Wheat Seeds Research Articles

Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Thermo-Priming on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Drought and Heat Stresses

Seed priming is a physical method for increasing the stress tolerance of crops against stressful environmental conditions. Drought and high temperatures are important environmental factors that limit the growth and grain yield of wheat. The aim of our study is to determine the physiological (germination rate, root and shoot length, specific leaf area (SLA), relative water content (RWC), biomass, total chlorophyll amount (SPAD)), and biochemical (protein amount, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) amount, catalase activity (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase activity (APX), glutathione reductase activity (GR)) changes that occur with thermo-priming in wheat seeds under drought stress (D) and heat stress (H). Our results showed that shoot lengths were drastically reduced with D, H, and HD compared to root lengths. Besides, combined stress protected RWC by 6.8% with 60 min thermo-priming compared to other stress treatments. Chlorophyll content decreased dramatically with D and H, while thermo-priming wasn’t limited to that decrease. In addition, SLA was decreased with all stress treatments, while it healed only with 60 min thermo-priming (HDT60) by 12%. H2O2 was increased with drought stress, while reduced with all heat stress treatments. Among them, HDT60 was found to be more effective than the others. GR activities were increased with thermo-priming by 14-18%, with D and H by 5%. Additionally, GR activity was increased with 30 min thermo-priming (HDT30) in HD treatment by 5.8%, while only with HD by 3.2%. Consequently, HDT60 seemed to effectively on biochemical parameters in wheat seedlings against drought and heat stresses.

Variovorax sp. strain P1R9 applied individually or as part of bacterial consortia enhances wheat germination under salt stress conditions

Endophytes isolated from extremophile plants are interesting microbes for improving the stress tolerance of agricultural plants. Here, we isolated and characterized endophytic bacteria showing plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits from plants in two extreme Chilean biomes (Atacama Desert and Chilean Patagonia). Forty-two isolates were characterized as both halotolerant auxin producers (2–51 mg L−1) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC)-degrading bacteria (15–28 µmol αKB mg protein−1 h−1). The most efficient isolates were tested as single strains, in dual and triple consortia, or in combination with previously reported PGP rhizobacteria (Klebsiella sp. 27IJA and 8LJA) for their impact on the germination of salt-exposed (0.15 M and 0.25 M NaCl) wheat seeds. Interestingly, strain P1R9, identified as Variovorax sp., enhanced wheat germination under salt stress conditions when applied individually or as part of bacterial consortia. Under salt stress, plants inoculated with dual consortia containing the strain Variovorax sp. P1R9 showed higher biomass (41%) and reduced lipid peroxidation (33–56%) than uninoculated plants. Although the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, our data suggest that the application of Variovorax sp. P1R9, alone or as a member of PGP consortia, may improve the salt stress tolerance of wheat plants.

Characterization of Paramagnetic Species in Seeds by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)

Paramagnetic species were characterized in the seeds of radish wild, rice, mustard, wheat, oats, sorghum, sunflower, soybean, cotton, beans, maize and barley by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). Some iron complexes such as goethite, hematite, magnetite, and ferrihydrite, normally present in the soil, were also investigated by EPR, since their signals can, a priori, be present in EPR spectra of seeds. The EPR experiments were performed at X-band microwave frequency (9.3 GHz) on the JEOL spectrometer (JES-PE-3X) from 77 to 385 K and on the BRUKER spectrometer (Elexsys E-580) in a temperature range from 30 to 70 K. In the EPR spectra of the seeds, it was detected the same complex of Fe3+ found in goethite, with g=2.0±0.1 in all the investigated seeds. In addition, free radicals have also been detected with g=2.004±0.002, on all seeds, and with g=2.013 only in sorghum seeds. The sunflower seeds showed the highest signal intensity of the free radical. During the temperature variation, changes were observed in the spectra, in a manner that at low temperature (30 K), beyond the higher intensity on signal of the goethite and free radical, the spectra of the seeds also showed signal of hematite and traces of Mn2+.

