Soursop Seeds Research Articles

Effect of oven and sun drying on the chemical properties, lipid profile of soursop (Annona muricata) seed oil, and the functional properties of the defatted flour.

Soursop seeds present a potential source of edible oil production. This work was aimed at determining the effect of oven and sun drying on the chemical properties and lipid profile of soursop seed oil as well as the functional properties of the defatted seed flour. The chemical properties, lipid profiles, and functional properties of soursop seeds dried for 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 hr, and 0, 1, 3, and 5 days, respectively, in the oven and on the sun using time T0 as the control sample were determined using oil quality indices, gas phase chromatography, and functionality tests for flours, respectively, with a view of highlighting the potentials of the defatted seed. The result of the study revealed that the chemical properties of oils for oven‐dried and sun‐dried seeds changed with drying technique and time, with iodine value being the more affected parameter, and peroxide value (PV) being the least. The control exhibited the highest free fatty acids (FFAs), peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, and saponification value compared with dried samples. The fatty acid profiling showed that the predominant fatty acids were C18:1n‐9, C18:2n‐6, and C16:0 and that unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and omega‐fats were not significantly affected by the oven drying time. The mean PUFA content ranged from 31.72% with sundried seeds to 30.92% after 30 hr of oven‐drying and was not significantly affected by the drying technique. The oils contained more n‐6 (30.60%) fatty acids than n‐3 (1.12%). The PUFA/SFA ratios [1.14–1.37] as well as the Atherogenic index (AI) [0.25–0.27] were acceptable because of the recommended range of FAO/WHO. PUFA/SFA, n‐6/n‐3, and Atherogenic index (AI) did not change much with the sun‐drying technique compared with oven‐drying. Flours from sun‐dried seeds had better functional properties than oven‐dried and more than 3 different types of proteins (based on isoelectric points of proteins). It can be concluded that soursop seed contains good quality oil, which can be exploited to improve nutrition. Manufacturers of animal feeds should explore the agro‐industrial use of its oil and defatted seed flour.

Vegetable fixed oils obtained from soursop agro-industrial waste: Extraction, characterization and preliminary evaluation of the functionality as pharmaceutical ingredients

This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of using oils extracted from seeds of soursop industrial waste for use as pharmaceutical ingredients. For that, soursop seeds were subjected to different processes of extraction of fixed oil, by chemical and mechanical routes. After characterization of fixed oils, the feasibility of using them as pharmaceutical excipients was explored by preparing creams in which the oils were used as emollient and/or antioxidant excipient. The oil extracted from soursop seeds in a Soxhlet device and ethyl ether solvent (SFO) showed a yield of 30.72 ± 0.09 % (w w−1) and, in a domestic extruder (MFO), 23.86 ± 0.78 % (w w−1). These oils showed physicochemical attributes that indicative of good preservation. The major fatty acid was the oleic acid, with 42.94–43.73 % in relative area, followed by linoleic with 29.5%–30% in relative area. In the non-grease fraction, the SFO showed considerable levels of phenolics (194.5 ± 31.1 mg kg−1) and tocopherols (608.2 ± 36.7 mg kg−1), which gave it an antioxidant potential, confirmed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl test, with a concentration effective for 50% inhibition (IC50) of 2.8 mg mL−1. Finally, the evaluation of the quality parameters of the creams, suggests that the use of fixed soursop oils to replace the synthetic ingredients usually incorporated (decyl oleate, liquid petrolatum and butylhydroxytoluene), originated formulations with adequate physical and chemical stability. These findings suggest that both oils obtained are possible candidates for use as emollients and antioxidant in pharmaceutical formulas. In addition, contributing to minimize the generation of waste from the fruit agribusiness and add economic value to a by-product generated in the production of fruit pulp.

