53.2 g. After acclimation in the cages for 2 weeks, 500 fish were randomly assigned to four feeding groups. The groups included: fish fed daily as a control (C); fish not fed every Monday and Thursday and fed on Tuesday and Wednesday, then on Friday, Saturday and Sunday (T1); fish unfed every Sunday, Monday and Thursday and fed on Tuesday and Wednesday, then on Friday and Saturday (T2). The experiment ran for 10 weeks. The results showed that reducing feed input by repeating unfed–fed cycles induced compensatory growth of the fish. Application of this feeding regime provides flexibility in feeding management and may reduce organic discharge into the environment. Reduction of organic pollution should help the sustainable use and conservation of the Segara Anakan ecosystem.

Hydrodynamics of the Segara Anakan lagoon

A hydrodynamic field study of the Segara Anakan lagoon combined with a reconstruction of the recorded data using a three-dimensional numerical model provides insights into the processes driving the hydrodynamics of the lagoon. This includes bathymetry, quantification of water volume fluxes with ADCP measurements, sea level recordings, salinity measurements, water budget and numerical model results for the periods of the field studies. Salinity measurements at the Klaces village show a complete flushing of the western lagoon during neap tide in the rainy season, which is assumed to increase the sedimentation. Mean salinities of the western part are in the order of 10 and 21 g/kg, while the eastern part has a larger mean salinity of 27 and 32 g/kg for the rainy and dry season, respectively. A numerical sensitivity study shows a relationship between the Citanduy discharge and the nett water volume transport between the eastern and western part of Segara Anakan. A nett transport to the west, which differs from neap to spring tides, turns to zero when Citanduy discharges are between 300 and 400 m3/s. The flushing time of the lagoon depends on the monsoon season and is about 1–3 days at the western outlet and increases to 12 days in the central parts.

Volcanic eruptions and the forgotten pearls

With this paper we demonstrate, using the example of the Segara Anakan lagoon in south Java, Indonesia, that exploring the environmental history of an area may provide important information for the understanding of present day problems and their possible solutions. The lagoon is seriously affected by sedimentation. Management measures aiming at its preservation were rather ineffective. Until now, most scholars have treated sedimentation of the lagoon as a short-term phenomenon. We found evidence that sedimentation is a long-term driver of ecosystem changes in Segara Anakan. Ecosystem changes are also obvious in the disappearance of species from the lagoon, like pearl oysters. We recommend that preconditions for the development of adequate management decisions regarding the lagoon's sedimentation problem are (1) a distinction between natural and anthropogenic causes of sedimentation and (2) an understanding of changes in species composition.

Spatio-temporal variation of dissolved inorganic nutrients related to hydrodynamics and land use in the mangrove-fringed Segara Anakan Lagoon, Java, Indonesia

Segara Anakan is a mangrove-fringed lagoon in Java, Indonesia, which is affected by human activities in the lagoon and its hinterland. Nutrient and sediment input from the Citanduy River which drains an agriculture-dominated hinterland is thought to be an important factor for ecosystem degradation. From dry and rainy season investigations of dissolved inorganic nutrients between May 2004 and August 2006 we infer that the nutrient inventory of Segara Anakan is controlled by a complex mixture of anthropogenic and natural sources and processes. Maximum inputs into the western lagoon were supplied by the Citanduy during the rainy season while tidal exchange with the Indian Ocean dominated in the eastern lagoon with little freshwater input. During the dry season recycling in mangroves appeared to be an additional source of nutrients to the lagoon. Despite an extremely high population density and intensive agriculture in the hinterland nutrient pollution and eutrophication in the lagoon were low to moderate on a global scale. It is probably due to the short residence time of water in the shallow lagoon which indicates that major part of the land-derived nutrient input is rapidly exported to the sea. Although Segara Anakan is a highly perturbed system for decades, it appears that still natural processes exert major control on the nutrient inventory of the lagoon.