Methodology for assessing the food attractiveness of feeding objects on the example of juvenile Australian red claw crayfish

The aim of the work: to identify behavioral responses that make it possible to characterize the food attractiveness of potential feeding objects for juveniles of the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus.Used methods: the study was conducted on the juvenile Australian red-clawed crayfish C. quadricarinatus, in the aquarium room of aquaculture invertebrate department at VNIRO. 11 types of feeding objects of plant and 4 types of animal origin were studied, as well as TetraWaferMix compound feed as a control. A total of 616 experiments were performed.Newness: on the juveniles of the Australian red-clawed crayfish C. quadricarinatus, the methodology for assessing the nutritional attractiveness of feeding objects by the nature of behavior during feed consumption was tested.Result: the experiments conducted showed that a large proportion of individuals who threw, crumbled, held food with their oral limbs for a long time without attempting to mechanical processing it or did not eat the food, indicates its unsatisfactory nutritional qualities. The time spent by crayfish on eating food depends on the hardness of the proposed components, the rate of their softening in water, the size of individuals and therefore cannot directly characterize the nutritional attractiveness of the feed. Most of the proposed forage objects (11 out of 15) had attractive nutritional characteristics for juveniles of C. quadricarinatus crayfish. The most active juveniles consumed animal feed (larvae of Chironomus sp. and Hermetia illucens, squid meat, Gammarus sp.), and among the feeds of plant origin, the seeds of oats, wheat and fried buckwheat, as well as beets and potatoes had the greatest attractiveness.

Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot as Biostimulant Agent to Alleviate Salt Stress in Durum Wheat: Preliminary Results from Germination Trials.

Soil salinization is a critical environmental problem in arid and semiarid regions of the world. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an algae-based biostimulant on germination and seedling vigour of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.), under different saline conditions (0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl). The experiment was carried out under controlled-environment conditions. Seeds were sprayed with a solution containing a combination of fungicide and different concentrations of Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot algae (0%w/v, 10%w/v, 20%w/v, and 30%w/v). All experimental units were placed in a germination cabinet. The effect of the seaweed extract (SWE) on seed germination and seedling performance under salinity stress was evaluated over a period of 8 days. Coleoptile length and biomass were found to be significantly and positively affected by the application of different SWE doses as compared to the control treatment (0% algae). As for germination traits, seeds treated with SWE showed a final germination (from 82% to 88%), under severe saline conditions, significantly higher than that observed in the control treatment (61%). Our findings indicate that the appropriate dose of biostimulant can markedly improve the germination and the seedlings vigour of durum wheat seeds under saline conditions. Additional studies will be needed to understand the mechanism of action of this biostimulant and its effectiveness in longer studies under field conditions.

Effectiveness of Volatiles Emitted by Streptomyces abikoensis TJGA-19 for Managing Litchi Downy Blight Disease.

Litchi is a fruit of significant commercial value; however, its quality and yield are hindered by downy blight disease caused by Peronophythora litchii. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Streptomyces abikoensis TJGA-19 were investigated for their antifungal effects and studied in vitro and in planta for the suppression of litchi downy blight disease in litchi leaves and fruits. The growth of P. litchii was inhibited by VOCs produced by TJGA-19 cultivated on autoclaved wheat seeds for durations of 10, 20, or 30 days. Volatiles from 20-day-old cultures were more active in inhibition effect against P. litchii than those from 10- or 30-day-old cultures. These volatiles inhibit the growth of mycelia, sporulation, and oospore production, without any significant effect on sporangia germination. Additionally, the VOCs were effective in suppressing disease severity in detached litchi leaf and fruit infection assays. With the increase in the weight of the wheat seed culture of S.abikoensis TJGA-19, the diameters of disease spots on leaves, as well as the incidence rate and disease indices on fruits, decreased significantly. Microscopic results from SEM and TEM investigations showed abnormal morphology of sporangia, mycelia, and sporangiophores, as well as organelle damage in P. litchii caused by VOCs of TJGA-19. Spectroscopic analysis revealed the identification of 22 VOCs produced by TJGA-19, among which the most dominant compound was 2-Methyliborneol. These findings indicated the significant role of TJGA-19 compounds in the control of litchi downy blight disease and in improving fruit quality.