Evaluation of the essential amino acids and fatty acids of Citrullus lanatus and Annona muricata seeds

Looking into the prevalence of high level of macro and micronutrients malnutrition especially amongst the vulnerable sections in the country even at this time of dwindling economy and increasing prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases globally, the need for exploration of underutilized food parts is significant to overcome the nutritional disorders. Many seeds which we considered as waste and simply discard after taking the juicy part of the fruit may however be reservoir of many nutrients. The seeds of Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) and Annona muricata (Soursop) were collected, dried and dehulled. They were thereafter pulverized and subjected to analysis to assess their nutritional qualities by identifying their essential amino acids and fatty acids. Results of the proximate analysis revealed that the seeds are rich sources of protein and fat. They also contain all the essential amino acids with leucine being predominant in watermelon and lysine in soursop. The seeds also contain essential fatty acids such as linoleic acids and linolenic acids. Overall, the results indicated that the seeds of watermelon and soursop are of high nutritional qualities as identified by the essential nutrients, hence, could be harnessed and incorporated in the diets (man and animal nutrition) to combat malnutrition.

CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTIALLY PURIFIED CYSTEINE PROTEASE INHIBITOR FROM THE FRUITS AND SEEDS OF SOURSOP (ANNONA MURICATA)

Introduction: Soursop (Annona muricataLinn) is an edible lowland tropical fruit-bearing tree that is widely cultivated across regions of the world. It has been extensively researched as a result of its store of acetogenin; a potent anticancer agent. However, there is a dearth of information on the precise mechanism of action of acetogenin; thereby subjecting it to rigorous scrutiny. It is therefore imperative to investigate this plant in the hope of discovering a different class of anticancer agent inherent in it. Various studies have demonstrated that cysteine protease inhibitors (CPIs) have considerable therapeutic potential which can be utilized in a variety of disease states including cancer. Aim: Study was designed to isolate, purify and characterize CPI from the fruits and seeds of Soursop. Method: Isolation and purification of CPI was achieved by simple methods consisting of ammonium sulphate precipitation, anion exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. Mode of inhibition, optimum pH and temperature, as well as the effect of metals on the enzyme activity were determined using spectrophotometry. Result: The purified CPI from seeds and fruits exhibited competitive and noncompetitive inhibition against papain respectively. However, maximal inhibitory activities for both fruit and seed samples were observed at similar optimal pH and temperature of 8 and 40°C respectively. Although, metal cations such as cobalt (Co2+), copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+) did not effect a considerable decrease on the inhibitory activity of the CPI; Lead (Pb2+), Magnesium (Mg2+) and manganese (Mn2+) significantly inhibited CPI at a very low concentration (1mM). Conclusion: The antagonistic properties exhibited by the purified CPI certainly indicate its likely suitability for pharmaceutical application in the treatment of some pathological conditions such as cancer in which uncontrolled proteolytic activities of cysteine proteases are implicated. There is an ample scope for further research on structure elucidation and protein engineering to facilitate its usage in wide range of application.

Potential alternative feed sources for ruminant feeding from the biodiesel production chain by-products

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, fractionation of nitrogen compounds and carbohydrates, digestibility parameters, gas production kinetics and ruminal fermentation of fruit seed cakes. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three fruit seed cakes (treatments) and four replications. The cakes were made of seeds of custard apple (Annona squamosa), soursop (Annona muricata) and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), which were collected in a biodiesel plant. The passion fruit seed cake presented the highest content of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre crude protein (NDFcp), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin and total carbohydrates (P<0.05). The custard apple seed cake presented high proportions of crude protein, condensed tannins and digestible energy (P<0.05). The soursop seed cake presented higher values for ether extract and total digestible nutrients (P<0.05). For potential degradability, the authors detected a difference between the custard apple, soursop and passion fruit seed cakes. The total volume of gases was higher for custard apple and soursop seed cakes. Custard apple seed cake presented higher proportions of in vitro degradation parameters (P<0.05). Thus this cake could provide greater nutrient levels when supplied in ruminant diets, followed by soursop seed cake and passion fruit seed cake.
 Keywords: alternative food, by-products, ruminant feeding, seed cake, semi-arid

Identification of Fungal Pathogens of Mango and Soursop Fruits Using Morphological and Molecular Tools and Their Control Using Papaya and Soursop Leaf and Seed Extracts