Metazoan fish parasites of Segara Anakan Lagoon, Indonesia, and their potential use as biological indicators

The present study reports metazoan fish parasites from Segara Anakan, a brackish water lagoon located at the southern Java coast, Indonesia. Seven economically important marine fish species (Mugil cephalus, Siganus javus, Scatophagus argus, Caranx sexfasciatus, Lutjanus johnii, Eleutheronematetradactylum and Johnius coitor) were examined at two different sampling sites within the lagoon for the occurrence of metazoan parasites. A diverse parasite fauna was found, consisting of 43 species/taxa. Ectoparasites (31) were more abundant than endoparasites (12). The fish species J. coitor, M. cephalus and S. argus harboured the most diverse metazoan parasite fauna with 11, 13, and 16 different parasite species, respectively. Prevalence and intensity of infection for each parasite species/taxon is given, including short descriptions for rapid diagnosis. For the first time, we discuss the utilisation of the sampled fish parasites as biological indicator organisms for fish and environmental health within this tropical mangrove ecosystem. Ecto- versus endoparasite ratio and endoparasite diversity are suitable tools to describe the environmental health status at a tropical brackish water locality, and might be applied also for other tropical and possibly non-tropical marine ecosystems.

Status, diversity and distribution patterns of mangrove vegetation in the Segara Anakan lagoon, Java, Indonesia

In the Segara Anakan lagoon, Java, 21 tree species and 5 understorey genera have been identified. Average tree density is 0.80 ± 0.99 Ind./m² with 48.71% seedlings and an average basal area of 9.86 ± 10.54 cm²/m². Tree density and diversity are high in the eastern part of the lagoon, located near the city of Cilacap. There, the dominant tree species are Aegiceras corniculatum, Nypa fruticans and Rhizophora apiculata, of which the two latter are characteristic for mature forests. By contrast, understorey species and the pioneer species (Avicennia alba,Aegiceras corniculatum and Sonneratia caseolaris) dominate the central lagoon where several rivers discharge. Compared to former studies, seedling density and tree diameter in the central lagoon has declined considerably and tree species dominance has changed. The high sedimentation rates and deforestation are likely to prevent the formation of a mature forest there. Tree communities are more equilibrated in the eastern lagoon which points to a more stable and less disturbed mangrove forest.

Land use and land cover change affecting habitat distribution in the Segara Anakan lagoon, Java, Indonesia

This study quantifies and spatially characterizes land use and land cover changes in the Segara Anakan lagoon (SAL), Java, Indonesia, from 1987–2006. Classification of four satellite (SPOT) images from the years 1987, 1995, 2004 and 2006 and field ground truth data from 2004 and 2005 were used for map generation. The results show major changes in the western area of the SAL, with large area increases of rice fields, dry land agriculture, aquaculture and rural areas, and decreases in mangrove cover, mud flat and lagoon area. In the eastern area, minor decreases in mangrove area and increase in aquaculture, rural and industrial areas were also observed. Changes are due to the filling of the lagoon with riverine sediments derived from the hinterland and to mangrove conversion and resources exploitation. The results of this study provide basic information which is required for developing measures towards a sustainable management and conservation of the SAL.

Fate and Behavior of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Indonesian Tropical Climate: A Study in the Segara Anakan Estuarine Ecosystem

AbstractThe fate and behavior of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Segara Anakan Estuarine ecosystem was studied in the Indonesian tropical climate, which is characterized by heavy rainfall in the rainy season and low rainfall in the dry season. Since OCPs have high affinity for soil, a field study on the dissipation and degradation pattern of soil‐applied 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis (4‐chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p′‐DDT) and 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis (4‐chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p′‐DDE) as model OCPs was carried out. They occurred at a faster rate in the biphasic mode in wet conditions and at a slower rate in dry conditions. In wet conditions, the conversion from p,p′‐DDT to p,p′‐DDE and p,p′‐DDD (1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis (4‐chlorophenyl) ethane) was governed by a parallel reaction. In dry conditions, only p,p′‐DDE was formed. The fate and behavior of OCPs in sediment estuary are similar to those in soil under wet conditions, except that their sorption‐desorption constants are influenced by estuarine surface water salinity. In the dry season, due to high salinity, the sediment acts as an OCP sink and a secondary source for the ecosystem, causes higher OCP concentration of local bio‐monitors, i. e., Geloina spp. and Mugil spp. In the rainy season, high water inflow washed the desorbed OCP pesticides out of the estuarine ecosystem, and caused lower concentrations of bio‐monitors. A risk evaluation for the uptake of OCP pesticides during the dry season suggests that adult fish meal consumers are safe, but risk management is required for pregnant woman.