Effectiveness of a preparation based on animal effects on winter and spring wheat

The results of testing a drug obtained from livestock waste containing fulvic acids on winter and spring wheat are presented. The prescription was obtained by treating an aqueous infusion of chicken manure and pig waste with 60% nitric acid. Before use, the drug was diluted with water in a ratio of 1:100. The working solution had a pH of 6.7–6.9. The specified pH value of the working solution prevents the possible adverse effect of the drug on other agrochemicals when using tank mixtures. Pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with the resulting preparation, at a consumption rate of 0.1 l/t, increased the area of flag leaves, which had a significant positive effect on yield, by 1.8 times compared with the control. The biomass of plants treated with the drug was 1.3 times greater than in the control. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with the medication at a consumption rate of 0.1 l/t led to an increase in the yield of winter wheat in the conditions of the Belgorod region by 0.44 t/ha, or by 6.8 %, as well as the content of gluten protein in grain by 2.0 % and reduced infection of seeds with Alternaria. Spraying spring wheat during the stem growth phase (two nodes) increased the yield by 0.73 t/ha or 20.8 %. The use of the drug for pre-sowing seed treatment significantly reduced the sensitivity of spring wheat plants to herbicide stress. The increase in yield under the influence of the medicine was achieved by increasing the number of ears by 11.2 % and by increasing the number of grains in an ear by 8.3 %.

Comparison of fatty acids and amino acids profiles of the selected perennial and annual wheat varieties from Kazakhstan

This study applied various chromatographic methods to assess the chemical composition of five selected perennial and annual wheat seed varieties cultivated in Kazakhstan. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis revealed distinct fatty acid profiles, with perennial, soft, and durum annual wheat seeds displaying varying levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (SFA: 10.538 − 19.676%, MUFA: 17.124 − 23.131%, PUFA: 58.649 − 66.938%). HPLC analysis uncovered significant differences in the content of total non-essential amino acids (TNEA) and essential amino acids (TEA). Among the analysed varieties, "Sova" had the highest TNEA content (4464.70 mg/g) with aspartic acid as the predominant amino acid (4146.35 mg/g), while "704" displayed the highest TEA content (579.95 mg/g) with tyrosine as the dominant amino acid (219.98 mg/g). These findings highlight the potential of Kazakh wheat varieties as rich sources of essential nutrients and hold promise for improving public health.

Millmeter-wave irradiation regulates mRNA-expression and the ubiquitin-proteasome system in wheat exposed to flooding stress

The irradiation with millimeter-wave (MMW) of wheat seeds promotes root growth under flooding stress; however, its role is not completely clarified. Nuclear proteomics was performed, to reveal the role of MMW irradiation in enhancing flooding tolerance. The purity of nuclear fractions purified from roots was verified. Histone, which is a protein marker for nuclear-purification efficiency, was enriched; and cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase was reduced in the nuclear fraction. The principal-component analysis of proteome displayed that the irradiation of seeds affected nuclear proteins in roots grown under flooding stress. Proteins detected using proteomic analysis were verified using immunoblot analysis. Histone H3 accumulated under flooding stress; however, it decreased to the control level by irradiation. Whereas the ubiquitin accumulated in roots grown under stress when seeds were irradiated. These results suggest that MMW irradiation improves wheat-root growth under flooding stress through the regulation of mRNA-expression level and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. SignificanceTo reveal the role of millimeter-wave irradiation in enhancing flooding tolerance in wheat, nuclear proteomics was performed. The principal-component analysis of proteome displayed that irradiation of seeds affected nuclear proteins in roots grown under flooding stress. Proteins detected using proteomic analysis were verified using immunoblot analysis. Histone H3 accumulated under flooding stress; however, it decreased to the control level with irradiation. Whereas the ubiquitin accumulated in roots grown under stress when seeds were irradiated. These results suggest that millimeter-wave irradiation improves wheat-root growth under flooding stress through the regulation of mRNA-expression level and the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

Chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin counteract salt-mediated ionic toxicity in wheat seedlings: an ecofriendly and sustainable approach.