Fruit and vegetable products are susceptible to the attack of fungi during postharvest handling. Chemical fungicides are the most commonly used technique to control fungal diseases. However, an alternative product is the use of plant extracts, which have been reported in in vitro and in vivo conditions. The objective of this investigation was to identify one of the main pathogens of mango and soursop fruits using morphological and molecular tools as well as to evaluate the in vitro inhibitory effect of papaya and soursop leaf and seed extracts. Two pathogens were isolated and identified by their morphological and molecular characteristics from mango and soursop fruits. We obtained extracts from leaves and seeds of soursop and papaya using five solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water) through the ultrasound-assisted extraction technique at a frequency of 35 kHz and 160 W for 14 min. In vitro evaluations of the extracts were performed using the Kirby–Bauer technique. The extracts with the highest percentage of inhibition were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using standardized techniques of colorimetry and spectrophotometry. Furthermore, we determined the content of total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, and saponins. As a result, we identified the pathogens as Colletotrichum fructicola and Nectria haematococca. Aqueous extracts (water as a solvent) showed a higher percentage of inhibition of both pathogens compared with the other extracts. Furthermore, the aqueous extract of papaya leaf was the most effective among all extracts. The aqueous papaya leaf extract exhibited a percentage of inhibition of 49.86% for C. fructicola and 47.89% for N. haematococca. The aqueous extracts of papaya leaf and seed (AqEPL and AqEPS) presented the greatest amount of metabolites (except anthraquinones and coumarins). The aqueous soursop leaf extract (AqESL) presented the greatest amount of phenols, tannins, and flavonoids (219.14 ± 8.52 mg GAE/L, 159.84 ± 10 mg GAE/g dm and 0.13 ± 1.12 × 10−4, respectively). The aqueous soursop seed extract (AqESS) had the highest saponin content with 1.2 ± 0.1 mg QSES/g dm and the papaya leaf accusative extract (AqEPL) had the highest alkaloid content (6.413 ± 1 × 10−3 mg AE/g dm) compared with the other extracts. The AqESS had a lower content of secondary metabolites (sterols, alkaloids, and saponins), while AqESL showed no presence of alkaloids and coumarins.

Evaluation of Nutritional and Phytochemical Properties of Dried Soursop Seeds

Utilization of fruits that possess a large range of medicinal and health benefit is limited due to their fast rate deterioration especially in developing countries. The research study methods of drying as means of preserving seeds of soursop and its effects on its chemical constituents. The samples were dried in the open sun and oven (30- 60º C). The dryer reduces the moisture content from the fresh seed from 42.6% (w.b) between 14.61% (w.b.) for open sun and 19.72% at 30ºC and 13.75% (wb) at 60ºC for oven drying. Soursop seeds had an increase in value from fresh to dried for the followings; ash, fat, fibre, alkaloid, total phenolic, phylate and flavonoid content. There is reduction in value of soursop from fresh to dried for moisture, crude protein, carbohydrate, tannin and tritatable content. Oven at drying temperature of 40ºC had the best result in terms of nutritional and Phytochemicals constituents, which provides the health enhancing effects of the soursop seeds. The result is useful for farmers, researchers, and processors in agro processing industry in designing a reliable machine for processing soursop seeds which will boost production of soursop in Nigeria.

Mathematical Modelling of Drying Kinetics of Anonna Muricata L. (Soursop) Seeds Under Different Drying Conditions

The seeds of soursop were dried to preserve the physical and physiological nature of the seeds. The thin layer drying performance of Anonna muricata (Soursop)seeds under three diverse drying techniques; open sun, heat pump and oven drying strategies at temperature of 40oC were assessed so as to foresee the best equation for the drying kinetics from thirteen (13) existing drying Mathematical models. Fresh samples of the seeds were gotten and dried at the same time under these drying strategies and weighed at regular interim until consistent weight was accomplished. The drying data; moisture loss and drying rate were gotten and changed to moisture ratio which was fitted to the thirteen mathematical models. The best fit model to portray the thin layer drying of Anonna muricata (Soursop) leaves was accomplished dependent on the model with the highest correlation coefficient (R2), and lowest reduced chi square (χ2) and root mean square error (RMSE). Two term models were the best and most appropriate in predicting drying kinetics of soursop seeds under the different drying methods of study. It had highest R2 of 0.9993, lowest Chi square of 0.000, and RMSE of 0.0047, highest R2 of 0.991, Chi square of 0.0003, and RMSE of 0.0157 and highest R2 of 0.9961, Chi square of 0.0085 and lowest RMSE of 0.0093 for open, oven and heat pump respectively It is featured that in the drying processes, the lesser the activation energy, the more prominent will be water diffusion inside the product.