The Habit Alimentaires Analysis (Food Habit) of Hypoatherina sp. Larvae in East Pelawangan Segara Anakan Cilacap

Observations about kind of food in the Hypoatherina sp. side arrested in East Pelawangan Segara Anakan Cilacap. Food habits of observation methods conducted by the method according to the number of Effendie, (1997) 6). Based on the analysis of Hypoatherina sp. larvae food habits and analysis of plankton found in the study showed that the stomach contents of larval size 3,1-5,0 mm or at the beginning of taking food from other species in common with the abundant natural food in the waters, where the largest constituent Bacillariophyceae class. Along with its growth, there is a change in food habits 5,1-7,0 mm long dominated by the food standards Bacillariophyceae (27.5%) and Ciliophora (24.4%). 7,1-9,0 mm long while the standard changed to Bacillariophyceae (19.4%) and Copepod (25.9%). 9,1-11,0 mm, and in turn again to the Copepod (39%) and Cyanophyta (34%). From this research can be concluded that the Hypoatherina sp. is a type of plankton-eating fish, both types of phyto and zooplankton. Key words : Food habit, Fish larvae, Plankton

Dispersion of Fine Shrimp (Metapenaeus elegans de Man 1907) on Segara Anakan Lagoon Cilacap Central Java

The research of the dispersion of fine shrimp (Metapenaeus elegans de Man 1907) was held on Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap Central Java. Sampling was collected systematically during survey from February to December 2004. Based on habitat condition and the distribution of Apong (small size set net) fishing units, study area was divided into three zone : the West, Central and the East Zone. Results showed that fine shrimp caught along the year, was distributed to all Segara Anakan waters. M. elegans catched more in Donan river waters (East zone). Shrimp caught in the lagoon (West zone) was lagger in size than those collected from other zone and they were in the maturing reproductive status. Specimens caught from Tritih Kulon and west Kutawaru were reconded on the smallest. Spawning occurred along the year, with peak seasons in May. The spawning ground in the West Zone, is mainly the lagoon of East Karanganyar. Key word : M. elegans, dispersion, Segara Anakan Lagoon

Crustacean fish parasites from Segara Anakan Lagoon, Java, Indonesia

The present study is the first investigation on ectoparasites of commercial important fish from Segara Anakan, a brackish water lagoon located at the southern coast of Java, Indonesia. Eight economically important marine fish species (Mugil cephalus, Siganus javus, Scatophagus argus, Caranx sexfasciatus, Lutjanus johnii, Eleutheronema tetradactylum, Johnius coitor, and Epinephelus coioides) were examined for crustacean parasites. Prevalence and intensity data for each parasite species are given, together with an analysis of the origin and possible transmission pathways. A highly divers copepod fauna consisting of 23 different species and two isopods was found. All fish species were at least infested with two copepod species, with the exception of L. johnii, S. argus, and M. cephalus. With seven and six species, respectively, they harboured the most species-rich ectoparasite fauna. The copepods Ergasilus sp. 3 and Caligus acanthopagri on S. argus showed the highest prevalence (78.6) and intensity [17.8 (1-233) and 5.3 (1-22)] of infestation. The recorded parasite fauna is represented by marine, brackish water, and probably also freshwater components. The brackish water environment of Segara Anakan does not prevent disease outbreaks due to parasitic copepods by preventing pathogenic marine or freshwater species to enter the lagoon. This might cause fish health problems if the Segara Anakan Lagoon would be developed for finfish mariculture in future.

Inventarisisasi Potensi Ekowisata di Pulau Nusakambangan sebagai Sarana Konservasi Sisa Hutan Hujan Tropis Satu-Satunya di Jawa Tengah

Island Nusakambangan broadly ± 17.000 Ha have unique and typical natural potency so that require to be exploited without destroying its existence, one of way of its exploiting to pass/through ecotourisme.This research is conducted to identify and register existing natural resources potency utilize area exploiting through ecotourisme, leaving from a problem of how level of tour potency Island Nusakambangan earn tidy and presented as a ecotourism development, and wrongly its one target is to get natural resources potency picture as area exploiting effort through activity of ecotourism, This research through 4 step, first is preparation, where conducted exacerbation of formula problems of research, research scope and methodologies. second is identify, that is inventory of potency - natural resources potency, either through research library and also research field, especially concerning how assess variety with various its strong character. Which is later;then analysed descriptively quantitative as third step. And last step is to conclude result of research and give suggestion result of this research express that Nusakambangan island have some natural resources of cave, forest, coastal and unique and typical segara anakan, but do not all can be developed as public tourism object. keyword : ecotourism, resources