Over-accumulating salts in soil are hazardous materials that interfere with the biochemical pathways in growing plants drastically affecting their physiological attributes, growth, and productivity. Soil salinization poses severe threats to highly-demanded and important crops directly challenging food security and sustainable productivity. Recently, there has been a great demand to exploit natural sources for the development of nontoxic nanoformulations of growth enhancers and stress emulators. The chitosan (CS) has growth-stimulating properties and widespread use as nanocarriers, while curcumin (CUR) has a well-established high ROS scavenging potential. Herein, we use CS and CUR for the preparation of CSNPs encapsulating CUR as an ecofriendly nanopriming agent. The hydroprimed, nanoprimed (0.02 and 0.04%), and unprimed (control) wheat seeds were germinated under salt stress (150 mM NaCl) and normal conditions. The seedlings established from the aforementioned seeds were employed for germination studies and biochemical analyses. Priming imprints mitigated the ionic toxicity by upregulating the machinery of antioxidants (CAT, POD, APX, and SOD), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b, total Chl, and lycopene), tannins, flavonoids, and protein contents in wheat seedlings under salt stress. It controlled ROS production and avoided structural injuries, thus reducing MDA contents and regulating osmoregulation. The nanopriming-induced readjustments in biochemical attributes counteracted the ionic toxicity and positively influenced the growth parameters including final germination, vigor, and germination index. It also reduced the mean germination time, significantly validating the growth-stimulating and stress-emulating role of the prepared nanosystem. Hence, the nanopriming conferred tolerance against salt stress during germination and seedling development, ensuring sustainable growth.

Synthesis of tropyrated azomethines exhibiting biological activity

The article presents the results of the synthesis of tropylated azomethines without the use of toxic solvents. The proposed synthesis methods make it possible to speed up the process of obtaining substances, as well as bypass the process of their purification. Biological activity has been proven in laboratory model experiments on wheat and pea seeds. A decrease in infection of wheat seeds by 1.2-1.6 times with the fungus Mucor sp. was established. Tropylated azomethine exhibits a growth-stimulating effect on peas. Soaking pea seeds for 1 hour in an azomethine solution with a concentration of 1×10-2% improves plant development in the initial period of growth and development. There was an increase in plant height relative to the control by 3.4%, aboveground mass by 41.4%, soluble protein content in aboveground mass by 16.8%, in roots by 22.7%, peroxidase activity in sprouts by 117.6%, in the roots by 551.1%.

Modern technologies for cultivation of winter wheat on leached chernozems of the Republic North Ossetia-Alania

The purpose of the research was to study and use modern agrobiological principles of adaptive intensification of the technology for cultivating promising introduced varieties of winter wheat, their responsiveness to growth stimulants and winter hardiness of plants, as well as to identify inhibitory functionality in the destruction of weeds, reducing the incidence and number of pests on leached chernozems of the Republic North Ossetia–Alania. The processes of pre-vegetation were studied and it was found that the energy of seeds germination had a positive correlation with air temperature within the range of r=0,68–0,84. A slightly lower correlation coeffi cient (r=0,61–0,68) was noted when taking into account laboratory seeds germination. The maximum weight of 1000 seeds was observed in the varieties Aivina, Vassa and Kameya – 44,8–51,9 g, which was 1,2–8,3 g higher than in the control. High resistance to low temperatures was determined with normal autumn development of plants with sugar content in within 30 % or more. A recommended method for pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds consists of soaking in a 0,1 % aqueous solution of sodium selenate (Na2SeO4) for 0,5–1 hour, enveloping with soil from the rhizosphere of Galega eorientalis Lam., thereby increasing the productivity and fertility of soils without additional costs for nitrogen fertilizers. The infl uence of seeding rates and predecessors such as clover and peas on the yield of Batko variety on leached chernozems of the foothill zone of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania was revealed. The optimal germination rate was 89,5 %, when sowing after peas with a seeding rate of 4,5 million pcs/ha, the yield reached 3,7 and 3,8 c/ha after clover and peas, respectively, with a profitability level of 77,7 % for due to the lack of additional technological methods. It was revealed that the biological product Nikfan in mixed with sulfur-containing mineral water as a top dressing for crops during the spring regrowth period after various predecessors contributed to an increase in yield and quality indicators of grain, a profitability level of 51,9 % and a reduction in prime-cost to 5,77 rub./kg.