Effect of extraction solvent on total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of soursop seeds (Annona muricata L.)

Soursop (Annona muricata L.), a plant native to South America, is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In this study, extract of A. Muricata was obtained using various solvents including distilled water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. Total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content and the antioxidant activity of A. muricata seed extracts were investigated using various in vitro assays. The highest extraction yield (23.60%) was obtained by using chloroform. The extract obtained by ethanol showed the highest total polyphenol content (282.71 ± 8.64 mg GAE/100g DW) and the highest flavonoid content (86.57 ± 3.20 mg QE/100g DW). The same extract also exhibited the highest DPPH (341.57 ± 6.90 AAE/100g DW), ABTS (382.20 ± 9.71 mg AAE/100g DW) radical scavenging activity and FRAP (369.84 ± 7.96 mg AAE/100g DW). These results indicate that A. muricata can be used in dietary applications with the potential to reduce oxidative stress.

Qualitative and activities tests of acetogenin compound from soursop seeds extract (Annona muricata L) as rice weevil insecticide (Sitophylus oryzae L)

Kutu beras (Sitophylus oryzae L), merupakan salah satu jenis hama gudang yang banyak merusak persediaan beras di tempat penyimpanan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan tanaman biji sirsak (Annona muricata L.) atau family Annonaceae yang meiliki kandungan senyawa acetogenin dan bersifat sebagai insektisida. Insektisida merupakan salah satu jenis pestisida berdasarkan organisme yang dapat membunuh serangga maupun hama. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengekstraksi senyawa acetogenin dari biji sirsak adalah metode maserasi. Pada uji FT-IR ekstrak biji sirsak diperoleh senyawa acetogenin dari golongan alkaloid yang di tandai dengan adanya gugus OH pada panjang gelombang 3469.94, pada panjang gelombang 2854.65 adanya gugus alkana C-H, pada panjang gelombang 1745.58 adanya gugus aldehid, keton, asam karbosilat dan ester ( C=O), pada panjang gelombang 1643.35 ditandai dengan adanya gugus alkena ( C=C), pada panjang gelombang 1539.20 ditandai dengan senyawa nitrogen ( NO2), pada panjang gelombang 1460.11 – 723.31 didapatkan senyawa alkana ( C-H). Pada uji FT-IR serbuk biji sirsak ditandai dengan adanya panjang gelombang 3415.93 ditandai dengan gugus amina, amida ( N-H ), panjang gelombang 2924.09 ditandai dengan gugus alkana (C-H), panjang gelombang 1745.58 – 1647.21 ditandai dengan gugus aldehid, keton, asam karbosilat dan eseter (C=O), panjang gelombang 1541.12 ditandai dengan gugus senyawa nitrogen (NO2), panjang gelombang 1460.11 didapatkan gugus alkana (C-H), panjang gelombang 1055.06 – 1028.06 didapatkan gugus alkohol, seter, asam karbosilat dan ester (C-O). Hasil uji aktivitas menunjukkan kematian kutu beras pada hari ketiga perlakuan.

Assessment of chemical, nutritional and bioactive properties of Annona crassiflora and Annona muricata wastes

Abstract Recently, many researches have become available in order to value agroindustrial waste and by-products through processes that exploit these wastes and transform them into new value-added products. Thus, this study aimed to assess the chemical composition (proximate analysis, mineral profile, pectic substances, carbohydrates), fatty acid profile, and bioactive compounds of two major exotic fruit wastes (seeds), marolo and soursop, largely found in one of the richest Brazilian biomes, the Savannah. Soursop and marolo seeds showed significant fat (295.1 and 311.3 g kg-1 d.b., respectively), protein (149.9 and 188.7 g kg-1 d.b., respectively), and fiber (426.7 and 351.1 g kg-1 d.b., respectively) contents. Marolo seeds were found to be the richest in phenolic compounds (32043.1 mg GAE kg-1 d.b.) and also presented the highest DPPH• scavenging activity (91.25%). The major phenolic compound found in marolo and soursop seeds was rutin. Among the fatty acids found in both seeds, the ones with unsaturated chains were predominant, such as oleic acid (48.54% for marolo, and 40.35% for soursop seeds). The seeds analyzed were found to be sources of Cu and Mg. Marolo and soursop seeds were found to be a good source of nutritional compounds and an alternative to obtain compounds of interest to be used in the development of food produce, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products.

The Effect of Gibberellin Extracted from Eichhornia crassipes Root on the Viability and Duration of Hard Seed Germination

The germination process is influenced by external and internal factors including the type of seed. Hard seeds require special treatment in stimulating the germination process such as scarification and stratification (for example applying exogenous hormones to seeds during the germination process). This study aimed to describe the effect of exogenous gibberellin hormone extracted from Eichhornia crassipes root on the viability and duration of germination of three different hard seeds. This study used RBD (Randomized Block Design) with two treatment factors, namely root extract concentration from Eichhornia crassipes (0 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, and 500 ppm) and hard seed types (sapodilla seeds =Annona muricata, soursop seeds =Manilkara kauki, and longan seeds = Dimocarpus longan) with three replications. The observed parameters for seed viability were germination percentage and vigour index, while duration of germination parameters was germination index. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and followed by Duncan Test. The results showed that there was a significant effect of the root-extracted gibberellin concentrations and types of seeds on viability and duration of germination seeds. The optimal concentration of root-extracted from Eichhornia crassipes was 500 ppm, with the highest germination percentage, vigour index, and germination index were 80.55%, 387.33%, and 0.254%/etmal respectively. The longan seeds revealed the best viability and shortest duration of germination due to applying the exogenous gibberellin hormone extracted from Eichhornia crassipes root. The findings revealed that there was a positive synergism between exogenous and endogenous gibberellin on the effect of germination process in three different hard seeds tested.

Preparation and characterization of a novel mountain soursop seeds powder adsorbent and its application for the removal of crystal violet and methylene blue from aqueous solutions

Abstract Herein, a novel mountain soursop seeds powder (MSSP) adsorbent was employed to explore the adsorption mechanism of two relevant environmental pollutants: crystal violet CV and methylene blue MB. As a first assessment to investigate the adsorption mechanism and to analyze the performance of this adsorbent, the dye adsorption isotherms were measured at 298–328 K and pH 8. Experimental results demonstrated that this adsorbent was more effective to remove the CV dye compared to MB dye from aqueous solution, thus concluding that it could utilized for the treatment of dye polluted industrial effluents. To further interpret the adsorption mechanism and to obtain a new physicochemical vision, a successful phenomenological theoretical analysis via double layer adsorption model was detailed in this paper. At high equilibrium concentration, the adsorbed quantities at saturation were calculated and they followed this sequence: Qsat (CV-MSSP) > Qsat (MB-MSSP). This theoretical finding explained the highest adsorption for CV dye at different temperatures and characterized analytically its affinity for tested adsorbates. The geometry inclination of tested dyes on MSSP adsorbent surface was described in the paper by analyzing the bonded number of CV and MB dye molecules per site. It was demonstrated that these dyes were adsorbed via a mixed orientation. Based on the estimated concentrations at half-saturation, the calculated adsorption energies suggested that the adsorption of CV and MB on MSSP adsorbent was endothermic. A general analytical description of the dye adsorption mechanism showed that the density of receptor sites and adsorption energies followed the same trend as the adsorption capacity, then they can be considered as the factors that governed this separation process.