Preparations based on bacteria from frozen rocks during the dressing of spring wheat seeds

The analysis of the effect of the applied biologies and chemical protectant in seed treatment carried out using paper rolls showed germination against the background of chemical dressing + bacteria – 85-96% at the control of 88%, against the background of pure bacteria 81-88% decrease by 2-10% from the background with chemical dressing. The root length was 11-13 cm, the root mass significantly exceeded the control on the variants of mixtures of chemical dressing and biopreparation. The length of the coleoptile significantly decreased by 1.6-2.6 cm according to the chemical dressing options, the sprout length varied between 9.6-12.0 cm, and a decrease in the sprout length was observed in most variants with a chemical protectant. Against the background of pure chemical protection (seed dressing), the protection efficiency was 100% during the tillering phase and 86% by the end of the growing season of the crop against root rot, mixed versions of the protectant with bacteria reduced faster the protection level. As a result, experimental data were obtained for testing mixtures of bacterial strains of R. Bacillus in the system of pre-sowing dressing of spring wheat seeds, with a positive effect on yield, strains of biological products were isolated (szr + 875 x 9-08; szr + 875 x Mm8; szr + 9-08 x Mm8).

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРЕДПОСЕВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ СЕМЯН ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИМ ПОЛЕМ НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ЛЬНА-ДОЛГУНЦА И ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

Pre-sowing seed treatment is a mandatory agricultural method of increasing yields by increasing the energy and germination of seeds. Laboratory and field tests showed an increase in the yield and quality of flax and spring wheat seeds due to pre-sowing seed treatment with an electric field at the Sadko-1 electrophysical installation. (Research Purpose) The research purpose is selecting the treatment modes (the voltage acting on the seeds with a low-frequency electric field and the resting of the seeds after treatment) that increase the sowing properties of the seeds and yield and determining the economic efficiency of electrophysical technology of pre-sowing seed treatment in the cultivation of flax and spring wheat. (Materials and methods) Three batches of seeds of each crop were treated with an electric field of 2, 4 and 6 kilovolts per centimeter. After resting for 9 days, the seeds were sown into the soil. The field experiment included four options: control (without exposure to an electric field on seeds) and three options corresponding to exposure modes: 2, 4, and 6 kilovolts per centimeter. The area of the registered plot was 50 square meters. During the growth and development of crops, the field germination and preservation of plants before harvesting and the harvest of each plot were determined. (Results and discussion) During laboratory germination of treated seeds, an improvement in seed sowing qualities is observed: energy and germination, increase in the size and weight of seven-day seedlings. It was found that in the process of growth and development of crops, the effect of pre-sowing treatment is manifested in increasing field germination and preservation of plants before harvesting. (Conclusions) Pre-sowing treatment of flax seeds and spring wheat at the Sadko-1 installation contributed to an increase in the yield and quality of straw and flax grain. Economic calculations indicate the high profitability of the proposed technology. Due to processing in the electric field intensity mode of 6 kilovolts per centimeter, additional net profit of 1.87 thousand rubles per hectare was obtained when cultivating flax using mineral fertilizers, without the use of mineral fertilizers - 1.03 thousand rubles per hectare (in 2021 prices). The cost of seed treatment is ~ 50 rubles per hectare. Net profit due to pre-sowing electrophysical processing of wheat at 2 kilovolts per centimeter amounted to 2.86 thousand rubles per hectare. The presented method of seed treatment can be offered to farms as an element of resource-saving technologies, as well as for pre-sowing seed treatment of low sowing conditions.