Effectiveness of Soursop Seed Extract (Annona muricata L) as a Natural Repellent on Aedes Aegypti

Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the dengue virus. City Regencies in Indonesia contracted DHF in 2014 amounting to 84.74%, 2015 amounted to 86.77%, and in 2016 amounted to 90.08%. Soursop plants can act as a repellent (insect repellent). The study aimed was to determine the effectiveness of soursop seed extract (Annona muricata L) as a natural repellent against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Method: The study was experimental with the independent variable concentration of soursop seed extract (Annona muricata L) and the dependent variable was Aedes aegypti mosquito that perched on the hand which had been sown with soursop seed extract (Annona muricata L). The sample of this study was 500 Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This study used 5 concentrations and 5 repetitions for 6 hours of observation. The study was conducted on August 6-10 2018 starting at 08.30-13.30. Result: This study indicate that the concentration that concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% have a mean of 75.2%, 90.8%, 93.5%, 95% and 97.7%, respectively. Based on the results of the ANOVA test, the results of the V-watch observation were obtained 61.60%, 85.07%, 89.89%, 92.88%, and 95.42% respectively. Conclusion: From the results obtained, the concentration of effective soursop seed extract is a concentration of 80% and 100% with a protection power of> 90%. The most effective concentration is 100%. It is recommended to the public to use soursop seed extract as a natural repellent to reduce the use of chemicals containing DEET (N, N-diethylmetatoluamide).

The effectiveness of soursop seed (Annona muricata L.) agains Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) one of the main pests that cause damage to mung beans in storage areas. This research was conducted to determine the effective dose from soursop seed (Annona muricata) powder resulting mortality and emphasizing the amount of imago on the first-generation C. Maculatus. This research was conducted at Plant Pest Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor using experimental method of Complete Random Design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were tested using 5 doses of A. muricata seed powder with 1 grams, 3 grams, 5 grams, 7 grams, and 9 grams doses, and added with control or without treatment. The results showed that the dose of 5 grams A. muricata seed powder showed the mortality of C. maculatus by 94% at 8 days after infestation, emphasizing the amount of eggs which is placed C. maculatus of mungbean seed 77,64%. Emphasis on the emergence of the first generation of imago in the mung bean seeds is 74.67%. The lowest of loss weight mung beed seed amount 1,33%.Keywords: Annona muricata, Callosobruchus maculatus, Soursop Seed Powder, Mortality

Biodiesel Production from a Novel Nonedible Feedstock, Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Seed Oil

This study investigated the optimal reaction conditions for biodiesel production from soursop (Annona muricata) seeds. A high oil yield of 29.6% (w/w) could be obtained from soursop seeds. Oil extracted from soursop seeds was then converted into biodiesel through two-step transesterification process. A highest biodiesel yield of 97.02% was achieved under optimal acid-catalyzed esterification conditions (temperature: 65 °C, 1% H2SO4, reaction time: 90 min, and a methanol:oil molar ratio: 10:1) and optimal alkali-catalyzed transesterification conditions (temperature: 65 °C, reaction time: 30 min, 0.6% NaOH, and a methanol:oil molar ratio: 8:1). The properties of soursop biodiesel were determined and most were found to meet the European standard EN 14214 and American Society for Testing and Materials standard D6751. This study suggests that soursop seed oil is a promising biodiesel feedstock and that soursop biodiesel is a viable alternative to petrodiesel.

The effectiveness of soursop seed (Annona muricata L.) agains Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) one of the main pests that cause damage to mung beans in storage areas. This research was conducted to determine the effective dose from soursop seed (Annona muricata) powder resulting mortality and emphasizing the amount of imago on the first-generation C. Maculatus. This research was conducted at Plant Pest Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor using experimental method of Complete Random Design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were tested using 5 doses of A. muricata seed powder with 1 grams, 3 grams, 5 grams, 7 grams, and 9 grams doses, and added with control or without treatment. The results showed that the dose of 5 grams A. muricata seed powder showed the mortality of C. maculatus by 94% at 8 days after infestation, emphasizing the amount of eggs which is placed C. maculatus of mungbean seed 77,64%. Emphasis on the emergence of the first generation of imago in the mung bean seeds is 74.67%. The lowest of loss weight mung beed seed amount 1,33%. Keywords: Annona muricata, Callosobruchus maculatus, Soursop Seed Powder, Mortality

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of the Phytoestrogenic, Hypocholesterolemic and Antioxidant activity of Ethanolic Extract of Sour Sop (Annona muricata) Seeds in DMBA-Treated Female Wistar Rats

Background of study: Annona muricata; commonly known as sour sop has been reported to possess ethno medicinal values including anti-tumor and antioxidant activity.Aim: This research was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical composition and the phytoestrogenic, hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activity of Annona muricata seed extract in 7, 12-dimethylbenzeneanthracene (DMBA) treated female wistar rats. Methodology: Ethanolic extract of A. muricata seed was prepared following crude extraction protocol. Qualitative and quantitative screening for the phytochemical constituents was done using standard methods. A total of thirty rats were randomly divided into six groups with five rats in each group. Group I served as the control group fed on food and water only; group II rats received A. muricata seed extract (200 mg/kg per body weight) intraperitoneally (i.p) daily for two weeks; rats in group III were treated with DMBA i.p (20 mg/kg pbw) twice weekly for two weeks; group IV rats were pre-treated with DMBA (20 mg/kg pbw) i.p for two weeks followed by i.p injection of tamoxifen (20 mg/kg pbw); group V rats were pre-treated with DMBA (20 mg/kg pbw) i.p for two weeks followed by i.p treatment with A. muricata seed extract (100 mg/kg pbw) for two weeks while rats in group VI received i.p injection of DMBA (20 mg/kg pbw) twice weekly for two weeks followed by i.p treatment with A. muricata seed extract (200 mg/ kg pbw) for two weeks. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment. Serum levels of estradiol and cholesterol were determined by standard methods. Levels of antioxidant parameters superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were also estimated from the serum using standard methods. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenol (26.74 mg/100 g), tannin (21.95 mg/100 g), flavonoids (27.52 mg/100 g), alkaloid (19.25 mg/100 g) and steroid (20.23 mg/100 g). Results obtained from the serum samples of experimental animals showed that there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in the estradiol, SOD and CAT levels while there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in MDA and cholesterol levels of the treated rats as compared to the control groups. Conclusion: The results obtained in the study suggest the phytoestrogenic, hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activity of A. muricata extract in DMBA-treated rats.

Perbedaan Berbagai Konsentrasi Ekstrak Biji Sirsak (Annona muricata) Sebagai Repellent Terhadap Daya Tolak Nyamuk Aedes aegypti

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne infection found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world. The main cause of DHF is the Aedes aegypti mosquito, therefore it is important to prevent the bite of the Ae.aegypt mosquito. The purpose of this research is to know the difference of various concentration of soursop seed extract (Annona muricata) as repellent to Aedes aegypti mosquito thrust. This research is an experimental research with post test only controlled group design. The sample in this study is Aedes aegypti mosquito as much as 210 tail. This study used 3 controls with 3 treatments and 6 repetitions. The results of this study showed that the concentrations of 5%, 20% and 35% had averages repulsion consecutive 33.5%, 67.2% and 94.8%. Based on One Way Anova Test showed that the value 0.000 &lt;0,05 so it can be concluded there is difference of various concentration of soursop seed extract (Annona muricata) as repellent agains repulsion of Aedes aegypti mosquito. Based on Post Hoc (Tukey) test, the most effective concentration of soursop extract is 35% with 94,8%. For people to use natural plants such as soursop seeds to prevent the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito as one alternative.

Thermal properties of soursop seeds and kernels

The thermal properties of soursop seeds and kernels were determined as a function of moisture content, ranged from 8.0 to 32.5% (d.b.). Three primary thermal properties: specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were determined using Dual-Needle SH-1 sensors in KD2-PRO thermal analyser. The obtained results shown that specific heat capacity of seeds and kernels increased linearly from 768 to 2,131 J/kg/K and from 1,137 to 1,438 J/kg/K, respectively. Seed thermal conductivity increased linearly from 0.075 to 0.550 W/m/K while it increased polynomially from 0.153 to 0.245 W/m/K for kernel. Thermal diffusivity of both seeds and kernels increased linearly from 0.119 to 0.262 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/s and 0.120 to 0.256 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/s, respectively. Analysis of variance results showed that the moisture content has a significant effect on thermal properties (p ≤ 0.05). These values indicated the ability of the material to retain heat which enhances oil recovery and can be used in the design of machine and selection of suitable methods for their handling and processing.