Performance Investigation of Precision Seeding of a Multi-Rows Pneumatic Cylindrical System for Wheat

Highlights By using the seed barrier mechanism, the cylindrical metering device was able to locate seeds through the six rows successfully and precisely. Each row's seed quality index was above 90%, with minor variations within and between rows. An oblong shape was used on the metering cylinder to be comfortable for wheat seeds. During field trials, the coefficient of variation for seed distribution was 3.43%. Abstract. The main objective of this study was to investigate the performance of a pneumatic cylindrical system with six rows for wheat precision seeding. The cylinder was coupled with a plastic barrier to prevent seeds from creeping over the cylinder and permit precise seed distribution. Results disclosed that the optimum negative pressures associated with 15, 20, and 25 rpm were 2.4, 2.7, and 3.00 kPa, respectively. 15 rpm resulted in a quality index of 90.96%, 90.88%, 90.86%, 90.76%, 90.56%, and 90.38%, while 20 rpm attained 91.30%, 91.02%, 91.06%, 90.86%, 91.32%, and 90.82%, and 25 rpm achieved 90.92%, 90.72%, 90.84%, 90.86%, 90.62%, and 90.80% for rows 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. The highest seed feed index (91.32%) was obtained by row 4 at a speed of 20 rpm, while the lowest value (90.56%) was achieved by row 6 at 15 rpm. Both the separate rows' stability and the rows' consistent CV resulted in a CV range of less than 1.5 percentage points, with some tendency of 25 rpm to be more consistent than 15 and 20 rpm. Results concluded that the multi-row cylinder and the plastic barrier technique could satisfy the required seed precision without damage and be employed for further investigations. Keywords: Multi-row cylindrical, Pneumatic system, Seed precision, Wheat.

The effect of sowing dates and seed rates on field germination of new varieties of wheat

The article presents the effect of sowing dates and seed rates on the field gemination of seeds of new varieties of durum wheat Javahir, Mingchinor, Langar, Yoqut-2014 in drought conditions. The complete harvest of winter durum wheat and its wintering, storage until harvest, and ultimately, obtaining an abundant and high-quality grain harvest from the crop directly depend on the correct determination of the optimal sowing period and norms. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of sowing dates and seed rates on the field germination of new durum wheat in the conditions of typical gray soils of the drought conditions of Kashkadarya region. In research, the highest germination of durum wheat seeds was observed when planted on October 21, that is, the fertility of seeds compared to when planted on October 1 (control) was 2.9 in accordance with Javokhir, Mingchinor, Langar, Yoqut-2014 varieties; 2.7; 3.2; increased by 3.3%. A decrease in field fertility of all durum wheat cultivars was observed with late sowing. This indicator is 5.8 in the Jawakhir variety compared to the one planted on October 21 in the first ten days of December; 6.1 in Mingchinor; 6.3 at anchor; Ruby decreased by 6.4% in 2014. In the Mingchinor variety, 2.1% delay in planting dates from October 21 and 6.6% decrease in seed germination in field conditions were found. In the article, the impact of planting dates and standards of durum wheat varieties Javahir, Mingchinor, Langar, Yoqut-2014 included in the State Register of Agricultural Crops on field germination was studied and recommendations were given based on the experimental results.

USE OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN AGRICULTURAL PREPARATIONS

Introduction. The production and use of growth stimulants, both as single preparations and in combination with traditional organo-mineral fertilizers, is of great scientific interest and practical significance. In this connection, one of the most promising approaches to solving this problem is the development of preparations based on plant growth regulators, including both biostimulants obtained by microbiological synthesis and biostimulants obtained by chemical synthesis. Purpose. To develop a growth-stimulating preparation using non-traditional raw materials and test it in laboratory and field conditions on pilot batches of barley and wheat seeds encapsulated with the preparation being studied, which contained the following components: sodium humate, hydrated fullerenes, an aqueous solution of shungite, microbiological carotene in a certain ratio. Methods. Laboratory and field experiments to study the effect of the application of preparations with different components on the growth and development of barley and spring wheat were carried out on the basis of V. Dokuchaev Kharkiv National Agrarian University at the Department of Plant Growing in 2020. Results. The results obtained during laboratory experiments showed that the application of the preparation "Humyr" had a stimulating effect on the growth of plants. Seedlings in the test variant appeared a day earlier than the control ones, and the plants of the test variant were ahead of the control ones in development. At the end, the average length of seedlings was 9.5 cm in the control, and it was 13.8 cm in the test. The average mass of seedlings was 1.6 g in the test. Thus, in the preliminary laboratory experiments it has been shown that the application of the preparation at the first stages of plant growth had a stimulating effect, ensuring an increase in the length and mass of seedlings in the tests compared to the control ones. Conclusions and perspectives. Research and development of new non-traditional preparations which, along with known plant growth stimulants, increase the productivity of crops in food production were carried out. The developed preparation “Humir”, in addition to increasing the yield of grain crops, had good wettability and a film-forming effect. After spraying, it caused a creation of thin film on the surface of the leaf, which was being absorbed by the plant for several days. Because of this, “Humir” can also be successfully used to combat diseases such as powdery mildew, late blight, bacteriosis, etc.

Microbiological preparations based on strains of associative bacteria in the cultivation of spring wheat in Central Yakutia

The studies were conducted in Central Yakutia on permafrost taiga-pale-yellow soils with a low humus content from 2016 to 2020. The use of biological products of associative bacteria is an environmentally friendly way to increase crop yields and improve soil fertility. The effect of pre-sowing inoculation of spring wheat seeds with various biological preparations of associative bacteria: Rhizoagrin, Mobilin, Mizorin was studied. The responsiveness of the culture to the use of biological preparations was noted: inoculation of seeds contributed to the formation of grain yield of spring wheat. In the experimental variants, a significant increase in the yield of spring wheat grain was noted — on average up to 1.6 t/ha in the variant using the preparation Mizorin. Pre-sowing inoculation of spring wheat seeds contributed to increased plant growth in height (up to 14%), an increase in the amount of grain (up to 16%), as well as an increase in the mass of roots (up to 35%), leaves (up to 60%), inflorescences (up to 24%), straw (up to 48%). The use of the studied biopreparations based on strains of associative bacteria had a positive effect on both the growth and development of plants and an increase in the yield of spring wheat grain.

The influence of different doses of bio preparations on the germination of swim winter wheat seeds in laboratory conditions

The influence of different doses of bio preparations on the germination of swim winter wheat seeds in laboratory conditions

Protection of winter wheat from diseases in the zone of unstable humidization of the Stavropol Territory

The study of new seed protectants and fungicides for treating crops, taking into account varieties and predecessors in certain natural and climatic zones, is relevant and of great importance in optimizing the phyto and sanitary condition and increasing the gross harvest of winter wheat in the Stavropol Territory. The purpose of the research was to improve the protection of winter wheat from diseases in the unstable moisture zone of the Stavropol Territory. During the research process, two experiments were carried out: experiment No. 1 “Determination of the eff ectiveness of seed protectants against a complex of harmful pathogens and their eff ect on the biometric parameters of plants and the yield of winter wheat.” The object of research was winter wheat of the variety Yuka winter wheat sown according to its predecessor winter wheat. Experiment No. 2 “Determination of the eff ectiveness of fungicides in the spring tillering phase against a complex of harmful pathogens and their infl uence on the biometric parameters of plants and the yield of winter wheat.” The object of research was winter wheat of the variety Tanya sown according to its predecessor sunfl ower. The best economic indicators were obtained in variants where winter wheat seeds were treated with Baritone, KS and Lamador Pro, KS. Thus, the net profi t from 1 hectare in them amounted to 39 009,7–40 102,9 rubles, the level of profi tability was 124,8–126,4 %, which was 73,8–75,4 abs.% more than in the option with using the drug Dividend Supreme, KS. When using the fungicide Abrusta, KS in winter wheat crops, the best economic indicators were also obtained. The net profi t per 1 hectare in them amounted to 47 711,5 rubles, the level of profi tability was 134,1 %, which was 64,9 abs.% more than in the control.